Command, control, communication, and intelligence systems (C3I systems) are an important part of a country's deterrent force and the nerve center of a modern army.C3I systems are divided into strategic C3I systems and tactical C3I systems according to the nature and scale of the combat mission. If categorized according to the function of the system, they can generally be divided into reconnaissance detection and early warning systems, data processing and display systems, communication systems, electronic warfare systems, air defense systems, fire support systems, logistics systems and so on.
Strategic C3I systems generally refer to C3I systems used to command and control strategic forces, and the full name of the U.S. Army's strategic C3I system is the Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS). It is not a single-story structured system, but a large pyramid-structured C3I system consisting of many subsystems. Its major components include more than 10 detection and warning systems, more than 30 command centers, and more than 60 communications systems, as well as automated data processing systems installed in these command centers. The U.S. Army tactical C3I system includes the Army tactical C3I system, the Navy tactical C3I system and the Air Force tactical C3I system. Army tactical C3I systems are generally C3I systems used by units below the military level.
In the information age, information warfare is the centerpiece of rapid and decisive victory in the two armies. The side that wants to win the information war must have the ability to collect, process and transmit information in real time, and at the same time not allow the enemy to acquire the same ability. The Army, as part of the Joint Armed Forces, must, through its programs and operations, implement measures to interfere with, and even disrupt, the enemy's transmission of information, thereby ensuring that its own side obtains accurate and useful information. Essentially, every modern weapon system can be an integral part of winning information warfare as long as it relies on compatible digital data links and improves its responsiveness through displays*** that look at the battlefield in the same way.
Digital intelligence reconnaissance system. In order to win in the future battlefield with information warfare, the U.S. Army is implementing a huge development program. One of the modernization of reconnaissance and information systems occupies an extremely important position, encompassing all aspects of the battlefield command, control, communications and intelligence (C3I), because they are essential for commanders to obtain accurate information. The U.S. Army in order to see the battlefield, strengthen the development of air reconnaissance systems, the main systems are:
RAH-66 "Comanche" armed reconnaissance helicopters, is the U.S. Army's new generation of helicopters, mainly used in the airborne assault forces. It will significantly improve the U.S. Army's ability to fight day and night in a variety of terrains, harsh climates and battlefield environments. Because it is in the flight speed, destruction resistance, air-to-air combat capabilities have been greatly improved, and equipped with the second generation of wide field of view digital forward-looking infrared system and other advanced equipment, so it can support the deployment of troops in the front line of the troops and emergency combat units, close range and great depth of combat. The helicopter is small in size, weighing 3,522 kg in production, with a cruise speed of 314.5 km/h, a maximum flight range of 1,260 nautical miles and an endurance of 2.5 hours. It is capable of accomplishing tasks that currently require three helicopters, the AH-1, OH-58A/C and OH-6, and has strong combat and support capabilities. Once it equips the troops, it can greatly improve the flexibility of the U.S. Army's tactical operations.
The "Guardrail" system is a decision support system used to provide target intelligence information to military and divisional commands.The RC-12 and RU-21 series of aircraft will be used as the delivery platform for the military-grade intelligence collection system.The "Guardrail" system, carried by the RC-12K/N/P aircraft, will be used as the delivery platform for the military-grade intelligence collection system.The "Guardrail" common sensor system, carried by the RC-12K/N/P aircraft, combines improved target intelligence information with the "Guardrail" common sensor system. The RC-12K/N/P aircraft's on-board "Guardrail" general-purpose sensor system integrates the improved "Guardrail" V system's communications intelligence sensors with a high-precision on-board communications and positioning system, which can detect and locate enemy radios up to 360 kilometers away, and has the electronic signal interception capabilities of the advanced "Quick Look" system. It has the electronic signal interception and direction finding capabilities of the advanced "Quick Look" system. The U.S. Army has fielded the first "Guardrail" universal sensor system in the 5th Army in Europe. The 3rd U.S. Army is equipped with the improved Guardrail V communications intelligence sensor system, and in FY 1994, the 18th U.S. Airborne Corps was also equipped with the improved Guardrail V general purpose sensor system. The U.S. Army will also provide these sensors to South Korea. "The Guardrail V will continue to serve the U.S. Army Intelligence and Secrecy Command and remain in service with the 3rd Army and 18th Airborne.
The proximity unmanned aerial vehicle will allow Army commanders to conduct all-weather reconnaissance against the enemy at least 150 kilometers from their own front line, with a rapid response capability. More importantly, the unmanned aerial vehicles can prevent their own combatants from being victimized by enemy fire during reconnaissance and surveillance missions in enemy-occupied areas. Proximity UAVs are used not only by the Army and Marine Corps, but also on the Navy's aircraft carriers and larger amphibious assault ships.
Proximity UAVs are the basic type in a family of unmanned aerial vehicles under development that also includes vertical/short takeoff and landing medium-range unmanned aerial vehicles with long retention times. Initially, the proximity UAVs will be equipped with daytime television, nighttime forward-looking infrared systems, and microlight reconnaissance systems. The proximity unmanned aerial vehicle will have a combat radius of 150 kilometers, a sprint speed greater than 203.5 kilometers per hour, and a cruise and air patrol speed of less than 111 kilometers per hour. The aerial vehicle has a retention time of 8 to 12 hours, during which time it can provide near-real-time imagery information, day or night.
The Joint Surveillance and Targeting Radar System (JSTAR) is a command and control and communications system for air-to-ground operations developed by the U.S. Air Force and Army in 1985 and prototyped in 1989. The system consists of a modified Boeing 707-320C aircraft, an airborne AN/APY-3 radar, two high frequency/single sideband (HF/SSB) radios, 16 HAVEOUICKI ultra-high frequency (UHF) radios, five very-high frequency/frequency modulation (VHF/FM) radios, or a Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) data communications terminal, FMS-800 flight management system, and 158 computer systems. 800 Flight Management System (FMS), 158 pieces of computer network equipment, and vehicle-mounted ground stations. It provides Army and Air Force commanders with a complete picture of the battlefield, giving them a good idea of the size of the enemy's forward geographic area of attack, the deployment of forces, and the advance of second echelon and follow-on forces in depth.
Digitized Command and Control Systems. Equipment in the area of command and control systems is at the forefront of the U.S. Army's weaponry development priorities, which are at the core of the digital C3I network. Major equipment includes:
Command and Control Vehicle, a joint development program that includes both a modernized armored vehicle and a command and control system. It adopts the chassis of the Bradley fighting vehicle and installs command and control equipment based on it to replace the M577A1 command post carrier used by the Heavy Mobile Group in the Gulf War. This vehicle will provide mobile command posts with rapid mobility, high resistance to destruction, and positioning and navigation capabilities, as well as enhanced command post protection against nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. The Command and Control Vehicle will be equipped with hardware and software for the Army's tactical command and control system to enhance automated command capabilities and to expand communications capabilities through digital modems compatible with weapon systems.The Command and Control Vehicle completed feasibility demonstration as planned in March 1993, and the prototype vehicle has been systematically tested and validated by the various contractors and the military services, respectively, one after the other. Future programs will continue with qualification testing of the standard system and subsystems, in-vehicle functional equipment testing and prototype production.
Standardized integrated command post system, is the U.S. Army developed a series of command post facilities, plans to accommodate the U.S. Army five battlefield functional areas of the equipment, including mobility control system, forward geographical air defense command and control system. "The Afaz Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS), the Total Information Source Analysis System (TISAS), and the Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS). The family of command post facilities includes a tented rigid square pod command post, a tracked model command post, a 5-ton extended van command post, and the M998 high mobility multipurpose wheeled model command post. The tented rigid square pods have sidewall dimensions of 3.34 meters by 3.34 meters and are interchangeable and can be combined in any way. This type of square cabin is mounted on a high mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicle and constitutes a tent-type rigid square cabin-type command post by equipping it with command and control equipment, a 5-kilowatt power supply unit and integrated nuclear, biological and chemical protection facilities. Crawler type command post and 5-ton extended van type command post, also in the corresponding vehicle configuration of the command and control equipment composition. One of the tent type rigid cabin type command post and tracked models command post has been small batch production, 5 tons of extended van type command post and high mobility multi-purpose wheeled models command post is still under development.
Multi-dimensional combat management and weapons control systems, the U.S. Army 1993 version of the "Operational Outline" put forward the concept of "all-dimensional action", emphasizing that the future of military operations is involved in all dimensions of space action. At the same time, the digital battlefield will provide commanders with a large amount of real-time data. How to sift out the useful information to command the full-dimensional military operations has become a major problem to be solved urgently. To this end, the U.S. Raytheon recently launched a multi-dimensional combat management and weapons control system, which is said to become the core equipment of the digital battlefield, its main role is to be able to real-time simulation of the performance of the weapons system, to receive a variety of digital systems on the battlefield of the data for the commanding officer to provide the best program for the redeployment of forces to assist the commander to make rapid decisions.
The Sub-Brigade Command and Control System (SBCCS), a software system, is mounted on the Combatant Command Vehicle (CV), various combat vehicles and attack helicopters. The software system provides combatant command capabilities to all brigade and sub-brigade commanders, as well as integrated horizontal and vertical processing of data and information for the individual soldier, as well as weapons, sensors, and support platforms. The system's subsystems are capable of storing and accessing graphical and textual information for all combat, logistical support, and combat fire reports. The system will interoperate and exchange relevant data and information with other Army Battle Command Systems, and will also provide these capabilities to the individual soldier in motion and the weapon platforms he or she operates, with data and information exchange methods and communication protocols that will be interoperable within the Army Battle Command System's technical architecture.
The IVIS (In-Vehicle Information System) is an automated, integrated system used by the U.S. Army to achieve "horizontal integration" of command, control, and intelligence below the battalion level. It is equipped with MIA2 tanks, M2A2 infantry fighting vehicles and attack helicopters and other combat platforms. By the IVIS integrated display, optical tower electronics and communications systems, etc., and by the software integrated control.
IVIS integrated display, can be to the commanding officer in real time to show the map of the combat area, the enemy and friends of the two sides of the troop position, logistical support information, vehicle diagnostic and predictive information, the vehicle's coordinates position, driving direction and speed, and can receive orders and intelligence, send reports, so that the commander in a timely and accurate, comprehensive understanding of the battlefield scene. IVIS electronic device can quickly The electronic device of IVIS can quickly process the information from various sensors (including vehicle operation data), targets and tactical data such as friendly forces, etc. IVIS adopts the standard NITF 2.0 image transmission format of the Ministry of Defense and the digital image compression technology, which greatly compresses the image data and facilitates the transmission of images. Due to the fast speed of digital information transmission, thus greatly reducing communication operations and human error. At the same time, the change of command can be readily through the communication network in the form of broadcasting quickly, accurately and comprehensively to reach the user terminals, can be with a detachment of all vehicles, positions for accurate communication links, and can transmit images, charts, text and data. Because IVIS utilizes digital technology, SINCGARS enables commanders to issue orders to their subordinates in a "fast frequency hopping" manner and to communicate horizontally across the battlefield with the "digital information equipment" of indirect fire support units and the "Air Force's Improved Information System" (IIS). "Improved data modems for the air force. When tanks, infantry vehicles, artillery and aircraft are equipped with IVIS, the real-time exchange of digital intelligence information greatly improves the coordinated action between the digital units' aiming fires and air fires, and effectively supports maneuver warfare. The system has at least the following five advantages: ① it can accelerate the time for commanders to make decisions; ② it improves the understanding of the overall situation; ③ it improves the possibility for commanders to assemble forces in key positions on the battlefield; ④ it reduces mutual casualties among friendly forces; and ⑤ it improves the overall combat effectiveness.
The Army Tactical Command and Control System, the basic framework structure of the battlefield network, integrates five modern computer-based command and control subsystems, namely, maneuver control, air defense, intelligence, fire support and combat service support systems. Only by realizing interoperability among them can battlefield commanders rapidly acquire and synthesize information, determine optimal combat actions, and correctly implement command and control during joint operations by all military services. In order to realize interoperability, the main measures taken by the system are to determine a common coordination protocol, system language, report format, and have the necessary interfaces for each subsystem; to adopt common hardware and software with connectivity; to adopt modular, target-oriented Ada language; and to be equipped with the following improved digital communication systems:
(1) "Afaz "Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS), an automated command and control and coordination system used by the U.S. Army and Marine Corps***. To ensure planning, coordination and control of all fire support facilities (mortars, close air support, naval gunfire support, helicopter gunships, and offensive electronic warfare) and to enforce fire interdiction and containment of enemy targets, it provides integrated automated support. The system is equipped with an improved digital communications system to improve the weapon system's situational awareness and increase the speed of fire requests; hardened, common hardware and software; and software programmed in the U.S. Department of Defense-standardized Ada language, with additional functionality and interoperability in each version. The third version of the system is planned to be able to handle 720 fire missions per hour.
(2) The Maneuver Control System (MCS), which provides the U.S. Army's military and sub-military tactical commanders with an auxiliary decision-making tool for implementing troop movements. To achieve interoperability with other systems, the system utilizes common hardware and software written in the Ada language. The system was initially tested during the 1990-1991 Gulf War. By the mid-1990s, its system development evolved from an initial trial system to a target system, and by early 1994 it was in mass production.
(3) An all-source analysis system that receives and analyzes and processes data from strategic and tactical intelligence sensors and sources; provides computer-assisted capabilities for the execution of tactical deployments; displays information about the enemy; rapidly distributes intelligence information; designates targets and disposes of intelligence and electronic warfare resources within the force establishment; and provides security for force operations. To accomplish these tasks, the system must increase the versatility of its software and hardware. To achieve its objectives, the system is being acquired using a progressive acquisition plan. Phase I plans to prioritize 11 units and training bases selected for equipment in 1993-1995. The second phase is a transition to an open system architecture using common hardware and software. Phase III will improve the software to achieve the system's ultimate target capability.
(4) The Forward Territorial Air Defense Command and Control System (FTACCS) is used for the automated exchange of command information on air defense artillery, distributed and received management data on air defense artillery, tracking data on airborne targets, and data from remote sensors. At its core is an Air Warfare Management Operations Center and several Army Air Command and Control Stations, and the system transmits data at very high speeds. For example, it takes only 4 to 9 seconds for data from an E-3 Top Alert aircraft to be transmitted to an artillery targeter. The system has been approved by the U.S. government to go into low volume production. It will initially equip three light and special operations divisions and one training base. The three divisions are the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault Division), the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry Division) and the 2nd Infantry Division. The U.S. Army Heavy Division will be equipped with equipment from the second phase of the system's development in 1997. Future air defense weapon systems, such as the Over-the-Range Weapon System (OTRWS) and the Bradley Stinger missile launcher, will be incorporated into Phase II of the Forward Territorial Air Defense Command and Control System (FTACCS).
(5) The Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS), which includes supply, maintenance, transportation, medical and health, personnel and finance. The Army is purchasing more than 9,000 portable computer systems in the Tactical Army Command and Control System Common Hardware and Software program, which are hardened, non-developmental project equipment with data population, interrogation, retrieval, editing, printing, and transmission functions. Civilian equipment software also performs tasks such as word processing, sorting/categorizing, electronically expanding charts, and programming. The hardened computer has a 16-bit architecture, a random access memory with a capacity of 768K bytes, and a mass memory of 67M bytes. The Combat Service Support Control System (CSSC) has a dedicated communications system called the Combat Service Support Communications System (CSSC) Network. This network allows administrative and logistics officers to exchange information with each other and with their counterparts in other command and control networks. Communications equipment includes voice radio systems, high frequency/frequency modulation/single sideband radio systems, location/data communications systems, and facsimile equipment.
Digital communications system. A digital communications system is one that processes and transmits information in digital form. Computer simulations have shown that: in a conventional situation, only two of four companies lacking digital communications equipment can deploy to engage the enemy on schedule, whereas with a unit using digital communications, all four companies can be deployed to engage in combat; digital communications have a 60% reduction in error rates compared to voice communications, and in terms of speed of transmission, company level reporting to battalion level is almost twice as fast with digital communications than it is with non-digital communications. Therefore, digital communications can improve the reaction speed, lethality and survivability of troops; enable commanders to better coordinate their troops; improve the firing accuracy, synergy and timeliness of direct-fire and inter-fire weapons, especially in times of emergency, and give full play to the unison effect of the inter-fire weapon system, and so on. It is not an exaggeration to say that when the combat troops universal use of digital communications, the troops will have a major change in terms of operational orders, training and equipment. To this end, the U.S. Army has developed six new digital communications systems for future information warfare.
The single-channel ground and airborne radio system is a reliable, anti-jamming and classified radio communications network for commanders to implement command and control in the forward battlefield. It has three types: backpack, vehicle-mounted and airborne. The basic radio in this system has a communication frequency of 30~87.975 MHz, 2,320 available channels, a weight of 8.4 kg, and a communication distance of up to 8~35 kilometers. The U.S. Army plans to purchase 180,000 units, of which 141,500 will equip first-line units and 38,500 will equip other units. Each division will be equipped with 3,500 radios. Currently, 28,000 radios have been deployed in army divisions. To enhance system performance, the U.S. Army is also working to add data communications and location reporting capabilities to the system, as well as the ability to interface with public **** user systems, and to reduce weight and simplify operations.
Army Data Distribution System, Army Data Distribution System ADDS, a tactical data distribution system designed specifically to support the Army's tactical command and control system and other battlefield automation systems, is dedicated to digital communications, with no voice communications capability, and was developed by the U.S. Army to solve the contradiction between voice transmission and digital transmission competing for lines. It is a data communications system used by the U.S. Army's divisional and military command and control systems to provide near-real-time data distribution in anticipated electronically jammed environments to improve the interoperability of battlefield information systems. The system consists of the Enhanced Location Reporting System (ELRS) and the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS). Its main features are the use of time division multiple access technology, which allows fast data communication within four seconds and resolves the conflict of transmission contention lines; the use of frequency hopping and spread spectrum technology, which provides strong anti-jamming capability; and its light weight, with the backpack location reporting receiver weighing 10 kilograms and the joint tactical information distribution system terminal weighing 34 kilograms. Although the U.S. Army's mobile user equipment system MSE with voice, data, fax communications and other functions, but the actual use, mainly for the decentralized configuration of all levels of command posts to provide telephone services.ADDS can meet the digital battlefield more and more digital automated command, control and intelligence system needs, specifically for the transmission of data between computers.
The ADDS system consists of a combination of Enhanced Position Reporting System (EPLRS), which implements medium-speed data distribution, and Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS), which implements high-speed data distribution, Class 2M terminals, capable of implementing near-real-time distribution of data within divisional geographic areas in predictable electronic countermeasures environments.The EPLRS system is a network of ultra-high-frequency (UHF) radios, consisting of a networked The EPLRS system is a UHF radio network that consists of a console and backpack vehicle-mounted and airborne large user extensions. The user extensions contain a data distribution module with a positioning accuracy of less than 15 meters for infantry and vehicles, and less than 25 meters for airborne users.EPLRS user extensions are equipped with units that transmit a small amount of data, such as artillery battalions, company firing command centers, fire support teams, laser observation teams, and fire support coordination teams.The Class 2M terminal of the JTIDS system, which also operates in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band, employs a time-division multiple access, frequency-hopping, and spread-spectrum approach to data distribution. Time Division Multiple Access, Frequency Hopping, Spread Spectrum technology, equipped with a larger amount of data transmission units, such as divisional artillery and artillery brigade firing command centers and target reconnaissance units. EPLRS system user machine "talk", not only for point-to-point transmission, but also through a variety of routes to send the data to the user, as a result of the use of a variety of routes and relay stations, the ADDS system can be used in a variety of routes and relay stations. stations, ADDS systems can work with less output power and cover a larger geographic area.
"Military Star" military strategic and tactical relay satellite system, including mobile tactical terminals and transportable fixed strategic terminals. The U.S. Army mainly develops the "Rogue" single-channel, anti-jamming, backpack terminals and "Smart"-T mobile, secure, anti-jamming, reliable tactical terminals, in order to protect the use of "Military Star" tactical communications needs. "The "Villain" is a low-data-rate satellite communications terminal that operates in the very high-frequency band and transmits 75 to 2,400 bits of voice and data per second. The terminal is lightweight, with a prototype weight of 13.6 kg, which can be reduced to 5.44-6.8 kg for subsequent terminals; its narrow beam reduces the probability of detection, so it is mainly used to expand the communication distance between the main command-and-control link and remote reconnaissance detachments and special operations forces. "The Smarter-T terminal is a highly maneuverable, multi-purpose wheeled satellite communications terminal that provides tactical users with medium- and low-data-rate voice and data communications. It is not only classified and jam-resistant, but also extends the communications range of the U.S. Army's military and sub-military mobile user equipment systems. The U.S. Army has contracted with three companies to develop 42 engineering prototypes.
Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS), is the United States in 1997 officially began development, for the three military joint combat C3I system of a fully integrated with multiple networks and relative navigation capabilities of TDMA (Time Division Multipe Access) time division multiple access, confidentiality, anti-jamming digital information distribution system.
The system's capacity is sufficient to provide for decentralized tactical command and control units, aircraft, surface ships, submarines and other units that are both sources and users of information. A particular message can be circulated within a network, and a household can select any of the messages or groups of messages required or designated for reception. Additional networks can be established if necessary.
The network has a node-less structure. A unit operating in the main network can be connected to all other units in the communication or location network. The destruction of any one unit does not weaken the function. And any terminal can act as a relay. Thus, an aircraft operating as a relay is only temporarily a node. The network of a joint tactical information distribution system is defined by a set of known pseudo-noise and frequency-hopping modulated code sequences, which all network users possessing the code sequences may **** enjoy the information broadcast by each user, or they may select only those packets of information which they require. A channel is an important subgroup of the network. Its repetition rate is equal to the user data rate for that channel.
The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) specifies a time element of 2.8 minutes, which is the time period on which the new numbering of time slots is based. Active network members must occupy at least one time slot in each time element. An inactive network member can only receive and therefore does not have to be assigned a time slot. A time element contains 98304 time slots, each of which is 7.8125 milliseconds. Thus, if there are no messages that need to be updated more than once every 2.8 minutes across the network, the capacity of each individual network is approximately 98,000 users or 98,000 individual messages. A medium period is specified as 12 seconds, which is only significant for a particular system working at regular intervals.
The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) operates at a frequency of 965 to 1215 MHz. In order to maximize immunity to interference and secrecy, the transmission pulse is expanded and hopped throughout the frequency band using pseudo-noise coding and pseudo-random frequency hopping techniques. Although the information system operates in the "Tacom" frequency band and spans the entire enemy identification band, it has also been shown that "Tacom" interference with it is negligible because the JTIS has a wide frequency band, a short operating period, and the ability to adopt a method that does not utilize frequencies dedicated to enemy identification, avoiding the need for enemy identification. The JTIS has a wide band, a short operating period, and can avoid interference from enemy identification signals by not using frequencies dedicated to enemy identification.
The Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MsE) system, one of the largest and most modern classified, automated, highly mobile, rapidly deployable, and destruction-resistant tactical geographic communications systems in the history of the U.S. Army, provides data, voice, and facsimile communications throughout the entire Army divisional and corps combat geography.The MsE system deploys a complete geographic communications network over a 150 x 250 square kilometer combat geography, consisting of 42 node centers, 9 large subscriber entrance nodes, and 224 small subscriber entrance nodes linked into a grid-like network of trunk nodes serving 8,100 subscribers (6,200 fixed and 1,900 mobile), with each subscriber entrance node serving fixed wireline subscribers (primarily for use by independent battalions up to the Army High Command). Mobile users are served by 92 Radio Access Units (RAUs), each of which is standardized to connect 16 to 25 Mobile Subscriber Radiotelephone Terminals (MsRTs) and to maintain a 90% success rate for initial calls. Regardless of how the network users move, and regardless of the user's position in the network, communication links can be established immediately. MsE system is an all-digital, confidential, automatically exchanged tactical communication network, using AN/TT-47, AN/TTC-46, AN/TTC-48V switches, AN/TRC-190 relay machine, AN/GRC-224 ultra-high-frequency equipment, AN/TRC-191 radio entry unit, and AN/TRC-224 ultra-high-frequency equipment, and AN/TRC-191 radio entry unit. /TRC-191 radio entry unit, AN-1035U digital unclassified voice terminals, AN/VRC-97 mobile user radio terminals, and AN/TTC-35 (V) system control center and other equipment and subsystems, to provide users with motorized voice, data, and facsimile communications, which can be interoperable with the strategic communications network, the civilian communications network, and also with the AN/TSC-85A, AN/TSC-93A and other satellite terminals, providing convenience for the communication of troops at division and brigade levels in a wider range. The system is easy to use, the nodes are generally opened by the communication soldiers, while the user terminal equipment and use of the implementation of the "user-owned, user-operated" principle, the user's main task is to use the user's terminal equipment.MSE is also a kind of dialing telephone system, the user as long as you enter the network can be used to make calls by direct dialing method. The system equipment is all vehicle-mounted and can be maneuvered with the troops, and a large branch node opening or withdrawing operations can be completed within 30 minutes. The system has a flexible structure, high redundancy, good destruction resistance, and can automatically adjust the communication line to ensure the continuity of command operations when the network is overloaded, when it is transferred, or when a certain part of the network is damaged.The MSE uses the pan-route search technology, and the switch that sends out the call can send the call requisition to all the neighboring switches, and the neighboring switches do the same, so that the MSE destruction resistance performance has been Enhanced.
The system uses pan-search routing and incremental modulation techniques to enable mobile and fixed users to achieve borderline battlefield coverage, allowing commanders and staffs to communicate using a single fixed telephone number no matter where they are mobilized. Each channel in the system has a transmission rate of 16 kilobits per second. A network of mobile user equipment can cover 5 armies, 26 divisions of total **** equipment, 2 training bases and 20 army communications battalions.
The Global Positioning System, is a joint development program of the U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force. In this program, the Army leads the development of backpack receivers, vehicle-mounted receivers, and low/medium performance airborne receivers. These receivers will be widely equipped at all echelons of the Army. One of the miniaturized airborne receivers has already been tested.
The miniaturized GPS receivers are already capable of receiving signals from the Navstar GPS system. It is reported that a lightweight precision GPS receiver has been equipped with troops in early 1994. This is a handheld ground receiver capable of processing GPS signals, providing the user's position, platform speed and time information. The U.S. Army is developing an airborne embedded GPS receiver. The machine has only one or a few integrated circuit boards, embedded in the airborne communication or navigation equipment, will be able to receive satellite signals in the global positioning. The U.S. Army plans to equip it on some helicopters and electronic warfare aircraft. At the same time the U.S. Army is also producing improved miniature data modem, in order to make the received signals with the various branches of the integrated forces **** enjoy. Improved data modem performance than the U.S. Army's current use of airborne targeting information automatic transmission system, can simultaneously transmit and receive several channels of radio information, to the operational vehicles, helicopters, joint surveillance and targeting radar systems, as well as various operations centers to transmit real-time information.
This shows that the U.S. military has formed a complete digital intelligence and reconnaissance system, command and control system and digital communications system. It is based on mobile user equipment systems, single-channel ground and air communications systems and global positioning systems and other high-tech complex, through electronic computers using improved modems, vehicle information systems, etc. for a variety of weapons systems between the data, images, charts and commands and other real-time transmission of intelligence, a comprehensive synthesis of reconnaissance data from a variety of channels, including soldiers, field artillery and aircraft sent back to the images and messages, the command and control system below the brigade running on platforms such as the combat command vehicle quickly combines the dynamic picture of the battlefield, utilizes the relevant equipment, makes the subordinates understand their intentions and objectives, and timely issues the orders of combat operations to the combat troops, makes the battlefield highly transparent, and makes the combat troops and various weapon systems vertically and horizontally linked, information **** enjoying the integration and precision strikes, thus realizing the digitalized C3I network integration and high degree of automation.