The relationship between them is: the six major high-tech fields are information technology, biotechnology, new materials technology, new energy technology, space technology and marine technology, which will gain rapid development in this century and become increasingly powerful high-tech industries through extensive practicalization and commercialization. Biotechnology, symbolized by genetic engineering and protein engineering, will become the core of 21st century technology; information technology, symbolized by optoelectronic technology and artificial intelligence, will become the precursor of 21st century technology; new materials technology, symbolized by superconducting materials and new materials with artificial oriented design, will become the pillar of 21st century technology; new energy technology, symbolized by nuclear energy technology and solar energy technology, will become the pillar of 21st century technology; space shuttle, space technology and marine technology will become the pillar of 21st century technology; and space shuttle, space technology and marine technology will become the pillar of 21st century technology. The pillar of the 21st century technology; space technology marked by the space shuttle, permanent space station will become the outward extension of the 21st century technology; deep-sea mining, seawater utilization as the symbol of marine technology will become the inward expansion of the 21st century technology.
The 12 symbol technologies in the six high-tech fields are frontier technologies that have sprouted but are still far from mature. The traditional industries in this century will shrink in their share of the national economy, but the absolute output and value of these industries will not shrink because of the mandatory penetration of high technology into the traditional industries transforming these traditional industrial sectors.
(I) Information Technology Field
Information technology is the precursor of the six high technologies. It mainly refers to the technology of information acquisition, transmission and processing. Information technology is based on electronic technology, including communication technology, automation technology, microelectronics technology, optoelectronics technology, photoconductive technology, computer technology and artificial intelligence technology.
Current information technology is mainly manifested in:
(1) integrated circuits. At present the world's 1 megabit and 4 megabit dynamic random memory chips have been widely used, 16 megabit chips have also been produced. In addition, the development of photonic integrated circuits and bio-integrated circuits have also made significant progress.
(2) electronic computers. At present the world's computer installed base of more than 100 million, super-giant computer speed has exceeded 10 billion times. Now the computer, similar to the human left brain for logical thinking aspects of the work. And image thinking aspects of the work to be completed through the human right brain. In order to solve the problem of image thinking, people are developing neural computers and fuzzy computers. Neuro-computers approach the human brain from the bottom to the top in a microscopic way, while fuzzy computers approach the human brain from the top to the bottom in a macroscopic way.
(3) Software technology. Information technology is mainly composed of two parts of technology, namely computer hardware technology and computer software technology. The operation of knowledge and information collection, storage, organization, innovation, dissemination and application will be predicated on the development and utilization of computer software technology.
Software technology is a general term for all types of computer application program design or editing technology. Currently there are four main categories of software technology:
① according to the calculation and its own structure and function, for the computer designed to edit the directive language program software technology;
② for computer operation, management personnel or edit the operation, editing, retrieval, debugging, diagnosis, maintenance and other procedures of software technology;
③ to meet the user's special needs and design or editing Computer applications, special program control, system management and other programs of software technology;
4 for various types of users to plan or edit knowledge and information materials, online operations and electronic reading programs of software technology.
(4) communications technology. since the 1970s, the successive emergence of fiber-optic communications, satellite communications, program-controlled digital switches and integrated business digital network technology.
(5) laser technology. Lasers are one of the four major inventions of the 20th century, along with atomic energy, semiconductors and computers. Laser technology based on the laser has developed rapidly, and is now widely used in industrial and agricultural production, energy and power, communications and information processing, health care, military, culture and art, as well as scientific and technological research and other fields, laser technology is moving towards the practical application of high technology.
(B) the field of biotechnology
Biotechnology is based on life sciences, the use of living organisms and engineering principles of the production of products and other comprehensive technology, including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, microbial engineering four areas. Biotechnology is the core of 21st century technology. It has two landmark technologies, genetic engineering and protein engineering.
Biotechnology is not only widely used in agriculture and medicine, but also has a strong penetration into environmental protection and energy technology.
(C) the field of new materials technology
New materials mainly refers to the recent development or are in the process of development of a class of materials with better performance than traditional materials.
New materials technology is the material basis of high-tech, including the development and utilization of superconducting materials, high-temperature materials, synthetic materials, ceramic materials, amorphous materials, single-crystal materials and so on. It has two signs: one is material design or molecular design, i.e. designing new materials according to the needs; the other is superconducting technology.
The main direction of new material technology research in the 1990s is: high functionality, ultra-high performance, composite and intelligent.
(D) the field of new energy technology
Energy is the basic guarantee for human survival and development. Modern new energy technology in accordance with its innovative and whether it can be regenerated or the nature of continuous use can be divided into new energy technology and renewable energy technology. New energy and renewable energy technologies mainly include nuclear energy, solar energy, water energy, geothermal energy and so on.
Nuclear energy technology and solar energy technology is the main symbol of new energy technology, through the development and utilization of nuclear energy, solar energy, breaking the traditional energy concept of oil, coal as the main, creating a new era of energy.
(E) the field of space technology
Space technology, that is, the new high-tech space technology, is to explore, develop and utilize space and heavenly bodies outside the Earth's comprehensive engineering technology, including the research and development of large-scale carrier rockets, giant satellites, spaceships and other space military technology. Space technology is an outward-looking extension of 21st century technology, the two symbols of which are the space shuttle and the permanent space station. It not only puts high technology to use on Earth, but also leads the overall human survival institution to outer space.
(VI) Ocean Technology
The total area of the world's oceans is 3.6 billion square kilometers, accounting for more than 70% of the total area of the earth, and the average depth of the oceans is 3,800 meters, which is extremely rich in resources and energy. Ocean technology is the inward expansion of the 21st century technology, and its hallmark technology is deep-sea excavation and desalination.
In addition to these six high-tech fields, another introduction to environmental technology and new agricultural technology. Environmental protection technology, mainly for human survival and development of the natural environment to monitor, control, governance and protection of various types of technology. New agricultural technologies include: ① agricultural factory. Agricultural factory is the comprehensive use of modern high-tech, new equipment and management methods and the development of a comprehensive mechanization, automation, technology (capital) highly intensive production. It is able to carry out the whole process of continuous operation in an artificially created environment, thus free from the constraints of nature. ② Green Revolution. The "Green Revolution" was a new technological revolution centered on the adoption of high-yielding varieties of crops that emerged in developing countries in the mid-1960s. Its main content is the large-scale promotion of dwarf, semi-dwarf, anti-fall, high yield, wide adaptability of wheat and rice and other crop varieties, and with irrigation, fertilization and other technological improvements. This technological innovation in agriculture has achieved amazing results and has been called the "Green Revolution". The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and the International Rice Research Institute made outstanding contributions to this revolution. (iii) Sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is a new direction for agricultural development that was conceived in the 1980s. Sustainable agriculture is a kind of agriculture that "does not cause environmental degradation, is technically appropriate, economically feasible and socially acceptable". In a nutshell, it is an agriculture that harmonizes the development of economy, society, technology and environment. China's sustainable agriculture is still at the stage of exploration and preliminary experimentation. Work is mainly focused on three aspects: one is to strengthen research, the second is to establish experimental areas, and the third is to expand international exchanges and cooperation.