The national diet structure refers to the relative composition of the types and quantities of food consumed by residents.
The 20th century is the century with the fastest scientific development in human history, which lasted for 65,438,000 years. The discovery of antibiotics, the development of vaccines, immunization and the improvement of medical level have greatly changed the disease spectrum and cause of death spectrum of most countries in the world. The main diseases affecting human health have changed from infectious diseases in the past to chronic non-infectious diseases. Besides age, the change of diet structure is the main factor.
2. The relationship between dietary pattern and chronic diseases.
According to the proportion of animal and plant food in the diet and the intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate, the dietary structure in the world today can be divided into three types.
(1) developed country model (daily overnutrition type)
Represented by the United States and western European developed countries, it is characterized by excessive intake of animal food, which is characterized by high calorie, high fat, high protein and low fiber. This "three highs and one low" dietary structure leads to a serious excess of nutrition intake, which significantly increases "civilized diseases" such as obesity, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and cancer.
(2) Developing country model (poor dietary quality)
It is more common in developing countries in the East, and its characteristics are: excessive intake of plant food, less intake of animal food, insufficient intake of protein and heat energy, poor diet quality, malnutrition, low physical fitness, declining labor force, and even multiple nutritional deficiencies.
(3) Japanese model (reasonable diet structure)
It combines the characteristics of eastern and western diets, learning from each other's strengths. Animal and plant foods are relatively balanced, and the intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate basically meets the nutritional needs, and the dietary structure is reasonable.
Through the comparison of these three dietary structures to human health, the conclusion is that overnutrition is the same risk factor as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, malignant tumor and other chronic diseases, and high-fat diet is related to the onset of coronary heart disease.
3. Changes in dietary structure lead to changes in chronic diseases (taking Shanghai as an example)
(1) Changes of dietary structure of residents
From 1950 to 1960, residents' grain consumption showed an upward trend, and after 1965, it showed a rapid downward trend and experienced a relatively stable stage. After 1980, it fell sharply again until 1998. However, eating aquatic products, meat, eggs, dairy products, oil, sucrose and so on. Is rising.
(2) Changes in residents' energy sources
In 1950, about 70% of residents' energy came from carbohydrate, about 20% from fat and about 10% from protein. By 1980, the intake of protein was relatively stable, while the intake of fat was on the rise, from 20% in the 1950s to about 10% in the 1960s, and reached about 30% in the 1980s, which led to an increasing proportion of obesity and overweight.
(3) The change of residents' dietary structure and health law.
The mortality rate of infectious diseases decreased from 1950 to 1985, and it was close to zero. The death rate of heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and cancer is increasing, especially in the 1980s. With the continuous development of economy, food consumption, carbohydrate intake and infectious diseases are declining, while animal food consumption is increasing, poultry meat and oil consumption is too high, and cereal food consumption is low, which makes residents' chronic non-communicable diseases rise continuously.
It is imperative to popularize dietary guidelines to residents.
For a long time, people have been keen on learning western culture and devoted themselves to integration, introduction and imitation, but ignored the differences between eastern and western cultures. They pursued "three highs and one low" in dietary structure, which destroyed the balance of dietary structure and has now become the main factor affecting people's health, resulting in a serious situation of "civilization disease" raging. Now let's give a real example: Zhejiang University cooperated with Stanford University and University of Southern California to compare 1 patients with 30 healthy people, and selected 1.200 people from mainland China for statistical analysis of their living habits. The results show that although they live in the same latitude, China people who immigrated to the United States in the past 20 years have paid a heavy price for their health because of their long-term intake of high-calorie, high-protein, high-fat and low-fiber diets, and their risk of colorectal cancer is 35 times higher than that of Zhejiang residents.
All human activities are based on survival and development. On this basis, we should pursue a better social environment and life. A French president once pointed out: "The fate of a nation depends on what it eats and how it eats." Nowadays, adjusting diet structure to prevent chronic diseases has become the knowledge of human health and development. At present, all developed countries in the world have formulated dietary guidelines for residents and conducted extensive publicity and education, and some developing countries are no exception, all of which have their own characteristics and pertinence. 1997 and published in 2000, the Dietary Guide for China Residents, the Balanced Dietary Pagoda for China Residents and the Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for China Residents will put forward a scientific and nutritious dietary pattern that is in line with China's national conditions, and guide urban and rural residents to adjust their dietary structure, make rational nutrition, fully absorb the nutrients needed by the human body, and improve the national nutritional status.
China Nutrition Society is drafting the National Nutrition Regulations, which has a prominent feature of letting professional nutrition know how to enter national life in written form, so as to change the unreasonable diet structure and unbalanced nutrition, and at the same time learn from the latest nutrition science information from abroad, so as to cultivate a scientific and healthy lifestyle of Chinese citizens and improve their quality of life.