Junior high school students are in adolescence, with mature body parts, vigorous metabolism and active activity, which is higher than any age group. This period is also a period of active thinking ability and the strongest memory, with heavy learning tasks and various exams to face. Teenagers in junior high school are the key moment for physical growth and knowledge acquisition. Their cerebral cortex is in a state of high tension for a long time, and their nutritional status at this time must be highly valued. In terms of nutrition supply, it is necessary to adapt to the physiological needs of adolescent development. If nutrition supply is not timely or malnutrition occurs during this period, puberty may be delayed for one or two years. In addition, some high school students are below the standard in height, weight and intelligence because of malnutrition in infancy and childhood. At the beginning of adolescence, as long as we can seize the opportunity and give reasonable and good nutritional supplements, we may catch up with normal teenagers. Many facts show that nutrition has a far-reaching influence on teenagers not only in physical form and function, but also in intelligence and emotion.
Second, the reasonable dietary composition of middle school students
The dietary nutrition arrangement of junior high school students should be suitable for the physiological and psychological characteristics of senior high school students. In addition to ensuring the nutrition needed for growth and development, we should also consider the nutrition needed for high school students' heavy learning tasks. The dietary quality is higher than that of primary school students. Therefore, it is beneficial for senior high school students to have a comprehensive, reasonable and balanced dietary nutrition intake to require canteen managers and parents to know more about nutrition knowledge. So what kind of diet is a healthy diet? What are the basic principles of dietary arrangements for middle school students? The dietary arrangement of middle school students should follow the principles of balanced nutrition and reasonable distribution of three meals, so as to be light, nourish the stomach, strengthen the brain and facilitate sleep. Breakfast should be based on carbohydrate staple foods, such as porridge and rice noodles, especially whole grains such as whole wheat steamed bread, cereal porridge and yam porridge, and fresh vegetables should be given appropriately; Chinese food should be eaten well and balanced in nutrition; Reduce high-protein and high-fat foods such as big fish and big meat at dinner, so as not to affect students' sleep.
1, thermal energy distribution of three meals. According to the study life of junior high school students, there are usually 3-4 classes in the morning, and the activity of brain cells is quite intense. Breakfast is very important, so we must ensure the quality and quantity. Some teenagers have to eat one more meal (bread, cake, milk, beans, etc.). After the second class in the morning, I habitually eat breakfast because of my poor appetite or insufficient energy intake. In order to make breakfast (including recess meal) account for 30% of the total daily calories, lunch accounts for 35%-40% and dinner accounts for 30%-35%. The muscle cells of high school boys grow rapidly, and the amount of exercise is generally greater than that of high school girls, so the heat supply is about 100-300 kcal more than that of girls. The staple food for one day is 400-600g (65438+600g above 06). Rice, flour, potatoes and miscellaneous grains with high carbohydrate content are used as main raw materials. Non-staple food, fish 100- 150g, eggs 1-2 (duck eggs and goose eggs are also acceptable), appropriate amount of soybean products, 500-750g of fresh vegetables, 50-250g of fruit150, 200ml of milk, soybean milk and goat milk. Animals with blood in the stomach can eat it in moderation, 2-3 times a week.
2. Every meal should be carefully prepared. You can also mix grains, beans and vegetables. The proper combination of staple food and non-staple food can give full play to the complementary role of protein and improve the utilization rate of protein. Take breakfast as an example, staple food (cereal, rice), non-staple food (marinated eggs, pork floss or small fish), plus a proper amount of fresh vegetables; Among them, non-staple food can also be replaced by bean products such as boiled soybeans, dried beans and tofu. In addition, the mixing of rice with flour and dry olefins is also very important. Do not eat porridge and soup at one meal, or eat dry and thick food without soup. For example, steamed bread with porridge of eggs or beans and its products is more reasonable.
3. Choose foods rich in vitamins and inorganic salts as raw materials. Such as milk, lean meat, seafood and vegetables (green, yellow and red), etc., to ensure the supply of various inorganic salts and vitamins.
At present, the diet structure of middle school students in China is westernized, and many middle school students prefer fried, high-fat and high-sugar processed snacks, which has buried many hidden dangers of chronic diseases for their bodies. The incidence of chronic obesity and chronic digestive tract diseases in children is increasing year by year, and childhood obesity is the reserve army for adult obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and other diseases in the future, so parents should pay attention to their children's diet structure.
At present, there is a phenomenon of "sloppy breakfast, mediocre Chinese food and rich dinner" in middle school students' catering, which is one of the main reasons for many chronic diseases of middle school students. Many parents have no time to make breakfast for their children in the morning because of the pressure of work, so they often either handle it themselves or let their children solve it themselves at the simple breakfast stall outside. In fact, this is not worth the loss. Parents should pay more energy and financial resources to take care of their children when they are ill. It is better to spend half an hour every day preparing a healthy breakfast for children now.
4. Prepare recipes for one week. Cooking should be based on the local economy and the supply of food raw materials. The total intake of various nutrients in a week should meet the gas demand of high school students, and try to make the nutritional distribution of each meal reasonable and balanced. However, if the daily intake of various nutrients is slightly different, and the total amount reaches the standard within one week, there will be basically no nutritional problems, which is enough.
5. Eat fresh food to prevent food poisoning.
Third, the eating environment and eating habits.
1. The dining environment should be clean, bright and comfortable, and light music can be played when dining. In this way, diners can feel relaxed and happy, eliminate the tension and fatigue of the tiger layer of the brain, and thus increase their appetite.
2. Eat regularly and quantitatively. Can make the secretion of digestive glands and gastrointestinal peristalsis form regular exercise. If eating irregularly and hunger is uneven, it will cause gastrointestinal dysfunction and affect digestion and absorption.
3. Don't overeat. Don't be partial to food. Overeating can easily lead to pancreatitis, acute dyspepsia and gastritis. I like to eat this kind of food but I don't like that kind, or I only eat a few kinds of food and don't want to eat others. This is called partial food selectivity. You should know that different foods contain different nutrients, and even the best food can't contain all the nutrients.
4. Eat less snacks. Eating too many snacks, over time, the intake of essential nutrients is insufficient, which will lead to malnutrition. On the other hand, when eating snacks, you will bring dirty things and bacteria from your hands into your mouth, which is easy to get infected with intestinal diseases.
Don't engage in strenuous mental work or strenuous exercise within half an hour before and after meals. It is not appropriate to read while eating. All these will lead to weakened gastrointestinal peristalsis, decreased secretion of digestive juice, affecting digestion and absorption function, and even causing gastritis or other gastrointestinal diseases in severe cases.
6. Don't get angry while eating. Angry quarrels, crying and sadness not only hinder eating, affect appetite, but also easily lead to indigestion.
Four. Dietary nutrition under special circumstances
1, nutritional requirements and reasonable diet during the examination.
During the examination, senior high school students are in a state of intense mental work, and often feel dizzy after using their brains for a long time, which is a reaction of hypoglycemia and brain hypoxia. Therefore, it is necessary to consider adding more carbohydrate foods from nutrition to avoid the adverse reactions of hypoglycemia and brain hypoxia. It is best to eat more carbohydrate-containing foods such as cereals, beans, potatoes, fruits and vegetables, and reduce pure sugar and pure oily foods.
Exams also need enough protein, because protein directly affects the activity of cerebral cortex, which can increase memory and make people concentrate. Therefore, we should eat more protein-rich foods such as milk, eggs, fish, lean meat and beans to improve brain nutrition.
Vitamins and inorganic salts are also essential for high school students who are highly nervous about exams. Many experiments have proved that students' consumption of water-soluble vitamins during the examination period has greatly increased compared with their usual study and life. Supplementation of water-soluble vitamins B 1, B2, C and nicotinic acid has a significant effect on eliminating nerve fatigue. Therefore, you should eat more foods rich in water-soluble vitamins before the exam, such as vegetables, fruits, eggs, beans and animal foods. If students take exams, due to the lack of vitamin B 1, they will often suffer from burnout, forgetfulness, irritability and loss of appetite. During the exam, high school students studied day and night for the exam, and their eyesight was obviously damaged. The demand for vitamin A will increase when you review your lessons at night, so you should eat more green, red and yellow vegetables and fruits with more carotene during the exam. There is also an appropriate amount of animal foods such as liver and kidney rich in vitamin A, which is beneficial to vision protection.
Some people think that taking a few vitamin tablets during the exam can solve the problem. In fact, under normal physiological conditions, nutrients cooperate and restrict each other in the body, and various vitamins should be balanced. It is difficult to achieve balance simply by taking medicine. It is not enough to emphasize that the nutrition of high school students must be comprehensive and reasonable during the examination.
Therefore, in the examination process, both the school canteen and the family should pay attention to the reasonable collocation of food, and try to make food with high nutritional value and good color and fragrance, which can not only improve the appetite, but also ensure the health of candidates. You can add a snack with high protein quality at night.
2. Nutritional requirements during exercise.
Good and reasonable nutrition is conducive to eliminating exercise fatigue and restoring physical strength, promoting physical exercise and improving competition results, as well as promoting physical development and strengthening physical fitness.
Choose foods that are resistant to hunger, low in fiber, high in calories, high in protein and rich in vitamins and inorganic salts before the sports meeting. Eat less fat, leeks and sweet potatoes, because these food residues are easy to produce gas, which affects practice and competition. In a word, the diet during exercise not only emphasizes the quality and quantity of nutrients and the characteristics of color, fragrance and taste, but also needs to be properly adjusted in combination with the content and temperature of practice competitions. For example, strength sports should provide enough high-protein food, speed sports should pay attention to the overall balance of nutrition, and endurance sports should provide enough heat, water and inorganic salts. It must be pointed out that teenagers who love sports activities do not pay attention to nutrition or have bad eating habits, such as being too hungry or unwilling to increase their food intake for fear of getting fat, which is a serious violation of sports physiology and will inevitably damage their health in the long run.