2 Urban-rural inversion, generally speaking, there are more elderly people in cities and fewer elderly people in rural areas in the world, and the rural aging in China is more serious, because the rural labor force is constantly shifting to cities.
Europe and America are getting old before they get rich, and China is getting old before they get rich, so the challenge is even greater in Europe and America.
The aging of China is accompanied by the deficit of pension. In 2007, the total pension in China was 700 billion yuan, accounting for 7% of the total. According to this data, the scale of empty accounts is now trillions.
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In fact, many problems in China have their own characteristics, not only aging, but also many problems can be discussed separately.
Question 2: Advantages and disadvantages of an aging society in Germany. An aging society has no advantages.
Germany is the country with the highest aging population in Europe, and more than one fifth of the population is over 65 years old. Worldwide, its population is aging second only to Japan. Statistics show that in 2065,438+00, the population of Germany was about 865,438+08,000, of which 65,438+05 was under one seventh, the lowest in Europe, second only to Japan and lower than Germany in the world. According to the current birth rate, the population problem in Germany will become more and more serious in the future: after 40 years, the population will decrease by120,000, as low as 70 10/0,000.
The aging population has a deepening influence on Germany's economic and social life, and the social structure is also changing. The potential of German economic growth is weakened; The economic burden of the public is getting heavier and heavier; The social security fund will face an unprecedented crisis; This has led to the widening gap between urban and rural areas, rising unemployment rate, social and psychological problems and other adverse consequences. In 2009, 2.3 million Germans needed care, and this number will increase to about 3.3 million in 2030.
Germany is one of the earliest countries in the world to systematically deal with aging. After decades of development, it has become a veritable model of welfare state. The law that came into effect on 20 12 stipulates that the age of retirees will gradually transition from 65 to 67; The German ruling party led by Chancellor Angela Merkel has also drafted a bill to impose an additional "age tax" on those over the age of 25 who have income, so that these young workers can help the country cope with the imminent pressure of providing for the aged.
Severe aging in Germany
Germany has entered an aging society since 1980s. Statistics show that the average age of Germans in 1980 was 37. 1 year, which was 2.2 years (6.3%) higher than that in 1970. However, the average age of 1970 is 34.9 years, which is almost the same as that of 1960. Compared with 1980, 1990 increased in .7 years and 1.4 years in 2000. 1980 The reasons for the relatively slow growth of the average age from 2000 to 2000 come from the foreign population and the unification of East and West Germany. After digesting these two factors, the year of 20 10 increased by 2.6 years compared with 2000.
Germany is one of the most aging countries in the world. In 20 10 years, the average life expectancy of Germans reached 79.80 years, including 77.70 years for men and 82.74 years for women. According to the figures of the Federal Statistical Office in 20 10, the population over 60 reached 21700,000, accounting for 26.6% of the total population, of which the population over 65 was1600,000, accounting for 19.6% of the total population. It is predicted that the population over 60 in Germany will reach 36.2% in 2030 and even exceed 40.9% in 2050. At present, the elderly over 65 years old account for 265,438+0% of the German population. It is estimated that by 2030, the number of elderly people over 65 will increase from about160,000 to 24 million. By 2060, this proportion will reach about 34%. At present, 1 person in every five people in Germany is an elderly person over the retirement age of 65. By 2030, there will be 1 person over 65 in every four people, and by 2060, this number will rise to 1 person in every three people.
China Economic Times reporter once saw a warm scene of a middle-aged couple crossing the road with five children. The oldest is over 10 years old, and the youngest is still lying in a unicycle. However, my German colleague shook his head with a wry smile. He told me a proverb-"You can imagine the opposite" to illustrate that the present situation is only a special case. In fact, in Germany, what we see is indeed the "opposite situation": Lufthansa flight attendants are "sisters-in-law"; The waiter in the hotel is an old man; Most drivers who rent cars are elderly people.
The population of Germany has been decreasing since 2003, and the main reason for the change of population structure is the low birth rate. According to statistics, German women only gave birth to 1.4 children on average. In 2006, the number of deaths was 65,438, 440,000 more than the number of births. It is estimated that by 2030, the total population of Germany will drop from the current 82.5 million to 78 million. With the decrease of population, the problem of aging in Germany is becoming more and more prominent. Sommer, head of the Federal Statistical Office, pointed out that since the 1960s, more and more German women have stopped being mothers. The reason for this situation is that Desi doesn't have enough nurseries, and many primary schools close in the afternoon. In 2008, 1 1% of women over 60 had no children, while ... >; & gt
Question 3: The population is aging. Why should Europe introduce refugees? Do you mean western countries? China has no intention of accepting western refugees. Western countries accept it because they have money. Rich countries are all kinds of favors. Compared with them, America is the grandson.
Question 4: How to solve the labor shortage caused by the aging population in European countries, encourage foreigners to emigrate to their own countries, increase the birth rate, and encourage fertility-intensive industries to transfer to countries with cheap foreign labor.
Question 5: Comparing horizontally, which country has the most serious aging problem in the world: Hu Zhi /... 17 1575 This question should be viewed from different angles.
The first is the aging degree of a country, that is, the percentage of the elderly population (over 60 years old) in the total population. This is almost universally acknowledged. The following are the statistics and forecasts of the United Nations Population Agency in 20 12, World Population Prospects, revised in 20 12, which respectively predict the population aging in 20 14, 2030 and 2050, and the data shows the percentage. 20 14
In 2030
In 2050,
It can be seen that Japan and Europe are the most aging areas in 20 14, and some Asian countries will gradually catch up by 2050. China's aging rate of 20 14 can only rank 52nd among 96 countries, but it is expected to rise to 2 1 in 2050. Only by comparing the degree of aging, there is no doubt that Japan will be ahead of other countries now and in the next few decades. Some people will say that percentage is not a reliable comparison standard. China has the largest absolute aging population, which has caused the biggest burden. This has not taken into account the same huge labor force. One of the important indicators of the impact of aging on the economy is the old-age dependency ratio, which refers to the number of elderly people (over 65 years old) to be supported per 100 working population (15-64 years old). The greater the number of people, the greater the social pressure, which is not conducive to economic development. The following statistics are also from the statistics and forecasts of the United Nations Population Programme in 20 12:
It is estimated that by 2050, every 100 labor force in China will support 39 elderly people. And Germany, Italy and Spain in Europe, Japan and South Korea in Asia, this figure far exceeds China. Especially in Japan, 100 people support 72 people, which means that a large amount of labor is spent on old-age care. Judging from the above data, Japan is undoubtedly the country with the most serious aging problem at present and in the future, and it is also the country that attaches the most importance to the aging problem in the world. Followed by some European countries. For China, the problem of aging will become more and more serious, and it will soon be in the forefront of the world. Personally, everyone is most worried about their own pension. The problem of providing for the aged is not the most serious in Japan. On the contrary, Japan's pension environment is among the highest in the world. When it comes to old-age care, it must include the income security of the elderly, such as pension, pension benefits, per capita GDP, poverty rate, etc. Health status, such as life expectancy, expected healthy life expectancy and mental health; Whether we can continue to give full play to the abilities of the elderly, such as employment and re-education of the elderly; An environment suitable for the elderly, such as social interaction, personal safety, and convenient travel for the elderly. Some people will talk about China's policy, but there is no specific data to support it. Fortunately, there is a website with rich data and good visualization: Global Elderly Observation Index: the first index ever to measure the well-being of the elderly. According to the above indicators, the present situation of the elderly in various countries is summarized and the agewatch index is designed. The latest version of 20 14 is ranked as follows:
The highest ranking is Norway, and countries such as Northern Europe, Western Europe, Japan and the United States rank higher. At least for now, it is more comfortable to support the elderly in these countries. China is just in the middle, ranking 48th, basically in line with expectations ... Although it is not high, it is not the worst country in the world described by many people. Therefore, China is far from the country with the most serious aging problem, whether from a national perspective or an individual perspective. Does this mean that the problem is not serious? * * *, is the aging promoted by the media exaggerated? Of course not! Imagine what kind of lifeless state a society will be when there are 1/3 elderly people. Just supporting the health of the elderly will consume huge social resources, and how much will it consume when most of the elderly are unhealthy. Take Alzheimer's disease as an example. People over 65 will suffer from clubfoot ... >>
Question 6: Are most developed countries seriously aging? This is basically correct.
Most developed countries have a low natural population growth rate and a large proportion of elderly people, so the population is aging seriously, especially in European countries. Population aging also exists in North America and Australia to varying degrees, but it is not as serious as Europe on the whole.
China also has an aging population, which is caused by the family planning policy.
Question 7: The problem of aging in Europe is serious. Why is the unemployment rate so high? There are different statistical registration methods about the unemployment rate. After losing their jobs, China people have to register with various departments ―― few people have the patience. I know an unemployed man who ran for more than half a month before registering, and it took more than half a year for the neighborhood Committee to find him a job sweeping the floor. If there are too many unemployed people, they will encounter all kinds of difficulties when registering, so that they cannot register. This is why the unemployment rate in China is low. Social order in Europe is good. As long as you meet their relief conditions, you will be more comfortable than doing some work in China-for example, providing accommodation, medical care and food ... so some people in Europe are unwilling to work.
Question 8: Is Germany's population aging seriously? Statistics show that in the next 50 years, the total population of Germany will decrease from the current 82 million to below 72 million, the population over 60 will increase from 23% to 35.8%, and the population under 20 will decrease from 2 1.3% to only 16.3%. Undoubtedly, this will bring a series of social problems. At the same time, the call for accepting more immigrants in Germany is getting louder and louder.
According to the analysis of population experts, one of the reasons for Germany's population decline is that the death rate greatly exceeds the birth rate. In the next 50 years, the average life expectancy of Germans will increase by 4 years, with the average age of men reaching 78. 1 year and that of women reaching 84.5 years. At present, there are about 6.5438+0.6 million elderly people over 85 years old in Germany, but it will reach 4 million in 50 years. It is worth mentioning that German elderly people generally receive generous pensions after retirement, with an average of 2,000 Domagk per month.
Question 9: The reason for the high mortality rate in Europe is the answer C.
Europe belongs to modern population reproduction, with low birth rate and low mortality rate, but because of the aging population, the mortality rate has rebounded.