The concept of health education
Health education refers to the educational activities and processes that help individuals and groups master health care knowledge, establish health concepts and consciously adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyles through information dissemination and behavioral intervention. Its purpose is to reduce or eliminate the risk factors affecting health, prevent diseases, improve health and improve the quality of life.
Understanding of the concept of health education
-Health education is an activity and a process.
-Health education is an activity and process through communication, education and intervention.
-Health education aims at changing unhealthy behaviors and establishing healthy behaviors.
The activities and processes of
-Health education is an activity and process aimed at promoting health.
Subject: medical staff
Core: improvement of behavior and lifestyle
Main tasks: Mobilize individuals to improve their behaviors to promote health.
Direction of health education
Health education is a methodology system: it is applied to the intervention of lifestyle diseases (chronic non-communicable diseases, AIDS and other diseases) and the improvement of clinical treatment quality.
Health education is a field of work: the combination of a series of sociological and natural science methods, such as investigation and research methods, evaluation methods, communication methods and behavior intervention methods.
Health education is a working means: an effective means to coordinate interpersonal relationships, promote and improve the cultural construction of communities and institutions, and resolve contradictions.
Health education is a new interdisciplinary subject.
It has the characteristics of natural science, social science and humanities.
The design and methods of epidemiology and health statistics, as well as sociological investigation methods have been applied.
Between medicine and behavioral science.
Pluralism, comprehensiveness and particularity of research methods
Significance of health education
Health education is the first of the eight elements of primary health care.
Health education is a strategic measure of health care.
Health education and health promotion is a health care measure with low input, high output and great benefit.
The main task of health education
1. Establish and improve the sense of responsibility of individuals and groups to prevent diseases and maintain their own health.
2. Promote individuals and groups to choose healthy behaviors and lifestyles wisely.
3. Promote the whole society to care about diseases and health problems and create a healthy environment.
4. Strengthen community functions, mobilize and organize community people to actively participate in community health education activities.
5. Promote the construction of socialist spiritual civilization. One of the important tasks of socialist spiritual civilization construction is to improve the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation, advocate a civilized, healthy and scientific lifestyle, and change ignorance and backwardness in social customs and habits.
The main task of health education
1. Establish and improve the sense of responsibility of individuals and groups to prevent diseases and maintain their own health.
2. Promote individuals and groups to choose healthy behaviors and lifestyles wisely.
3. Promote the whole society to care about diseases and health problems and create a healthy environment.
4. Strengthen community functions, mobilize and organize community people to actively participate in community health education activities.
5. Promote the construction of socialist spiritual civilization. One of the important tasks of socialist spiritual civilization construction is to improve the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation, advocate a civilized, healthy and scientific lifestyle, and change ignorance and backwardness in social customs and habits.
Community health education
Service target: residents within the jurisdiction.
Service content:
(a) publicity and popularization of "China citizens' health literacy-basic knowledge and skills (Trial)". Cooperate with relevant departments to promote citizens' health literacy.
(two) health education for key groups such as teenagers, women, the elderly, the disabled, and parents of children aged 0-36 months.
(three) to carry out a reasonable diet, weight control, proper exercise, psychological balance, improve sleep, limit salt, quit smoking, limit alcohol, control drug dependence and other healthy lifestyle and health education that can interfere with risk factors.
(four) to carry out health education on key diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, asthma, breast cancer and cervical cancer, tuberculosis, hepatitis, AIDS, influenza, hand, foot and mouth disease and rabies.
(five) to carry out health education on public health issues such as food hygiene, public health emergencies, occupational hygiene, radiation hygiene, environmental hygiene, drinking water hygiene, drug rehabilitation and family planning.
The purpose of developing community health education
Publicity of community health services, improve the visibility of community health service institutions.
Change the health concept of community residents
Popularize self-care knowledge
Encourage community residents to be responsible for their own health and change bad behaviors and living habits.
Information dissemination theory of health education
The important strategy of health education is to spread health information and urge people to accept, believe and voluntarily adopt healthy behaviors.
According to the theory of communication, we should pay attention to the methods of communication, feedback the effect of communication, and let people accept the health information we spread.
(three) to carry out a reasonable diet, weight control, proper exercise, psychological balance, improve sleep, limit salt, quit smoking, limit alcohol, control drug dependence and other healthy lifestyle and health education that can interfere with risk factors.
(four) to carry out health education on key diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, asthma, breast cancer and cervical cancer, tuberculosis, hepatitis, AIDS, influenza, hand, foot and mouth disease and rabies.
(five) to carry out health education on public health issues such as food hygiene, public health emergencies, occupational hygiene, radiation hygiene, environmental hygiene, drinking water hygiene, drug rehabilitation and family planning.
Information dissemination theory of health education
The important strategy of health education is to spread health information and urge people to accept, believe and voluntarily adopt healthy behaviors.
According to the theory of communication, we should pay attention to the methods of communication, feedback the effect of communication, and let people accept the health information we spread.
range
Usually refers to the information exchange and sharing between people through certain symbols.
Healthy communication
As an important means and strategy of health education, it refers to the process of making, transmitting, disseminating and sharing health information with the aim of maintaining and promoting human health by using various media, channels and methods.
There is no need for unnatural media.
Both sides of communication can be the communicator and receiver of the other side.
-Targeted, flexible and specific.
–Slow speed, little information and easy distortion.
self propagation
It refers to the psychological process of information processing after individuals receive external information, and it is the biological basis of all human information exchange.
It is usually a description of psychological activities and belongs to the category of psychological research.
Public communication
It is a process of transmitting information to a wide range of social groups by well-trained professional information dissemination institutions and personnel, using various media and specific communication technologies.
Characteristics of mass communication
Professionals and special media
–The object is uncertain
–a lot of information
–Communication materials can be copied in large quantities.
–Fast propagation speed
–wide coverage
Communication between the communicator and the receiver is difficult.
Principles of mass media selection
Principle of ensuring effect
–the principle of pertinence
–The principle of speed.
–accessibility principle
–Economic principles
Basic skills of interpersonal communication
Establish good interpersonal relationships
2. Speaking skills
3. Questioning skills
4. Feedback skills
5. Matters needing attention during the conversation
6. Correct use of health education materials
How to establish a good interpersonal relationship
Good "first impression"
Smile to others
Looking for "* * the same language"
Establish a good image of educators
Respect each other's privacy and the right to refuse to answer
Speaking skill
Principle: Provide information suitable for individual needs to the educated in a language that the other party can understand and in an acceptable way.
The content is clear and the key points are prominent.
Repeat important concepts appropriately.
Grasp the depth of the dialogue. It is best to use local languages and idioms of ordinary people, and avoid using uncommon medical terms.
Pay attention to observation and get feedback in time.
Pause properly and give the other person a chance to ask questions and think.
3. Questioning skills
Closed question
Closed-ended questions are more specific, and the other party can answer them in short and exact language, such as "yes" or "no", "good" or "bad", "five years" and "40 years old". Suitable for collecting concise factual information.
Open question
Open-ended questions are more general, aiming at inducing the other party to express their feelings, knowledge, attitudes and ideas. Suitable for understanding each other's real situation. Such as "How are you feeling today?"
Exploratory questioning
Also known as asking questions. The question of exploratory questioning is to explore the reason, such as "why", in order to understand the reason of a problem, the other party's understanding or behavior. Apply to a deep understanding of a problem.
Biased questions
Also known as the induced problem. Biased questions contain the questioner's point of view to suggest that the other party makes the answer the questioner wants, such as "Do you feel better today?" . Suitable for reminding each other of something. However, it should be avoided when collecting information such as investigation and health consultation.
Compound questioning
Complex sentences: complex sentences are composed of two or more types of questions, such as "where did you do the inspection?" What is the inspection result? " "Do you smoke and drink every day?" .
Feedback skills
Feedback skills refer to responding appropriately to the feelings or words and deeds expressed by the other party, which can further deepen the conversation, inspire and guide the other party.
1) Positive feedback: expressing approval and support for the correct words and deeds of the other party.
2) Negative feedback: give negative comments on the other party's incorrect words and deeds or existing problems.
Two principles:
A) First of all, affirm the positive side of the other party and strive for psychological closeness.
B) Point out the problem in a suggested way.
3) False feedback: Three steps
A) Make an objective evaluation of each other's words and deeds.
B) explain the impression that this kind of words and deeds give you.
C) Make a request to the other party and ask the other party to reply.
"You didn't go to the prenatal examination the day before yesterday. I think you are too careless. May I suggest you go to the health center for regular check-ups? "
Practical feedback skills
For example:
The pregnant woman said, "I think it is a waste of time to do prenatal examination."
Answer: "Yes, it will delay some time. But prenatal examination is necessary. Let's talk about why we should do prenatal examination first. "
Exercise questions:
1, "I can't get rid of my habit of smoking."
2. "I keep exercising every day, and I won't get coronary heart disease."
3. "I read that children should be fed orange juice from two months."
5. Matters needing attention during the conversation
Prevent the following bad communication methods that interfere with the conversation:
Change the subject suddenly in the conversation.
Inappropriate assurances and irresponsible promises
Overexpressing one's own views and leading the conversation means singing a "one-man show" in the conversation.
One problem after another is unbearable.
Answer questions that have nothing to do with the interviewee.
A simple and blunt attitude, impatient expression, etc.
Premature conclusion
6. Correct use of health education materials
Personal communication materials
Emphasize the importance of learning and using materials to the object of education and attract the attention of the other party.
Prompt the key contents in the materials and guide the educated object to strengthen learning and memory.
Explain the specific use or operation method, so that the educated object can operate by itself according to the relevant steps.
Understand the storage and use of materials during follow-up or home visit again, and give counseling again when necessary.
Mass-oriented communication materials
Posting posters and health posters can publicize and popularize health knowledge. Attention should be paid to when using:
Convenient location, choose a place where the target crowd often passes and is easy to stop.
The position is suitable, the hanging height should be suitable for adults to read, and don't look up too much.
Use clear and understandable publicity forms such as pictures, cartoons and icons to avoid excessive use of professional medical terms and professional data.
Replace it regularly and pay attention to maintenance.
Health consultation
The simplest teaching method can be implemented anytime and anywhere, and is often used for family visits, before diagnosis and after diagnosis. When talking with each other, we should first establish good interpersonal relationships with them, then try our best to understand the difficulties and problems they encounter, and then try our best to help solve the difficulties and impart correct health knowledge.
Matters needing attention in health consultation
1. Building trust: Know the background information (such as name, occupation, education level, etc.). ) interviewees, starting with what they care about. In addition, if you have friends with each other, you can talk about it first, so that he can get to know you and feel trust in you.
2. It should be professional, that is, you should have a good understanding of what you want to talk about, make full preparations in advance, but pay attention to popularity.