What are the precautions for dairy farming technology?

Cow breeding should pay attention to the following aspects: look at healthy coated skin. Cowhide hair is bright, neat, elastic, not easy to fall off, normal skin color, no swelling, ulceration, bleeding, etc. Due to different diseases, the coat color and skin of sick cattle will have various changes. Cattle suffering from scabies and eczema have hair falling off in pieces, skin thickening and hardening, itching and abrasions; Suffering from chronic wasting diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, parasitic diseases and some metabolic diseases, the fur is rough, dull and easy to fall off. Look at the movement of breathing. The breathing frequency of healthy cows is 10 ~30 breaths/min, showing a stable chest-abdomen breathing. Chest breathing of dairy cows is mostly due to abdominal organ diseases, such as acute peritonitis, acute gastric distension, rumen distension, abdominal trauma, diaphragm rupture, trauma, paralysis and so on. Abdominal breathing in dairy cows is common in some chest organ diseases, such as acute pleurisy, acute pneumonia, pleural effusion, emphysema, rib fracture and so on. Look at the healthy gait. Cattle's gait is stable and flexible. The onset is characterized by limping, unsteady gait, poor coordination and uneasy posture. For example, when a cow suffers from tetanus, its head and neck are straight, its ears are vertical, its tail is upturned, its waist and legs are stiff and it looks like a Trojan horse. When suffering from encephalitis and meningitis, the sick cattle show blindness in action, confusion in brain consciousness and not listening to their owners' calls; When suffering from cerebral echinococcosis, we often do unconscious directional circular movements. Look, a healthy cow has two ears and eyes. The ears flap naturally and flexibly, often shaking, and the hands are warm. Sick cows hang their heads and ears, but their ears don't shake. Their ears are either cold or hot. Healthy cattle have bright eyes, sensitive vision, quick response and pale pink conjunctiva. Sick cows have dull eyes and slow reaction, and conjunctiva changes greatly due to different diseases; Pale conjunctiva, more common in chronic consumptive diseases, such as bovine tuberculosis, cola disease, chronic dyspepsia and so on. Conjunctival flushing is more common in febrile diseases, such as bovine pneumonia and bovine gastroenteritis. Conjunctival cyanosis is more common in circulatory and respiratory diseases, such as bovine contagious pleuropneumonia, bovine myocarditis, intestinal displacement and toxic diseases; Rumen food accumulation is also easy to cause cyanosis and conjunctival congestion; The yellowing of conjunctiva is more common in hepatobiliary diseases and hematological diseases. The oral mucosa of healthy cows is reddish, the temperature is normal and there is no odor. The oral mucosa of sick cattle is pale, salivating or dry, with high and low temperature and foul smell. Healthy cows have ruddy and smooth tongue coating, powerful tongue stretching and normal body temperature. The tongue coating of sick cattle is yellow, white or brown, with thick and rough tongue coating, weak tongue expansion and contraction, poor elasticity and low tongue temperature. Oral redness is seen in heat-induced diseases, such as acute infectious diseases and gastroenteritis. Oral cyanosis is the result of blood circulation disorder and hypoxia, which is common in constipation, intestinal displacement, gallstones and other middle and late stages. Oral whitening is more common in anemia, malnutrition, parasitic diseases, massive blood loss, visceral rupture and so on. When cows suffer from actinomycosis, the oral mucosa is swollen, flushed and ulcerated. When the enlarged lump skin festers, bright red granulation can be exposed with pus. When the tongue is invaded, it swells and hardens due to tissue hyperplasia, making it inconvenient to move. Known as "woody tongue disease", sick cattle salivate, chew, swallow and have difficulty breathing and asthma; When cows suffer from anthrax, induration appears on the tongue and oral mucosa, and the tongue is swollen and dark red, with blood in saliva. Look at the nose mirror. No matter whether the weather is hot or cold, day or night, sweat constantly appears on the nose mirror, evenly distributed and kept moist. When suffering from acute fever, the nasal mirror and nasal disc of dairy cows are dry or even cracked, such as bovine pear disease and bovine failure. Look at the nasal cavity, including nasal mucosa and nasal discharge. Generally, rhinorrhea is serous, viscous or purulent, and has a bad smell, which is more common in contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. The quality of appetite and food intake is an important sign of the health of dairy cows. Poor appetite, ups and downs are more common in chronic digestive diseases; Loss of appetite is the most common in foregut diseases and other serious diseases, such as rumen food accumulation and rumen gas expansion. It is more common in the recovery period of serious illness and diseases with poor digestive function and excessive nutrient consumption in the body. Abnormal appetite, pica, etc. More common in dairy cows, such as lack of certain vitamins, minerals or trace elements and neurological abnormalities. Adult cows generally drink 60 liters ~ 120 liters of water every day. It is normal to see that cow dung has a certain shape and hardness, soft but not thin, hard but not firm, and it is no different from odor, and the dung is discharged regularly. If defecation is frequent and feces are thin like water, it is called diarrhea, which is more common in enteritis, tuberculosis and paratuberculosis of dairy cows; Fecal excretion is reduced, stool becomes hard, or mucus attached to the surface is mostly constipation, which is more common in insufficient exercise, forestomach disease, rumen food accumulation, intestinal obstruction, intestinal displacement, fever and some nervous system diseases; Fecal incontinence is seen in severe diarrhea, lumbar injury or inflammation, encephalitis, etc. Cows show pain, anxiety, hunchback, even groaning and chirping when excreting feces, but a large amount of feces does not rule out traumatic reticulitis, enteritis, rumen food accumulation, intestinal constipation, intestinal displacement and some nervous system diseases. The urine of cows is light yellow and transparent. If the color turns yellow, red and turbid, it is a sign of illness. Look at those healthy cows with nausea and hiccups. They began to ruminate 30-60 minutes after eating, each ruminating time lasted 40-50 minutes, each group chewed 40-80 times, ruminated 9-12 times a day and night for 6-8 hours. When dairy cows suffer from rumen food accumulation, rumen flatulence, traumatic reticular gastritis, abomasum, gastroenteritis, peritoneum and liver diseases, infectious diseases and reproductive system diseases, metabolic diseases and brain and spinal cord diseases, there are ruminant disorders. Burping is a normal physiological phenomenon of ruminants, and the fermented gas in rumen is excreted through burping. Looking at milk quality, the milk yield of healthy cows is generally constant. It is extremely rare for milk production to suddenly increase greatly. If the milk production suddenly decreases a lot, it must be sick. Various diseases of dairy cows will reduce milk production, but ketosis and mastitis are the most serious. The milk yield of patients with mild ketosis continued to decline, while that of patients with severe ketosis suddenly dropped sharply. High-yield cows have no milk, and milk tastes of ketone. Clinical mastitis can be seen with naked eyes with abnormal breasts and milk. In mild cases, the milk is thin and grayish white. The first few handfuls of milk often have flocs (commonly known as tofu milk), the breasts swell and the milk does not change much. In severe cases, the affected breast is swollen, red, hard and painful, and the milk is pale yellow.