There are several points in reading financial reports quickly:
1, see "Non-standard"
If there are too many explanatory notes in the financial statements of listed companies, their management may hide ulterior secrets.
If listed companies are issued with "non-standard" audit opinions, then investors should be careful.
Step 2 look at income
A healthy and stable growth enterprise, its income should mainly come from "main business income", and the main business income has grown steadily for three consecutive years. If a large part of the income comes from temporary one-off income, for example, some companies always increase their income by selling assets or through subordinate enterprises, then the company's ability to continue to operate is questionable.
In addition, there is a common situation that relies on interest income to support the profitability of the whole company. Of course, interest is also an important part of the company's operating income and profit, but it can't reflect the growth of a company well.
Step 3 look at cash flow
In a sense, cash flow is more important and real than income and profit. It is easy to manipulate the book income and profit artificially, but the real cash flow greatly increases the difficulty of distorting the performance and determines the life and death of the enterprise. From this point of view, "cash is king" is no exaggeration.
Investors should pay attention to the cash flow statement and income statement. If the company's final cash flow is negative, then the company is often in a state of cash shortage.
Step 4 look at profits
This indicator directly reflects the profitability of the company. For this indicator, we need to analyze it in depth and treat it dialectically. We need to pay attention to whether the main source of company profits comes from "main business profits"; Excessive proportion of temporary one-time profit sources will only increase the instability of enterprises and increase the risks of enterprises.
Extended data:
Problems needing attention in enterprise financial statements
Only by reducing the sales cost can the sales profit be raised to a higher level. Although the cost of sales itself cannot tell us whether the company has a lasting competitive advantage, it can tell us the size of the company's gross profit. By analyzing the profit statement of an enterprise, we can see whether the enterprise can create profits and whether it has lasting competitiveness.
Whether an enterprise can make a profit is only one aspect. We should also analyze how enterprises make profits, whether they need a lot of research and development to remain competitive, and whether they need wealth leverage to make profits. Through the information excavated from the income statement, we can judge the driving force of this enterprise's economic growth, because the source of profit is more meaningful than the profit itself.
How to read financial statements
The main methods of understanding financial statements: balance sheet: understanding the financial structure and income statement of enterprises; Analyze the operating capacity and cash flow statement of the enterprise; Evaluate the sustainable competitiveness and owner's rights and interests of enterprises; Understand the economic interests of business owners. There are also three elements: the purpose of learning financial statements, looking at financial statements as a whole, and combining industry characteristics.
Financial statements are compiled according to accounting standards, which reflect the financial status and operation of accounting entities to owners, creditors, the government and other relevant parties and the public.
Financial statements include balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement or statement of changes in financial position, schedules and notes. Financial statements are the main part of financial reports, excluding directors' reports, management analysis and financial statements, which are included in financial reports or annual reports.
How to learn to read financial statements?
Question 1: How to learn to understand financial statements Hello:
It is more complicated to look at financial statements optimistically. Mainly can learn to read three sentences, as follows:
First, how to look at the balance sheet
The balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects all assets, liabilities and owners' equity of a company on a specific date. Its basic structure is "assets = liabilities+owners' equity". No matter what state the company is in, this accounting balance is always the same. The left side reflects the resources owned by the company; The right side reflects the requirements of different owners of the company for these resources. Creditors can claim all the resources of the company, and the company is liable to different creditors with all its assets. After paying all liabilities, what remains is owner's equity, which is the company's net assets.
Using the data in the balance sheet, we can see the distribution of assets and liabilities and the composition of owners' equity, so as to evaluate whether the company's capital operation and financial structure are normal and reasonable; Analyze the company's liquidity or liquidity, as well as the amount and solvency of long-term and short-term debts, and evaluate the company's ability to take risks; The information provided by this table is also helpful to calculate the profitability of the company and evaluate its operating performance.
When analyzing the balance sheet elements, we should first pay attention to the analysis of asset elements, including:
Analysis of current assets of 1 Analyze the company's cash, various deposits, short-term investments, various receivables and payables, inventory, etc. The current assets are higher than in previous years, indicating that the company's ability to pay and liquidate is enhanced.
2 Long-term investment analysis. Analysis of investments for more than one year, such as company holding and diversification. The increase in long-term investment shows that the company's growth prospects are promising.
3 fixed assets analysis. This is an analysis of physical assets. The figures of fixed assets listed in the balance sheet only indicate the amount of fixed assets that have not been depreciated and lost under the conditions of going concern and are expected to be recovered in the future. Therefore, we should pay special attention to whether depreciation and loss are reasonable or not, which will directly affect the accuracy of statements such as balance sheet and income statement. Obviously, less depreciation will increase the current profit. However, more depreciation will reduce the current profits, and some companies often lay the groundwork for this.
4 Analysis of intangible assets. It mainly analyzes trademark right, copyright, land use right, non-patented technology, goodwill, patent right and so on. Goodwill and other intangible assets without clear reference are generally not recorded unless goodwill is formed at the time of purchase or merger. After acquiring intangible assets, they should be registered and amortized within the prescribed time limit.
Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the elements of liabilities, including two aspects:
Analysis of current liabilities of 1. All current liabilities should be accounted for according to the actual amount incurred. The key to analysis is to avoid omissions, and all liabilities should be reflected in the balance sheet.
2 Long-term debt analysis. Including long-term loans, bonds payable, long-term payables, etc. Due to the different forms of long-term liabilities, we should pay attention to the analysis and understanding of corporate creditors.
Finally, analyze shareholders' rights and interests, including share capital, capital reserve, surplus reserve and undistributed profit. The analysis of shareholders' equity is mainly to understand the different forms and ownership structure of invested capital in shareholders' equity, and to understand the priority payment order of each element in shareholders' equity. When looking at the balance sheet, we should combine the income statement, which mainly involves capital gains and inventory turnover. The former is an indicator of profitability, while the latter is an indicator of operational capability.
Second, how to look at the income statement
The income statement is based on "revenue-expense = profit", which mainly reflects the company's net income after deducting operating expenses in a certain period of time. Through the income statement, we can roughly evaluate the operating performance and management success of listed companies, thus evaluating the investment value and return of investors. The income statement includes two aspects: first, it reflects the company's income and expenses, and explains the company's profit and loss amount in a certain period, so as to analyze the company's economic benefits and profitability and evaluate the company's operating performance; The other part reflects the sources of the company's financial achievements, and explains the proportion of the company's various profit sources in the total profit and the relationship between these sources. Analysis of the income statement, mainly from two aspects:
1. Analysis of income items. The company obtains all kinds of operating income by selling products and providing services, and can also provide resources for others to use and obtain non-operating income such as rent and interest. An increase in income means an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities.
A package of items recorded in the revenue account ......
Question 2: How to learn to read financial statements? It's actually quite simple. What is written on the income statement is the relationship between addition and subtraction, from income to net profit at a glance.
On the balance sheet, on the right is the source of enterprise funds, capital-paid-in capital; Bank lending-short-term loans, debts to others-accounts payable. On the left is the use of these funds, bank deposits; Materials bought-raw materials, money owed by others-accounts receivable; Finished product-finished product ... and so on.
Question 3: Can I teach myself accounting? Can you understand the financial statements after learning? For example!
1 You borrow money to buy a house. The house price is 6,543,800+0,000, and the down payment of the loan is 300,700,000. The property right certificate has been issued. At this point, the balance sheet comes out: assets = liabilities+owners' equity.
Now you start to run your property and rent it out. Monthly rent10.2 million, tax 0.2 million. At this point, your income statement will come out: profit = income-cost tax, etc.
If you receive 10000 in cash, your balance sheet will change: assets = liabilities+owners' equity. The assets of 1000 are the cash you received, and the equity of 1000 is the profit you earned.
If you haven't received 10000 in cash, your balance sheet has also changed: assets = liabilities+owners' equity. The assets of 1000 are your cash receivable, and the equity of 1000 is your profit. Although the cash receivable here is not real money, it already belongs to you legally, so put it into your assets.
Next, you have to pay back the loan. It's simpler, without interest, 5000 yuan per month. Then the balance sheet changed again: assets = liabilities+owners' equity. Assets decreased by 0.5 because you paid off your debts in cash, and at the same time, your debts also decreased.
...
You can find that everything related to money in your family can be expressed by accounting, and so can the company. All economic business can be reflected in the balance sheet and income statement. In order to clearly express the contents of different economic businesses, both tables have different columns, namely accounting subjects. All economic business is nothing more than wandering between various accounting subjects and two forms.
I just want to say that accounting is not difficult. By understanding the relationship among assets, liabilities, owners' equity, income, cost and profit, we can understand the statement.
Of course, if you want to further analyze the report, you need to know some formulas for calculating the financial ratio and the meaning of the ratio.
Question 4: How to read the financial statements of listed companies by yourself? Because you are a non-economics student, you want to know the arc of financial statements. I suggest you teach yourself the textbook of the accounting qualification examination first. This is an introductory accounting textbook, step by step, and finally financial statements are mentioned in the textbook.
The textbooks for the accounting qualification examination include Accounting Basis, Primary Accounting Computerization, Financial Regulations and Accounting Professional Ethics. You only need to know the accounting basis.
Question 5: How to watch the video of financial statements Before learning financial statements, we must first understand the business process of an operator, as shown in the following figure:
Input is owner's equity, and loan is debt.
Liabilities and owners' equity will be converted into cash, and then cash will be converted into invested inventory products and fixed assets.
After the product is sold, part of it becomes cash, part becomes accounts receivable, and it is also the part of keeping accounts for customers.
Under certain circumstances, accounts receivable will be converted into cash again and put into production and operation. This is a complete business process.
Financial statements have three parts: balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement, which actually exist in the above equation. I. Balance Sheet: The basic formula of the balance sheet is "owner's equity+liabilities = assets". The left side of the above equation is owner's equity and liabilities, and the right side is assets. Assets are actually composed of cash, accounts receivable, inventory products and fixed assets. Cash, accounts receivable and products are commonly referred to as current assets, while plant and equipment are fixed assets. If you look at the picture above carefully, you will find that almost all operations are carried out around cash. Owners' equity and liabilities will increase cash, and products and accounts receivable will eventually be converted into cash. So cash is very important, it is the core, which is why there is a cash flow statement. Second, the income statement: the core of the income statement is "profit = income-expenses". When products are converted into accounts receivable and cash, the form is income, and when cash is converted into products and fixed assets, costs and expenses are incurred. What ultimately produces profits is the constant flow between the two. Therefore, profits exist and flow. The income statement often studies the profit growth over a period of time, and there is a problem. In the above transformation, all current profits are converted into cash elements, increasing cash, accounts receivable, products and fixed assets. The sum of these items, minus related expenses, is the net profit. Third, the cash flow statement: whether the product is converted into cash is more or less, and whether the cash is increased or decreased. This is the research content of cash flow statement. Because cash is at the core of this transformation process, almost all people who study financial statements attach great importance to cash flow statement. Also, I actually missed two conversions above, that is, cash may be converted into liabilities and owner's equity. Why? If there is cash to pay off debts, there will be less cash, less liabilities and less cash converted into liabilities. The remaining cash is converted into owner's equity. When you have to pay taxes on all the cash in your hand, you have to pay your salary, and the rich cash you can dispose of at will is free cash flow.
Question 6: How to learn the reading skills of financial statements quickly 1. Common problems in reading and auditing financial statements of small and medium-sized enterprises.
With the deepening of reform and opening up, China's small and medium-sized enterprises have developed rapidly. However, in recent years, the development of many small and medium-sized enterprises has shown a difficult development trend.
Whitewash the data of financial statements, and the authenticity and reliability of financial data are in doubt.
The development of small and medium-sized enterprises is accompanied by fierce competition. Some small and medium-sized enterprises, with a weak sense of integrity, are mercenary and do not hesitate to violate relevant laws and regulations and resort to financial fraud. Some deliberately underreport for tax evasion.
The on-balance-sheet profit and profit rate, income and cost are seriously asymmetrical, and the phenomenon of off-balance-sheet accounts is serious. In order to meet the financing needs, some enterprises deliberately resort to fraud in asset evaluation, inflated assets and reduced liabilities; Deliberately exaggerating the company's profits.
Reduce costs; Even in order to exaggerate family property, they do not hesitate to illegally merge the accounting statements of affiliated enterprises. If this distorted statement is read and audited, the analyzed information will be extremely misleading and harmful. On the one hand increase
The investment risk of investors is reduced, which is easy to mislead investors to invest blindly; Secondly, if the decision-makers refer to false and distorted financial information to plan the future production and operation activities of enterprises, it is easy to make decision mistakes; In addition, * * * prison
What the management department gets is false enterprise financial data, which is not conducive to controlling investment risks and macro-control related policies.
The analysis method is simple and clear, and it is difficult to fully reflect the financial situation of the enterprise.
The financial statement of an enterprise includes four parts: balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and statement notes. Enterprise managers and related financial analysts tend to meet the needs of enterprise interests.
Reading and analyzing report data in a sexual way ignores the relationship between tables. In order to highlight the operating results and performance of enterprises, some enterprises tend to focus on the income statement, but at the same time they need to divide profits accurately.
Only by analyzing several other statements can we draw a conclusion. Just looking at the balance sheet or cash flow statement, it is also difficult to comprehensively analyze the distribution of asset-liability structure, the distribution of enterprise income costs and expenses, and the source of enterprise cash.
And the direction of use. In addition, the method of reading and reviewing financial statements is relatively simple, and "ratio analysis method" is often used, that is, "the ratio obtained after calculating the specific data of some related projects"
Make a comparative analysis. "However, this method does not compare the current data with historical data from the perspective of development, nor does it compare with the data of the same industry, which is not comprehensive.
Second, SME financial statements reading and auditing countermeasures and suggestions
Managers and financial personnel of small and medium-sized enterprises should prevent and solve the main problems in reading and auditing financial statements.
Regularly carry out accounting business skills training.
Reading and auditing financial statements is an important work in financial management of small and medium-sized enterprises, and its important role in enterprise investment is self-evident. Financial statements should be used in the process of reading and auditing, such as accounting, management,
Knowledge of economics and other disciplines. However, in actual work, financial statement analysts' mastery and application of these multidisciplinary knowledge are uneven in depth and breadth, so their understanding and analysis of financial statement data.
The results often vary from person to person. Therefore, small and medium-sized enterprises should pay attention to the regular professional skills and professional ethics training of financial statement analysts, and regularly hire experts in related fields to carry out training activities. So is rich work experience.
This work is indispensable, and small and medium-sized enterprises should pay attention to the business exchange and learning of new and old financial analysts.
Comprehensive application of various comparative analysis methods
Sme financing
"Ratio analysis method" is often used for report reading and auditing. However, if we only pay attention to the comparison between relevant data and data, the accuracy of this analysis result depends entirely on the authenticity of the data. So this analysis method
The shortcomings are also obvious. In addition, there is a "comparative analysis method", which compares the financial data of enterprises with those of the same industry and scale to find out the gap between enterprises. The owner of this method
The main defect is that the compared enterprises must be the same or similar in management mode, enterprise scale and industry category. In other words, whether the selected enterprises are truly comparable is the main limiting factor. The other is "trend analysis"
Method ",that is, compare the current data with historical data, and then analyze the development and changes of the financial situation and operating results of enterprises. This analysis method also depends on the current and past financial statement data of the enterprise, and the data is true.
Reliability remains a constraint. ......
Question 7: I am a newcomer to finance, and I want to learn to read financial statements and make simple analysis as soon as possible. Gao Dun Financial Training offers the course "Reading and Analysis of Financial Statements", which deepens vertically, dialyzes the information essence hidden in the report data layer by layer, and expands horizontally, showing the complete framework and brand-new perspective of financial analysis. You can consult online customer service for course arrangement and outline.
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Question 8: How to learn financial statement analysis? Hello!
Have you analyzed the reasons for your failure in this course? Is it because you can calculate and can't analyze, or because you are not skilled in basic calculation methods?
If it is the first case, I suggest you buy some exercise books, usually with real questions and reference answers from the last three years' exams. Do the real question several times by yourself, and then compare it with the reference answer, and you will immediately understand where the gap is. Read more about the analysis part of the reference answer and learn the expression method, which will be greatly improved.
In the second case, I suggest that you extract the basic examples from the textbook, do a problem by yourself, read more and practice more, so that the formula will automatically emerge in front of you after closing your eyes, thus forming a habit and doing the problem will be much smoother.
Finally, I wish you a smooth pass!
Question 9: What do you think of the financial statements? I am a newcomer to finance, and I have studied theoretical knowledge, but I still can't understand the company's previous statements. 1. Analysis of financial statements:
1. Analyze the solvency of enterprises, analyze the equity structure of enterprises, and estimate the utilization degree of debt funds.
2. Evaluate the asset operation ability of the enterprise, and analyze the asset distribution and turnover of the enterprise.
3. Evaluate the profitability of enterprises, and analyze the completion of enterprise profit targets and the changes of profit levels in different years.
The analysis contents of the above three aspects are interrelated and complementary, which can comprehensively describe the financial situation, operating results and cash flow of enterprise production and operation, and meet the basic needs of different users for accounting information.
Two, the financial statements can fully reflect the financial situation, operating results and cash flow of enterprises. However, the data in financial statements alone can not directly or comprehensively explain the financial situation of enterprises, especially the quality of business conditions and the level of operating results. Only by comparing the enterprise's financial indicators with relevant data can we explain the enterprise's financial situation, so it is necessary to analyze the financial statements.
Question 10: What do you need to learn to understand the company's financial statements? Financial statement analysis, capital operation management and financial management are all to be learned. There is a special training class in Shangyuan, Hangzhou, so you can go and have a look.
How to read financial statements quickly
It is easy to read the report. The key is to understand the meaning of these numbers.
On the left side of the balance sheet, the figures filled in are the assets of the company, expressed in the form of currency, in the form of creditor's rights, in the form of inventory cost and in the form of fixed assets.
The liabilities listed on the right are in the form of debts. At the bottom right is the value of the unit's own rights and interests, including invested capital and accumulated profits and losses.
The income statement is the profit and loss quota table.
Income, costs, expenses and profits. Reflect the profit and loss results.
It takes some efforts to combine these data with the assets and operations of the unit.