The basic knowledge of photography
Photography is the process of using some kind of specialized equipment for image recording, generally we use mechanical cameras or digital cameras for photography. Below I am going to share with you a complete list of photography basics, welcome to read and browse.
First, the correct way to hold the camera
In the basic knowledge of photography, the most important thing is to hold the camera steady. Regardless of how well the other elements of photography and technology are mastered, as long as there is a vibration in the moment of shooting, the quality of the photo will definitely be greatly reduced due to image blurring.
Although a tripod can be used to minimize the possibility of vibration, more often than not the camera is handheld, and in the ? The decisive moment?
While it is possible to use a tripod to minimize the possibility of shake, more often than not the camera is handheld and in the "decisive moment", the photographer is often not allowed to take the time to place the tripod and secure the camera.
Digital cameras require more stability than traditional cameras. This is because the electronics require an extra period of time to store information, often referred to as ? time lag?
1, the correct position of the camera
Whether you are standing, sitting or kneeling, the correct position of the camera should be:
(1), the right hand to hold the camera side of the grip position, the index finger gently touching the shutter release button, in order to be ready to shoot.
(2), hold the bottom of the camera body with the palm of your left hand, and stabilize the lens by holding the camera with your thumb and index finger.
(3) Keep your upper arms close to your body and try to keep them naturally down and toward your body. Never shrug your shoulders. Because if you shoot for a long time with shrugged shoulders, your shoulder joints will become fatigued and it will be more difficult to stabilize the camera.
(4) When holding the camera vertically, the left hand is usually on the bottom, and the right hand is on the top, and you should also pay attention to the left arm close to the body.
2, standing or sitting down when the attention of photography
(1), standing photography, feet should be slightly open, or before the back step way to stand, in order to put the weight of the whole body flat on the feet. If you can rely on some fixed objects, such as the back of a tree trunk or a wall, the effect is better.
(2), sit down photography stability is already very high, but can still borrow external objects to further stabilize the body. A good choice is to rely on the back of a chair or a table.
3, kneeling photography notes
Kneeling photography when the left foot should be bowed, the right foot kneeling on the ground, support the bottom of the body of the left hand on the bowed left foot support. In general, kneeling photography is more difficult to stabilize the body, it is best to rely on a fixed object, such as trees, walls, etc..
4, the important role of the camera strap
The camera strap on the wrist, hold in the tiger's mouth around two circles and then tighten, with the thumb through the belt circle and then hold the camera, so that the camera and the right hand into one, not only to reduce the hand of the trembling, but also in the accidental release of the hands of the camera will be pulled to the ground, not to fall to the ground and damage.
Second, the use of light
Photo is the art of light and shadow products, the light called the soul of photography is not too much. To take good photos, you can not help but grasp the key element of light.
1, the nature of light
(1) direct light
In clear weather, the sun does not go through any blocking directly to the subject, the side of the light will produce bright shadows, not directly to the side of the light will form obvious shadows, this light is called ? direct light? This type of light is called direct light. Direct light
When the sun is blocked by thin clouds, the sun will still penetrate the white clouds to spread, then the lighting contrast will be reduced, very suitable for portrait photography.
(2) scattered light
In cloudy days, the sun is blocked by clouds, can not be directed to the subject, only through the intermediate medium or by reflection irradiation to the subject, the light will produce scattering, this type of light is called ? Scattered light. Due to the scattered light formed by the light side and the shadow side is not obvious, the contrast between light and dark is also weaker, the change of light and shadow is also smoother, so the effect is more bland and soft.
? Direct light? will produce a strong contrast of light, resulting in thicker shadows, less tonal changes, the resulting image lines and shadows are harder. Diffused light Diffused light will produce a weaker contrast light, so the shadow is lighter, the tone change is richer, will produce a softer and softer image lines and tones. So the photographer should choose the appropriate light according to different situations.
2, the different directions of light projection
Shooting the same scene, the use of different directions of light projection will produce different effects.
(1) Shunlight
The light that comes from behind the camera and is directed at the subject is called? The light that comes from behind the camera and hits the subject head-on is called "downlighting". Shunlight? Lighting is characterized by: the vast majority of subjects are directly affected by the light, the shadow area is not large, the object of the shadow is relatively bright. The contrast between light and dark formed by this light is weak, and the three-dimensionality of the object can not be reflected mainly by the lighting, but by the undulation of the performance itself. Therefore, the sense of three-dimensionality is weak.
(2) the front side of the light
From the left rear or right rear of the camera to the subject of the light is called ? Front side light. Most of the lighted object will be lighted, resulting in a large bright surface, so the shadow is also brighter, the object is not light and shadow area will not be too large, but can already show the object of the distribution of light and dark and three-dimensional form. This type of light can retain a relatively bright shadow, but also to show the object of three-dimensional form.
(3) side light
The light from the left or right side of the camera is called ? Side light. It will make the subject of half of the light, while the other half is in the shadow, is conducive to the performance of the object of the ups and downs of the state.
Because of? Side light? Lighting to increase the shadow area of the object, so the picture of the shadow is not bright and dark, light and dark, not as good as by the? The side lighting is the most important part of the lighting process.
(4) side backlight
The light from the left or right front of the camera is called? Side backlighting. It produces a small part of the lighted side and a large part of the shadowed side of the object, so the shadows will be more somber. This method of lighting produces a more three-dimensional effect on the object than? Shallow Lighting s, but it is still weak.
(5) Backlighting
? Backlighting? is shot from behind the subject, the front to the camera's light. The subject is mostly in the shadow. Because the pair of light is weaker, so the sense of three-dimensionality is also weaker, the shadow is more somber. However, backlighting is not as effective as backlighting. Backlighting can be used to draw the side shadows and contours of an object, as well as to emphasize the texture and shape of an object, and to clearly show the lines of the object. Use backlighting on a bright day. Backlighting will create a strong contrast.
(6) top light
Light from the subject above the so-called? Top light. A good example is the sunlight in the middle of the day. Top light? It often creates strong shadows on the subject, and if used in portraiture, it creates dark shadows under the nose, eyes, and jaws of the human face.
(7) Bottom light
? Bottom light? s light source is located below the subject. This kind of light is less common in daily life experience, so it has a strange and dramatic effect, and is less used in general photography occasions.
3, the contrast of light
? Contrast? refers to the subject on the ? The brightest? and? darkest? The relationship between the color tones of a subject and the color tones of the darkest subject. The so-called "Strong Contrast" is a term used to describe the relationship between Strong contrast? means that the difference between the brightest and the darkest parts of the light on the subject is large, and that the change from brightest to darkest is very drastic and the contrast is very strong. Comparatively, the contrast is weak. Weak contrast?
The composition of photography
Composition is the process of dealing with the relationship between people, scenery, and objects in the limited space of a photo, and arranging all three in the best position in the picture to form a specific structure of the picture.
The main purpose of composition is how to emphasize and highlight the main theme of the scene, and at the same time, the cumbersome, secondary things properly arranged as a companion. Good composition makes the photo look even, stable, comfortable, regular, and can guide the eye to the subject point. Improper composition, there will be clutter, left and right imbalance, top-heavy and because the subject matter is too much instead of becoming a visual focus and other issues.
1, composition notes
To get a good photographic composition, we must pay attention to the following points:
(1) The photo should not be too monotonous, otherwise the photo will look dull. But it should not be too complex either, or it will look confusing.
(2) Choose a suitable background. A good background not only helps to set off the theme and highlight the main character, but also enriches the content of the photo and adds color to the picture.
(3) To understand the relationship between people, scenery, and objects in the photo, and arrange them appropriately to effectively express the theme, to avoid overpowering the main situation.
(4) To consider the contrast in the color of each scene. Sharp contrast helps to highlight the theme, but if the colors are confusing it will have the opposite effect.
(5) Be aware of the angle of the light and the resulting darkness and shadows, which affect the color and effect of the photo.
(6) To make more use of lighting, perspective, overlap and shadow patterns of the layers of change, which will help to add a sense of three-dimensionality within a flat photo.
2, with different shooting angles to create different compositions
Most of the subjects are three-dimensional, they show many sides. There are front, side, back, top and bottom. The same object, shot from different angles will also make the picture show a variety of compositional effects. Therefore, before you take a picture, you should choose different directions and angles to observe and compare the objects, and find out the best, most expressive and vivid point of view, in order to find the most suitable composition.
(1) Frontal shots.
Frontal shots are one of the most commonly used camera angles. Frontal shots can produce a solemn, smooth compositional effect. However, the smooth lines and symmetrical structure can also be dull due to the lack of perspective. And many times the object will not be able to highlight the three-dimensionality of the object because of the similarity of the object's lighting situation.
(2) Side shot.
With the oblique side of the camera angle, the original parallel lines on the screen into a diagonal line, with a sense of depth, can lead the human eye to the depths, enhance the sense of three-dimensional. The line of sight following the diagonal line will also make the picture vivid. With the change in the angle of the oblique side orientation, its perspective effect will also appear interesting changes.
(3) Elevated shooting.
Elevation refers to the angle of photography to the oblique above, mostly used to shoot tall scenery. This shooting angle can shoot a panoramic view of the tall scenery, but also can form a vertical ground lines converge upward perspective feeling. It also highlights the towering nature of the object and increases the sense of compression.
(4) overhead shooting.
Overhead shooting is to shoot from the top down. A top-down shot from a high place can capture a wide range of scenery, so it is often used in wide-angle landscape photography. In portrait photography, the use of overhead shooting method, can bring a kind of slim effect for the protagonist.
3, the composition of ? The three-pointed method?
? The method of thirds? was proposed by Greek mathematicians. Photographers will use it in the composition of the photo, often can make a lot of harmonious and pleasant photos. The specific method is to use two straight lines and two horizontal lines to divide the picture evenly into nine squares of the same size. The subject is placed at the intersection of the straight and horizontal lines.
? Three-part method? can be applied to any photography of people and scenery.
4, the choice of background and foreground
The difference between the background or foreground and the subject in terms of color, shape, line, texture, light and darkness will cause contrast, forming a contrast, with the use of highlighting the subject.
(1) Simple and soft background.
A simple background will not take away the status of the theme, which is conducive to highlighting the theme. But too simple and monotonous background will make the photo too dull.
(2) Avoid cluttered backgrounds.
A cluttered background can make a photo look very confusing, or even make it hard to tell what the subject is.
(3) Avoid too many people and objects in the foreground.
If there are too many people and objects in the foreground, it will be difficult to emphasize the subject and will seriously damage the overall effect of the photo.
5, the basic mode of photographic composition
(1) balanced and smooth composition
Balanced, is balanced. It is different from symmetry. This form of composition is not a one-to-one correspondence between the shapes, quantities, sizes and arrangements of objects on the left and right sides of the screen, but a different arrangement of equal or similar shapes, quantities and sizes, which gives a person visual stability, is a kind of heteromorphic, heterogeneous echoing equilibrium, and is an artistic equilibrium that utilizes the perspective laws and visual habits of near-heavy and far-heavy, near-large and far-light, and deep-heavy and shallow-heavy. Of course, equilibrium also includes symmetrical equilibrium.
A balanced composition gives a sense of tranquility and smoothness, but there is no absolute symmetry of the kind of dull and lifeless, so the photographers in the composition of the commonly used form of balanced composition has also become one of the basic requirements of photographic composition.
To form a balanced composition, the key is to choose a good balance point (balance). What is the balance point? This is to find from the artistic effect, as long as the location is appropriate, small objects can go with large objects balanced, far objects can also be balanced with near objects, moving objects can also go to the balance of static objects, low scenery can also equalize the high scenery. To practice and learn more, use this art skill.
(2) break the balance
With the development and progress of society, some of the new wave of photographers think that the balance of the excitement is not strong, reflecting the pace of life and characteristics of the new era, they advocate breaking the balance, but also in practice their views, shot some uneven works. We call the compositional form of these works unbalanced composition. Life is diverse, and there is both balance and imbalance in real life. As long as it is the need for content and the need for creative intent, the form can be chosen arbitrarily.
Non-equilibrium composition is unstable, disharmonious, tense and exciting, turbulent and so on. From the image of the scene to show the momentum is ideal; from the psychological reflection used to express the mood of restlessness, uncoordinated movements or inconsistent attention and different expressions, etc., has the advantage; such as showing the cruelty of war, revolutionary storms, scenes such as the scene of the wreckage, but also to achieve good visual results.
(3) framed composition
Framed composition is to use some foreground to frame the subject. Commonly used are tree branches, arches, beautifully decorated railings and hall doors. This type of composition naturally focuses attention on the subject and helps to emphasize it. On the other hand, well-focused borders are attractive, but they may work against the subject. Therefore, framed compositions will mostly be used with aperture and depth of field adjustments to make the scenery around the subject clear or defocused, so that people naturally focus their eyes on the subject.
(4) right-angled triangle composition
Right-angled triangle composition is generally a vertical edge of the picture for the triangle of a right-angled edge, the bottom edge of the triangle for another right-angled edge. This composition is mostly concerned with the directionality of the subject. The direction of movement of the scene or facing should be opposite the oblique side of the triangle, so that the movement of the object in front or the scene facing the front to leave space, to give a way out.
The right-angle triangle composition, in the horizontal or vertical picture can be used, characterized by the vertical edge of the straight line can be shown in the scene of the towering, the bottom edge of the horizontal line and has a solid, stable sense, and a sense of movement, with a positive triangle and inverted triangular composition of the double advantage, while the left and right angle side of the flexible, very much loved by the photographers, so the use of a lot more.
Right-angled triangular composition of the ease of use is also shown in the bottom edge of the long vertical side of the short or short vertical side of the bottom edge of the long can be used, as long as one of the three corners can form a right angle, you can use this form of composition.
(5) circular composition
Circular composition is to arrange the scene in the center of the picture, the center of the circle is the visual center. Circular composition looks like a united group of characters, expressed schematically, is the formation of a circle in the center of the picture.
Circular composition, in addition to the circular object to this pattern to indicate its round, in fact, there are many scenes can be used to indicate the unity of the circular composition, including both the form, including the will. Such as many people around a heroic model in the signature, many children and teenagers are listening to the old man storytelling, children around the circle to do the game, etc., can be selected circular composition.
Circular composition gives a person the feeling of unity, no sense of looseness, but this mode of composition, lack of vitality, lack of impact, lack of life.
(6) S-shaped composition
S-shaped is actually a curve, but this curve is a regular stereotypical curve. s-shape has the advantages of the curve, beautiful and full of vitality and flavor. At the same time, the reader's line of sight with the S-shape to the depth of the movement, can be a powerful expression of the scene's sense of space and depth.
S-shaped composition is divided into vertical and horizontal two, vertical can show the depth of the scene, the horizontal can show the scene of the broad. S-shaped composition focuses on the lines and tones of the close combination of the overall image, rather than the intrinsic connection between the scene or the echo of each other.
S-shaped composition is best suited to express their own curvaceous scenery. In nature photography, you can choose to bend the river, the courtyard in the path, the mine in the goat path, etc., in the large scene photography, you can choose to queue shopping, parade performances, and other scenes; in the night shooting you can choose to choose the winding street lamps, headlights driving track, etc.
The S-shaped composition is the most suitable for showing their own curvature.
(7) Cruciform composition
The cruciform is a vertical line and a horizontal horizontal line of the vertical cross. It gives people a sense of smoothness, solemnity and seriousness, and shows maturity and mystery, health and upward mobility. Because the cross is most reminiscent of the cross in the church, the red cross in the medical sector, etc., thus creating a sense of mystery.
The cross-shaped composition should not make the horizontal and vertical lines equal in length, generally long vertical and short horizontal as well; the intersection of the two lines should not be divided into two lines, especially the vertical line, generally the upper half of the short section of the lower half of the slightly longer for the better. Because the length of the two lines is the same, and the intersection point is equal, giving a sense of symmetry, lack of omission and momentum, will weaken its expressive power.
Cross-shaped composition of the scene, not all are simple two horizontal and vertical lines of the cross, but similar to the cross-shaped scene can be selected cross-shaped composition. For example, the head and upper body can be regarded as a vertical vertical line, and the left and right shoulders can be regarded as a horizontal line; the height of the building and the horizontal structure, etc. It can also be said that all the scenes that are similar to the cross-shaped composition can be chosen. It can also be said that, where the visual composition of the cross-shaped image, can be selected cross-shaped composition.
Four, aperture, shutter, focus, depth of field
Exposure control depends mainly on the size of the aperture and shutter speed. To learn how to shoot manually, you must learn to set the aperture and shutter to match.
1. The relationship between exposure and aperture
The aperture is the hole in the lens of a camera that can change size. It controls the amount of light entering the lens. In the case of other factors remain unchanged, the larger the aperture is opened, the more light enters through the lens. It's like a window in a room; the wider it's open, the more light comes in.
The value of the aperture is usually expressed in terms of the f-stop value, and it's important to note that the larger the f-stop value, the smaller the aperture opening. For example, an f16 aperture is smaller than an f8 aperture.
At a constant shutter speed, the size of the aperture determines the brightness of the photo. If the aperture is too large, it will be overexposed and the photo will be white. If the aperture is too small, it will be underexposed and the photo will be dark.
2. The relationship between exposure and shutter
The shutter is the gate that controls the entry of light. The higher the shutter speed, the less light enters through the lens, all other factors being equal. The reverse is also true. It is equivalent to the length of time a window is open.
Both aperture and shutter control exposure, and their combination is the main factor controlling exposure and influencing each other. If the aperture is closed down one stop (e.g. from f/4 to f/5.6) and the shutter speed is slowed down by a factor of two (e.g. from 1/60 to 1/30), their exposures are the same.
3, the importance of focus
Focusing refers to the process of focusing the lens on the subject, adjust the focal length of the lens, so that the image becomes the sharpest. Only focus the right image can be clear, otherwise the image is fuzzy.
4, depth of field and aperture, distance, focal length
The depth of field of ? Scene? is the scene we want to shoot, ? depth? is the depth range of clarity. When the lens is focused on the shooting target, this point corresponds to the CCD sensor can be clearly imaged. It before and after a certain range of scenery can also be recorded more clearly, this range is the depth of field.
The greater the depth of field, the greater the clarity of the depth of field. The smaller the depth of field, the smaller the depth of field.
The three main elements affecting the depth of field are:
(1) Aperture: In the case of the lens focal length and distance is unchanged, the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field, and vice versa.
(2) Distance: in the case of the lens focal length and aperture is unchanged, the closer to the target, the smaller the depth of field, the further away from the target, the greater the depth of field.
(3) focal length: in the case of distance and aperture constant, the shorter the focal length of the lens, the greater the depth of field. That is, the depth of field of a short focal length lens is large, and the depth of field of a telephoto lens is small.
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