Summary of required knowledge points in geography final exam of senior two 1
I solar radiation and the earth
1, the main components of the sun: hydrogen and helium.
2. Solar radiation: the energy released into space by the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.
3. Source of solar radiation energy: nuclear fusion reaction inside the sun.
4. The wavelength range of solar radiation is 0. 15-4 microns, which is divided into ultraviolet light, visible light and infrared light, and 50% of the energy is concentrated in visible light.
5. The influence of solar radiation on the earth: the sun directly provides light and heat resources for the earth, and the growth of living things cannot be separated from the sun.
The main driving force for maintaining surface temperature and promoting water, atmospheric movement and biological activities on the earth.
Solar radiation itself, atmospheric movement and water cycle provide energy for human beings.
Provide coal, oil and other energy sources for production and life.
Second, solar activity and the earth.
1. The external structure of the sun is layered from the inside out: photosphere, chromosphere and corona.
2. Solar activities: sunspots (the temperature is lower than other areas), flares, prominence and solar wind.
(Photosphere, period 1 1 year) (chromosphere) (Coronal layer)
3. The influence of solar activity on the earth: affecting the climate;
Disturbing the ionosphere will affect or even interrupt radio short-wave communication on the earth;
Interfere with the earth's magnetic field, leading to magnetic storms;
Polar regions produce beautiful auroras;
Many natural disasters are related to solar activities, such as earthquakes, floods and droughts.
Summary of required knowledge points in geography final exam of senior two.
1, northwest area.
The northwest is roughly located in the west of Daxing 'anling, north of Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-Ancient Great Wall.
In terms of administrative divisions, it includes Xinjiang, Ningxia, northern Gansu and most of Inner Mongolia.
The eastern part is a vast plateau, and the western mountains and basins are alternately distributed.
2. Water content and landscape changes in northwest China.
The water content decreases from east to west, and the landscape from east to west is temperate grassland, desert grassland and desert in turn.
3. Desertification factors
Natural factors:
① The arid climatic conditions largely determine the fragility of the ecological environment in this area.
② Abnormal climate will unbalance the fragile ecological environment, which is the main natural factor leading to desertification.
Human factors: ① excessive logging, ② overgrazing and ③ excessive reclamation.
Human activities often play a decisive role in the occurrence and development of desertification.
4. Desertification in different historical periods
Ancient times: Tang and Song Dynasties-the southern margin of Tarim Basin in Ming Dynasty, which was formed due to war, plague and excessive reclamation.
Modern times: In the southeast of Inner Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty, because of the increase of immigrants, agriculture destroyed the soil more than animal husbandry.
Modernity: In the 1950s, the population surged and management was wrong.
5. Countermeasures and measures for desertification control
Contents: ① Preventing the threat of potential desertification.
② Reversing the degradation of desertification land under development.
③ Restoring the productivity of desertified land.
Principle: Combine maintaining ecological balance with improving economic benefits, and combine mountain management, water control, alkali control and sand control.
Focus: Harness areas that have been invaded by sand dunes and seriously threatened by sandstorms.
Measures:
① Rational utilization of water resources
② Using biological measures and engineering measures to build shelter forest system.
③ Adjust the relationship between agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.
④ Take comprehensive measures to solve energy problems in agricultural and pastoral areas in multiple ways.
⑤ Control population growth.
The natural causes of desertification in Taklimakan desert and its surrounding areas are: dry climate, strong weathering and serious wind erosion. Man-made reasons are: unreasonable utilization of water resources.
Oasis is seriously degraded, and the reasons for this phenomenon,
A. Rapid population growth
B. Climate warming increases evaporation.
C. In order to strive for regional food self-sufficiency, vigorously open up wasteland to grow grain D. Backward farming techniques, improper irrigation measures and secondary salinization E. Serious water pollution (wrong)
(2) The measures for rational utilization of land resources in this area are: setting reasonable stocking capacity to prevent overgrazing; Returning farmland to forests and grasslands and planting trees; Combination of ecological measures and engineering measures.
In order to prevent and control desertification in the northwest of China, China is carrying out a huge ecological project in the above areas: building a "Three North" shelter forest.
(3) Drought is the most obvious natural feature in Northwest China, which forms a landscape feature dominated by grassland and desert.
(4) Northwest China has gradually transformed from temperate grassland to desert grassland and desert from east to west, which reflects the regional differentiation law of land natural belt from coastal to inland, mainly due to the decrease of precipitation from east to west.
(5) The most important external force in Northwest China is wind.
(6) Unreasonable human activities (or human factors) leading to land degradation mainly include: excessive logging, overgrazing and excessive reclamation; Unreasonable utilization of water resources, etc.
(7) The farming-pastoral ecotone in the north of China is precisely the area with the most serious desertification in China. The main reasons are:
The ecological environment in the farming-pastoral ecotone is sensitive, fragile and unstable, and human utilization is also the most unstable, so the land is easy to desertification.
(8) Although the ecological environment in some areas has been improved through governance, desertification is still spreading in general, especially in dry farming areas and grassland pastoral areas.
(9) Comparison of desertification area and causes between Xinjiang and Shanxi:
Xinjiang has a large area, but the area of soil erosion is small. The natural reasons are mainly living inland, dry climate and less surface runoff. Shanxi has a small area, but it has a large area of soil erosion. The natural reasons are mainly: loose loess soil, less vegetation on the surface, concentrated precipitation and heavy rain.
(10) Try to describe the natural geographical environment characteristics of desertification distribution areas in China from the aspects of climate, topography, rivers and vegetation.
① Living deep inland, far away from the ocean, with dry climate, strong sunshine, large temperature difference and strong wind;
② The plateau area is large, surrounded by mountains around the basin, and deserts and Gobi are widely distributed;
(3) The rivers are sparse and short, mainly inland rivers;
④ Grassland and desert are the main natural landscapes.
(1 1) What are the characteristics of urban distribution in northwest China? They are distributed in the oasis around the basin in a ring shape;
The main location factors are: water source
About sandstorm
(1) has a flaky distribution. Concentrated in the northwest of China.
(2) Characteristics of natural environment and human environment in sandstorm distribution area:
① Physical geographical environment: the terrain is mainly mountainous, plateau and basin, and the desert Gobi is widely distributed; Living in the deep inland (far from the ocean), the summer monsoon is difficult to reach, the precipitation is less (less than 200 mm in most areas) and the climate is dry; Vegetation is mainly grassland and desert; Rivers are mostly seasonal rivers, and the seasonal variation of river flow is great.
(2) Human geographical environment: vast territory with few people and concentrated ethnic minorities; Inconvenient transportation; Mainly animal husbandry, the economy is relatively backward.
Summary of required knowledge points in geography final exam of senior two 3
Definition of digital earth:
Virtual comparison between information earth and earth. Digital earth is to arrange the information of every point on the earth according to the geographical coordinates of the earth, and then form a global information model. People can quickly and vividly understand any point and any aspect of information on the earth, thus realizing the dream of "information at your fingertips".
Generally speaking, it is to input the earth, its activities and the temporal and spatial changes of the whole earth environment into a computer in a digital way, and realize circulation on the network, so as to serve human survival, sustainable development and daily work, study, life and entertainment to the maximum extent.
Technical basis of digital earth: It is not a simple matter to realize digital earth on computer, it needs the support of many disciplines, especially information science and technology. This mainly includes: information superhighway and high-speed network technology, high-resolution satellite remote sensing technology, spatial information technology and spatial data infrastructure, large-capacity data storage technology, visualization and virtual reality technology, and high-performance computing power.
1, information superhighway and high-speed network technology
The data needed by the digital earth is no longer stored in a database, but needs to be maintained by thousands of different organizations. This means that servers participating in the digital earth will need to be connected through high-speed networks.
Driven by the explosive growth of Internet traffic, telecommunication operators have tried to use the network of 10G/S, and the Internet with10/5 bytes per second is under study. It is believed that there will be more excellent broadband high-speed networks for people to use in 2 1 century.
2. High-resolution satellite remote sensing technology
The resolution of remote sensing satellite images in the 20th century has been rapidly improved in the last 20 years after the advent of satellite remote sensing. Resolution here refers to spatial resolution, spectral resolution and temporal resolution. Spatial resolution refers to the minimum target size on the ground that can be seen on the image, which is expressed by the size of pixels on the ground.
3. Spatial information technology and spatial data infrastructure
Spatial information refers to information related to spatial and geographical distribution. According to statistics, 80% of things in the world are related to spatial distribution. The application of spatial information in earth research is a geographic information system. In order to meet the requirements of the digital earth, in the 2 1 century, GlS software and network GPS integrating image database, vector graphics database and digital elevation model (DEM) will be very mature and popular. Therefore, different levels of interoperability can be realized, and the geographic information generated by one GIS application software will be read by another software.
4. Mass data storage technology
The digital earth will need to store 10 15 bytes of information. The Planetary Earth Program EOS-AMI of NASA was launched in 1999, which will generate 1000GB (1TB) of data and information every day. 1m resolution image covers Guangdong province, and the data volume is about 1TB, while Guangdong is 1/53 in China. Therefore, to build a digital earth in China, the image data alone is 53TB, which is only dynamic data with multiple phases at a time, with a larger capacity. At present, NASA and NOAA have set out to build a data center that can store 1800TM and is managed by a prototype parallel machine, and the search for data tapes is automatically and quickly completed by robots. I believe there will be a new leap in 2 1 century.
5. Visualization and virtual reality technology
Visualization is a window and tool to realize the interaction between digital earth and people. Without visualization technology, a bunch of numbers in the computer are meaningless. A remarkable technical feature of digital earth is virtual reality technology. After the establishment of the digital earth, users can see the earth emerge from space by wearing a display helmet.
6, high-performance computing power
The earth is a complex giant system. Many events, changes and processes on the earth are very complex and nonlinear, and the span of time and space changes greatly. Only by using high-speed computers can we simulate some unobservable phenomena today and in the cross-century future. Using data mining technology, we will be able to better understand and analyze the observed massive data, and discover laws and knowledge from it.
"Digital City":
Broadly speaking, it is to integrate and make full use of urban information resources through infrastructure platforms such as broadband multimedia information network and geographic information system, and establish subsystems such as e-commerce, e-government, science and technology information system, labor and social security information system, and build an information community through the development of information appliances, online education, telemedicine, etc., and finally realize the comprehensive informationization of urban national economic and social development.
"digital community":
As the name implies, it is a community that connects management and service providers with every household through digital technology. This digital network system? Administrators and residents of the community can interact in real time through various forms. Due to the advanced and polymorphic features of modern web browsers and the application of various network multimedia technologies, a colorful virtual community has been created.
"global village":
The appearance of the information superhighway, the use of the Internet and the appearance of the "digital earth" have shrunk our living space and shortened our contact time, making the world we live in a global and synchronous "global village".
"digital survival":
People in IT industry in China describe the digital life of ordinary people in the future as follows: Broadband will replace the narrow-band way of telephone dialing and become the highway for information exchange between family and the outside world. Digital products produced by single-chip technology will continuously enrich and meet the needs of users for high-quality digital life. All products are integrated through wired network or wireless network to realize data exchange, resource sharing and automatic control between devices.
Digital agriculture:
Also known as intelligent agriculture, precision agriculture and so on. It is a comprehensive agricultural production management technology system combining digital earth technology with modern agricultural technology. The goal is to realize agricultural modernization and intensification.
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