First, fire risk.
1. Petroleum and its products are mainly composed of hydrocarbons, which are in danger of burning when exposed to heat, fire and oxidant. The lower the flash point and spontaneous combustion point of oil products, the greater the danger of combustion.
2. When the mixing ratio of steam and air of petroleum products reaches a certain concentration range, it can explode when it meets sparks.
3. Petroleum products are being loaded and unloaded. Fill. Static electricity generated in pumping and other operations is easy to accumulate, resulting in a strong electric field, which will lead to the combustion and explosion of petroleum products when electrostatic discharge occurs.
4. Oil with low viscosity has strong fluidity and diffusibility, and will spread around quickly if it leaks. The diffusion and fluidity of oil are the risk factors leading to fire.
5. The vapor pressure of petroleum products increases and the volume expands after heating. If the container is too full or stored in a closed container, it will cause the container to expand or even burst, causing a fire. Some oil storage drums bulge up and down, which is caused by thermal expansion.
6. When burning heavy or moisture-containing oil products, some of the burned oil products overflow in large quantities, and some of them are violently sprayed out of the tank, forming a huge fire column as high as 70 ~ 80 meters, and the jet distance of the fire column can reach 120 meters. This "sudden boiling" phenomenon is easy to directly expand the combustion of adjacent oil tanks and seriously expand the swept area.
Second, the fire prevention measures
1. Select the storage location correctly and arrange the reservoir area reasonably.
(1) In order to reduce the possible interaction between the oil depot and surrounding residential areas, industrial and mining enterprises and traffic lines due to fire accidents, and reduce the degree of fire hazard, there should be an appropriate safe distance between the oil depot and surrounding buildings. Oil depots built in areas where the basic earthquake intensity is above 7 degrees must take seismic measures in accordance with the national seismic design code; No one or two oil depots may be built in areas where the basic earthquake intensity is above 9 degrees.
(2) In order to ensure the safety of the oil depot and facilitate technical management, the facilities of the oil depot should be arranged in different areas according to different operation properties and fire prevention requirements.
(3) Reasonably arrange the location of oil depot facilities to ensure the safe environment of oil products and the smooth storage and transportation of oil products. The railway loading and unloading area is the key part of the oil depot, and its railway receiving and dispatching trestle should be incombustible structure, and should be located in the edge area of the oil depot as far as possible to avoid crossing the road of the oil depot, and should be arranged in the windward direction of the auxiliary area jointly built with other buildings. Keep a certain distance from the structure. Vehicle receiving and dispatching operation area is a place where fire and explosion accidents often occur in oil depots. It should not be located in the deep, but near the population of oil depots, so as to be close to highway trunk lines, which is conducive to reducing the detention time of oil-loading vehicles and various unsafe factors caused by it. Oil leakage will cause large-scale combustion downstream, affecting downstream docks and ships, so it should be located downstream of various docks and buildings along the river (river) as far as possible.
(4) The layout of oil tanks in the oil storage tank area should be reasonable, and the fire dike in the tank area should be set up, equipped with sufficient fire-fighting facilities. Oil storage tanks should be arranged in groups according to factors such as oil and gas diffusion, flame radiation, oil properties, oil tank types, fire extinguishing conditions, fire extinguishing power, etc. Oil tanks with the same or similar fire risk are generally arranged in the same group. However, the above-ground oil tanks should not be arranged in the same oil tank group with semi-underground and underground oil tanks. The total capacity of each group of fixed roof oil tanks should not be greater than 1000000 cubic meters, and the capacity of floating roof oil tanks or internal floating roof oil tanks should not be greater than 2000 cubic meters. Each group of oil tanks shall not exceed 12. A breathing valve should be set at the top of the cavern to lead oil and gas out of the cavern, and the ventilation pipe outside the cavern should be arranged in the downwind direction. Water-sealed oil depot can fill the oil surface of the tank with inert gas, and set the water-sealed wall and shaft cover plate of the tank.
(5) The fire dike can prevent the fire spread caused by the surrounding oil flow when the oil tank explodes. The fire dike should be built of incombustible materials. The dike height 1.0 ~ 1.6m, the top width of the earth fire dike shall not be less than 0.5m The distance between the outer wall of the vertical oil tank and the footing line inside the fire dike shall not be less than half the height of the tank wall, and the horizontal oil tank shall not be less than 3m. The volume of the space in the dike should be less than the full capacity of the largest oil tank, and for floating roof oil tanks, it should not be less than half of the maximum oil tank capacity. When the capacity of oil tank group is more than 20,000m' and the number of oil tanks is more than 2, the fire dike shall be provided with a dike, and its top height shall be 0.2 ~ 0 lower than that of the fire dike. 3 meters.
(6) The roads in the oil depot should be arranged in a ring shape as far as possible, with a two-lane 6 m or a single-lane 3.5 m. Cement pavement should be adopted as far as possible, and asphalt fittings should not be used. The distance from the base of the main fire dike should not be less than 3 m, and trees should not be planted on both sides.
2. Setting of oil storage tank and its accessories
(1) The oil tank shall be equipped with mechanical breathing valve, flame arrester, liquid, safety valve, foam generator, liquid level detection display, oil storage temperature detection display, oil and gas concentration pressure detection display, foam generator and other accessories. The installation of these testing equipment, instruments and accessories can reflect the internal and external situation of the oil tank in time, so as to deal with dangerous situations in time.
(2) Regular inspection and maintenance of fuel tank accessories. See table 3- 18 for specific maintenance methods.
Table 3- 18 Maintenance Methods of Oil Depot
Attachment name
Inspection cycle
Check content
Maintenance content
measured hole
At least once a month, check whether the sealing gasket between the valve cover and the valve seat is tightly hardened, whether the guide groove is worn and whether the nut is movable. The sealing rubber gasket is replaced every three years, and lubricating oil is often added to the movable joint of the butterfly nut and the compression bolt.
Mechanical breathing valve
At least twice a month, and at least once a week when the temperature is below 0'C, check whether the contact surface between the valve disc and the valve seat is good, whether the valve stem is flexible up and down, whether the valve housing mesh cover is intact and frozen, whether the gland gasket closely cleans the dust and water droplets on the valve disc, refuel the bolts, and replace the valve housing gasket if necessary.
Hydraulic safety valve
Check whether the protective net is in good condition and whether there is a nest from the appearance once every quarter, measure the liquid level height, clean the protective net and add sealing liquid. The sealing liquid should be released at the end of autumn every year, and the inside of the valve housing should be cleaned once, and the sealing liquid should be mixed if necessary.
Tempering safety valve
Once a quarter, once a month in the freezing season, whether the fire net or corrugated sheet is damaged, whether it is clean and unblocked, whether there is water vapor freezing, whether the gasket is clean and tight, and whether the fire net and radiator are protected by bolts.
bubble chamber
Whether the glass is broken once every quarter, whether there is oil and gas leakage, whether the air intake is unblocked, replace the damaged glass, replace the gasket, and oil the bolts to prevent rust.
(3) The air foam fire extinguishing room is a fire extinguishing device that sprays foam when extinguishing oil tanks. The type and setting quantity must be determined according to the tank capacity, oil storage type, oil level size and foam agent calculation, but each tank is equipped with at least two, and each tank has a separate fire hose to supply foam mixture, so as to spray foam to extinguish the fire in case of oil tank fire.
(4) When the fuel tank is in use, it must be prevented from sinking and deformation. The uniform settlement of the oil tank exceeds 50 mm, the settlement difference around the tank wall 10 meter in any circumference exceeds 25 mm, or the inclination of the internal floating roof oil tank affects the normal lifting of the floating plate. It is necessary to drain the oil and carry out technical treatment on the tank bottom.
3. Fire protection requirements of barreled oil warehouse
(1) The barreled warehouse should be built on the ground, not underground or semi-underground to avoid oil and gas accumulation. According to the flash point of stored oil products, the fire resistance grades of buildings built with refractory materials in warehouses should be divided into Grade I, Grade II and Grade III respectively, and the minimum should not be lower than the Grade III fire resistance standard. The ground of the warehouse should be the ground that is not affected by oil and sparks when it is impacted, with a slope of 1%.
(2) In order to strengthen ventilation, the warehouse should open enough doors and windows, and the width of the doors and windows should not be less than 2. O meters, the distance from the nearest outdoor passage should not be greater than 30m (light oil warehouse) or 50m (lubricating oil warehouse), and the height of the threshold (slope) should be greater than 0.15m.
(3) The warehouse lighting should adopt the corresponding level of integral explosion-proof devices or outdoor wiring and reflective lights installed in niches. However, for the lighting of flammable liquids such as gasoline, explosion-proof lamps should be used.
(4) The oil storage room should keep a proper safe distance from other buildings.
(5) Barreled oil products stored in the warehouse should be upright. When using mechanical operation, the stacking shall not exceed two layers if the flash point is below 28℃, three layers if the flash point is between 28℃ and 45℃, and four layers if the flash point is above 45'C; When using manual operation, it is easy to cause sparks or package damage due to collision and falling. For the flash point below 28℃, it is not allowed to stack more than one layer.
(6) The width of the main channel of the warehouse shall not be less than 1.8m, and the stacking distance shall not be less than1m.. The distance between the chimney and the wall is not less than 0.25 ~ 0.5m, which is convenient for inspection and evacuation.
(7) The fire resistance rating and maximum allowable building area of the barreled warehouse shall comply with relevant regulations.
(8) Barreled oil products with flash point lower than 45℃ piled in the open air shall be covered with incombustible structure, and measures such as spraying and cooling shall be taken. The stacking area should be far away from the railway and highway trunk lines, and the surrounding terrain is flat. The site should be flat, 0.2 meters above the ground, and protected by 0.5-meter-high earth embankment and fence. Lubricating oil barrels should be placed horizontally in two parallel rows, with opposite bottoms and upward bottle mouth, and the stacking height should not exceed three layers. The stacking length shall not exceed 25m, the width shall not exceed 15m, the pile spacing shall not be less than 3m, the pile-dike spacing shall be greater than 5m, and the row spacing shall be greater than1m..
(9) Generally, the capacity of barrel oil products should keep 5 ~ 7% gas space in the barrel. In different seasons, different oil products have different filling quantities due to the influence of temperature, so corresponding measures should be taken during storage.
(10) Oil drums should be inspected frequently. If leakage is found, the oil drum should be replaced immediately to prevent oil from leaking to the warehouse floor or entering the drainage ditch.
4. Fire prevention requirements for oil transportation equipment
(1) Generally, the oil filling room of the oil depot should not be lower than the requirements of the second-class fire-resistant building, with concrete floor inside and oil sump in the slope direction. Generally, the oil-filled room is 5 ~ 6m long and 3.3 ~ 3.5m high, with good indoor ventilation, and the oil and gas concentration is not more than 300mg/m'. Ventilation and lighting appliances shall meet the requirements of electrical equipment and devices in inflammable and explosive places.
(2) Install a pair of fuel plugs every 12m' construction area in the fuel filling room, with the diameter not greater than 40mm, the fuel plug spacing greater than 2m, and the installation height of the plug valves is 1.5m: There are no doors and windows between overhead metering parking and fuel filling. Keep a certain distance from the outer wall of the tunnel (A. Class B oil is more than10m, and Class C oil is more than 8m), and set fire dikes around it with a spacing of not less than 2m; When the lubricating oil filling room and barrel warehouse are set together, a fireproof partition wall should be set between them.
(3) When refueling, the refueling truck shall be equipped with a grounding protection device. Empty barrels to be loaded and loaded heavy barrels should be put in and out separately. In order to eliminate the fire accident caused by static electricity, the oil filling crane pipe should be inserted into the bottom of the oil tank, and the filling speed of oil products must be limited within the safe flow range. The flow rate of gasoline, kerosene and light diesel oil during filling should generally not be greater than 4.5 m/s.
(4) The building structure of the oil pump room should be a fire-resistant building with doors and windows at both ends, which are open to the outside. The room is well ventilated, and the oil vapor content in the air is not more than 300mg/m'. Electrical equipment such as oil pump should be explosion-proof, temporary and unqualified equipment and pipelines should not be installed, and belt drive is prohibited to prevent fire caused by static electricity. Oil-water seals shall be installed at the valve group of the pump house and the facilities of the inlet well, and the oil gathering well shall be covered with pumping device and pump distance. The distance between the pump and the wall should be about: meters, and the vacuum tank of the vacuum pump room should be located outside the pump room. Oil pumps, valves and all kinds of oil-passing instruments and meters are not allowed to drip, leak, run or run. It is forbidden to idle the oil pump, and intermittent air bags appear in the oil guide pipe. When installing the oil pump, it is necessary to ensure that the axes are aligned, the bearings rotate flexibly and the packing is installed correctly, so as to prevent accidents such as explosion caused by poor installation performance and faults in operation.
(5) Pipe trench laying is preferred for the pipes in the garage. Generally, pipes are made of steel pipes, connected by welding or flanges, and erected on incombustible supports1.5m below underground cables or sewers, and the parallel distance between pipes is not less than10cm. Pipes should not be laid above or below buildings, and the intersection angle with railways and other tracks should not be less than 60 ". The distance between the underground pipeline and the stress range of the building (structure) foundation should be greater than 0.3m The pipe diameter and oil transportation capacity of the oil depot pipeline should comply with relevant regulations.