Interviewee: Ding Xiaoniu-Level 3
20 10-7-24 1 1:27
Report to the authorities
(rice) (soil between sand and clay)
(Cotton) (Generally saline-alkali soil, sandy loam is the best)
(peanuts) (sandy soil)
Sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage
)
Rice:
1, the overall structure of the soil is good. The morphological characteristics of soil profile reflect the water, fertilizer, gas and heat conditions of soil. The obvious soil profile is a sign of the coordination of water, fertilizer, gas and heat. The topsoil is soft, the soil is moderate, the structure and permeability are good, it is suitable for farming, and the plants are rich in nutrients. The bottom layer of plow is developed and dense, which has the ability of water and fertilizer conservation and certain water permeability, and does not affect the downward extension of root system. To make the overall soil structure good, the key is to strengthen the basic construction of farmland, improve the irrigation and drainage system, and make the groundwater level drop. And implement paddy-upland rotation, properly thicken the plough layer, and re-apply organic fertilizer to make it soft and thick.
2. The nutrient content in the soil is sufficient and coordinated. High-yield rice soils are mostly slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.0 ~ 7.0), with organic matter content of 2% ~ 4%, total nitrogen content of 0. 13% ~ 0.23%, total phosphorus content of 0. 1 1% (more than 5 kg of available phosphorus per mu) and total potassium content/kloc. And high cation exchange capacity (not less than 20mg equivalent per 100g soil) and high base saturation (60% ~ 80%), with abundant main nutrients and no shortage of trace elements. It is necessary to have more active and effective nutrients and a large number of inactive and effective nutrients to ensure the continuous supply throughout the growth period, so as not to lack nutrients and fertilizers, which will affect the smooth and robust growth and development of rice plants. To make the soil rich and balanced in nutrients, it is necessary to constantly fertilize the soil, and the key is to apply a large amount of organic fertilizer to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Pay attention to the coordination and supplement of element deficiency when applying chemical fertilizer.
3. This kind of soil has good water and fertilizer conservation function. In the process of rice cultivation, the soil is required to have good water retention, so as to reduce irrigation water consumption and avoid the loss of effective nutrients. However, in paddy fields with too tight plough bottom and too heavy soil, the leakage is too small, the soil reducibility is enhanced, the toxic substances produced are difficult to be eliminated in time, the release of beneficial microorganisms and nutrients is blocked, and the growth of rice will be inhibited or even poisoned. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a certain amount of leakage in paddy soil and transport a certain amount of oxygen to the soil with water, so that the oxygen can move and balance better and promote the continuous renewal of the nutritional environment of rice, which is necessary to maintain the healthy growth of rice roots. The daily infiltration of paddy field is 9 ~ 1.5 mm, and the water content can be maintained for 5 ~ 7 days with irrigation 1 time. If the leakage is too large, it is not conducive to the loss of nutrients. Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to store effective nutrients, including fertility tolerance. Good soil fertility can not only accumulate and preserve a lot of nutrients, but also supply nutrients continuously and fully. When the nutrient is too thick, it can play a buffering role and does not "burn seedlings"; When the nutrient is thin, it will not be fixed unless it is released, which will hinder the absorption of rice seedlings. Soil water and fertilizer conservation are interrelated and consistent. Fields with low water retention capacity often have low fertilizer retention capacity. Shatian soil has low clay content, fast decomposition of organic matter, large leakage, poor water and fertilizer conservation, easy loss of nutrients and poor fertilizer efficiency. This kind of field should be cultivated more after irrigation, deepen the plough bottom, or increase the clay content by visiting soil, and apply more organic fertilizer to improve the ability of water and fertilizer conservation. For waterlogged paddy fields or clay fields with little leakage, it is necessary to dig drainage ditches, reduce the groundwater level, carry out deep ploughing, increase the permeability of plough bottom, adjust soil moisture conditions, accelerate the mineralization of organic matter, and give play to potential fertility.
4. The beneficial microorganisms in the soil are very active. There are still a large number of microbial groups that can adapt to the environmental conditions of rice fields, and microorganisms play an important role in creating and regulating soil fertility. Although the microbial groups of different types of paddy soils are not completely the same, and the mechanism of action is completely different, there are still many beneficial microorganisms in high-yield paddy fields.
Loam, in particular, is between sandy soil and clay in nature, and has good plowability and fertility. This kind of soil has the advantages of less contradiction between water and gas, ventilation and water permeability, moderate fertilizer supply and conservation ability, drought resistance and waterlogging resistance, strong stress resistance, wide variety adaptability and long suitable farming period, and is easy to cultivate high and stable yield soil.
Peanuts:
Peanuts are not very strict with the soil. Peanuts can be grown in all soils except those that are too sticky. The most suitable soil for peanut growth is fertile sandy loam. This kind of soil has good permeability, well-developed peanut root system and many nodules; Proper soil compactness is beneficial to pod development, and peanut shells are smooth, large in shape, good in quality and high in commodity value. If plastic film is used to cultivate clay and keep the soil loose, higher yield can also be obtained. Peanut is suitable for slightly acidic soil, and the pH value is preferably 6.0 to 6.5. The pH suitable for peanut rhizobia propagation is 5.8 ~ 6.2, and the pH suitable for peanut absorption and utilization of phosphate fertilizer is 5.5 ~ 7.0, and 6.5 is the most effective. Peanut is an acid-resistant crop. Peanut can still grow in the soil with pH value of 3.42, but calcium fertilizer such as lime must be applied. Peanut is not tolerant to saline-alkali soil, and it is easy to die even if it germinates in saline-alkali soil. The growing plants are short and have low yield. Peanut is a calcium-loving crop. In the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi, where the content of calcium carbonate is about 9%, although the soil pH value is as high as 9, the yield of peanuts per hectare can still reach 4500 kg.
Specifically, peanuts are suitable for growing in sandy soil, because the growth and development of peanuts need loose soil and deep living soil. It is convenient to bury the fruit in the soil.
Xiaomi:
Millet is suitable for sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage. The soil organic matter content is above 1%, and the PH value is 6.5-7.5, which is alkaline soil.
Cotton:
Cotton growth needs deep soil layer, loose texture, good drainage and fertile soil. First of all, good soil fertility is required. Such as fluvo-aquic soil developed on alluvial soil, with light loam texture. Thick soil is not conducive to seedling emergence. The soil is not loose. Therefore, the bulk density of topsoil is required to be between 1.25- 1.4, the porosity is 45-50%, the viscosity of sand is moderate, the permeability is good, and the soil moisture is properly maintained.