What is the most important form of material transportation in the human body?
1. What is the most important form of material transportation in the human body? Interpretation of physiological terms 1. Environmental theory: the living environment of cells is composed of extracellular fluid, which is called internal environment, and extracellular fluid mainly includes plasma and liquid. What is protein involved in cell facilitation and diffusion?
2. Internal balance: refers to the relatively constant physical and chemical properties of the internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and various liquid components.
3. negativefeedback: In the feedback control system, the result of the feedback signal is to change the movement direction of the controlled part opposite to its original movement direction, which is called negative feedback.
4. Positive feedback: In the feedback control system, if the feedback signal can strengthen the activity of the control part, it is called positive feedback.
5. Feedforward: Feedforward means that the control system sends a feedforward signal to the controlled part through another shortcut in time before the controlled part accepts the instruction of the control part to carry out activities, so that its activities are more accurate and forward-looking. What does transmembrane transport mean?
6. Self-regulation: When the internal and external environment changes, cells do not depend on external nerves or factors, and adaptive response is called self-regulation. The difference between facilitating diffusion and active transportation.
7. simplediffusion: The transfer process of fat-soluble substances from the high concentration side to the low concentration side of the membrane is called simple diffusion, which belongs to a simple physical diffusion. Transport substances include O2, N2, CO2, ethanol and urea.
8. Facilitated diffusion: The transmembrane diffusion of lipid-insoluble or lipid-soluble substances from high concentration side to low concentration side by means of protein on cell membrane is called facilitated diffusion.
9. primaryactivetransport: Primary active transport is a special pump protein with ATPase activity on cell membrane or intima, which directly hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy and transports one or more substances across the membrane against their respective concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient. It is the most important material transportation mode for human body.
10. Second active transport: Using the concentration difference or potential difference formed by the energy released by ATP through one active transport, the process of active transport of substances across the membrane is called second active transport. Characteristics of carrier transportation.
1 1. Synergistic transport: Synergistic transport refers to the process of transporting two or more ions or molecules in the same direction at the same time, which belongs to secondary active transport.
12, chemically-gatedchannel: Chemically-gated channel is a channel controlled by chemicals, such as N2-type Ach receptor on the membrane of skeletal muscle endplate.
13. voltage-gatedchannel: A voltage-gated channel is an ion channel whose switch is controlled by the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane, such as Na+ channel and K+ channel.
14. mechanical-gated channel: A mechanical-gated channel refers to a channel-like structure that can feel machinery and cause changes in cell function, such as the auditory hair at the top of inner ear hair cells.
15, excitability: The ability of excitable cells to generate action potentials when exposed is called excitability.
16, threshold intensity: the minimum intensity that can cause excitement, measured by a fixed duration, is called threshold intensity. It is an important indicator to measure the degree of excitement.
17, threshold potential: the critical membrane potential that can induce action potential is called threshold potential.
18, rest potential (RP): Rest potential refers to the internal negative potential and external positive potential difference existing inside and outside the cell membrane when the cell is not received.
19, action potential (AP): On the basis of resting potential, when the cell is exposed to an appropriate time, the membrane potential fluctuates rapidly. This short-term reversible and diffuse potential change is called action potential.
Electrical tension potential: the electrical characteristics of cell membrane are equivalent to parallel resistance-capacitance coupling circuit. The transmembrane current decreases gradually with the increase of the distance from the origin, and the membrane potential also decreases gradually, forming a regular membrane potential distribution. The membrane potential whose spatial distribution is determined by the passive electrical characteristics of the membrane is called electrical tension potential.
2 1, localpotentia (localresponse): subthreshold or chemically gated channels slightly increase the permeability of local cell membrane to Na+, resulting in small membrane depolarization, which is called local response. At this time, the membrane potential is closer to the threshold potential, which increases the excitability of local cells.
22. endplate potential: under the action of acetylcholine, the cation channel of Ach receptor in endplate membrane and endplate membrane is depolarized, which is called endplate potential
23. Jumping conduction: In myelinated nerve fibers, local current is only generated between Lang Feijie with action potential and Lang Feijie with resting potential. This conduction mode is called jumping conduction, and myelinated nerve fibers and their jumping conduction are the product of biological evolution.
24. Depolarization: The decrease of resting potential is called depolarization.
25. Hyperpolarization: The increase of resting potential is called hyperpolarization.
26. Excitation-contraction potential: The intermediary mechanism that connects the excitation process characterized by the electrical change of membrane and the contraction process based on the mechanical change of muscle fiber is called excitation-contraction coupling. Its structural basis is myotube system, and the key part is triple tube structure.
27. Bridging cycle: The basic process of contraction completed by the combination, swing, dissociation, reset and recombination of bridging and actin is called bridging cycle.
28. Quantum release: The nerve mass stored in each synaptic vesicle is usually quite constant. When released, it is released by exocytosis, and the vesicle falls as a unit, which is called quantum release.
29. Calcium-triggered calcium release (CICR): The process of releasing a large amount of Ca2+ from the intracellular Ca2+ pool caused by a small amount of Ca2+ influx is called calcium-triggered calcium release.
30. Isotonic contraction: it only shortens when contracting, which is called isotonic contraction.
3 1, isometric contraction: call isometric contraction when the length is constant and only increases or decreases.
32. Front load: The load before contraction is called front load. The initial length is determined by the front-end load.
33. Post-load: The load and resistance that can only be encountered at the beginning of contraction are called post-load.
34. Tetanus: When the skeletal muscle is subjected to high-frequency continuous action, the sum of the contraction process and the unfinished contraction process can occur, which is called tetanus.
35. Hematocrit: The volume percentage of blood cells in blood is called hematocrit. Normal values: 40%-50% for adult males, 37%-48% for adult females and 55% for newborns.
36. Suspension stability: Put the red blood cell settling tube with anticoagulant vertically. Although the specific gravity of red blood cells is greater than that of plasma, under normal circumstances, red blood cells settle slowly, indicating that red blood cells can be suspended relatively stably in plasma. This characteristic is called suspension stability.
37. Osmotic brittleness of red blood cells: The characteristic of red blood cells swelling and breaking in hypotonic solution is called osmotic brittleness of red blood cells. The greater the osmotic fragility of red blood cells, the weaker their resistance to hypotonic solutions, and vice versa.
38. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is usually expressed by the distance of erythrocyte sedimentation at the end of one hour. At this time, let the erythrocyte sedimentation tube filled with anticoagulant stand upright. The normal value is 0-/h for males and 0-/h for females.
39. Blood coagulation: Blood coagulation refers to the process that blood changes from a flowing liquid state to a non-flowing gel state. Blood coagulation is the process of transforming soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin in plasma. This is a complex protein enzymatic hydrolysis process, involving a series of coagulation factors.
40. Physiological hemostasis: After the small blood vessels are damaged, the blood will stop from the blood vessels within a few minutes. This phenomenon is called physiological hemostasis.
4 1, maximalrepolarizationpotential: The membrane potential reached at the end of repolarization of the action potential of cardiac autonomic cells is called repolarization potential.
42. cardiaccycle: A cardiac cycle refers to a mechanical activity cycle consisting of every contraction and relaxation of a ventricle or atrium, which can be divided into systolic and diastolic periods, usually referring to the activity cycle of a ventricle.
43. effective refractory period: the period from phase 0 of myocardial action potential to phase 3 repolarization to-, which does not cause myocardial action potential, is called effective refractory period.
44.cardiacindex: The cardiac output calculated per unit body surface area is called the cardiac index, and the cardiac index in quiet and fasting state is called the resting cardiac index. Normal resting heart index is 3.0 ~? m2).
45. Cardiac output: The blood volume per minute of a ventricle is called the output per minute, referred to as cardiac output. The average cardiac output of normal people is about 4.5 ~.
46. Ejection fraction (EF): The percentage of stroke volume to ventricular end-diastolic volume is called ejection fraction. Normal adults are about 55% ~ 65% when they are quiet.
47. systolicpressure (SP): When the ventricle contracts and ejects blood, the arterial blood pressure rises rapidly, and the value reached is called systolic pressure. The systolic blood pressure of healthy young people at rest is about-.
48. Diastolic pressure (DP): When the ventricle relaxes, the arterial blood pressure drops, and the value reached at the end of diastole is called diastolic pressure. The diastolic blood pressure of healthy young people at rest is about 60-.
49. Pulse pressure: The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called pulse pressure. The pulse pressure of healthy young people at rest is about 30-.
50. Average circulating filling pressure: The average filling pressure refers to the temporary stop of the heart, the stop of blood flow and the balance of blood vessel pressure in all segments of the circulatory system. At this time, the pressure of each part of the circulatory system is equal, which is about 7mmHg for normal people.
5 1, mean arterial pressure (MAP): The mean arterial blood pressure at each moment in a cardiac cycle is called mean arterial pressure. It is about equal to diastolic blood pressure+1/3 pulse pressure, and it is about 0 when normal young people in China are quiet.
52. Central venous pressure (CVP): Central venous pressure refers to the blood pressure of the right atrium and the great thoracic vein, which is inversely proportional to the ejection capacity of the heart and directly proportional to the amount of blood returned from the vein, and is one of the indicators for judging the heart function. Generally 4 ~ 12.
53. Premature beats: After the effective refractory period of ventricular muscle and before the next sinus node excitation, the ventricle is excited and contracted by an artificial or sinus node in advance, which are called premature beats and premature beats respectively.
54. Compensatory pause: A long period of ventricular diastolic period after premature contraction is called compensatory pause.
55. Sinus rhythm: The rhythm formed by spontaneous excitation of sinus node is called sinus rhythm.
56. Preemption: The automatic excitation frequency of sinoatrial node is higher than other potential pacing points, so before the potential pacing point automatically depolarizes the fourth phase and reaches the threshold potential, the action potential is generated from the excitation of sinoatrial node, which is called preemption.
57. Overdrive inhibition: When autonomic cardiomyocytes are exposed to frequencies higher than their natural frequencies, they are excited at extra frequencies, which is called overdrive. After the foreign overspeed drive stops, the autonomic cells can't show their inherent autonomic activities immediately, and it takes a period of rest to gradually restore their autonomic activities. This phenomenon is called overspeed drive suppression.
58. Atrioventricular delay: The conduction speed of excitation at the atrioventricular junction is slow, which delays the excitation at this part for a period of time, which is called atrioventricular delay.
59. Different-diameter regulation: Different-diameter regulation refers to the regulation of changes in myocardial contraction intensity caused by changes in the initial length of myocardial cells.
60. Positive chronotropic effect: After the season of cardiac sympathetic nerve excitation, the increase of heart rate caused by the combination of norepinephrine released from fiber endings and β receptor on myocardial membrane is called positive chronotropic effect.
6 1, incoming rectification): ik11channel has greater permeability to hyperpolarized K+ internal current than depolarized K+ external current, just like rectifier diode. The phenomenon that the permeability of Ik 1 channel to K+ decreases due to membrane depolarization is called inward rectification.
62. Decompression reflex (baroreflex): When arterial blood pressure rises, pulling the baroreceptors of carotid sinus and aortic arch reflexively causes arterial blood pressure to drop, which is called decompression reflex.
63. Axon reflex: When a certain skin is injured, the sensory impulse travels to the center along the afferent nerve fiber on the one hand, and reaches the affected arteriole along other branches at the distal bifurcation on the other hand, which makes the arteriole relax and the local skin reddened. This reflex is called axonal reflex.
64. Internal respiration: The gas process between blood or liquid and cells is called internal respiration.
65. External breathing: External breathing refers to the gas process between the lung and the external environment (lung ventilation) and the gas process between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries (lung ventilation).
66. Surfactant: Lipoprotein produced by alveolar type II cells covers the surface of alveolar fluid in a single layer, which can reduce the alveolar surface area coefficient and stabilize the pressure in alveoli, and is called pulmonary surfactant.
67. lung compliance: the expansibility of the lung under the action of external force is called compliance, which is expressed by the change of lung volume caused by the change of unit transpulmonary pressure: c = ⊿ v/⊿ p.
68.elasticresistance: When elasticity is deformed under the action of external force, it tends to resist deformation and elastic retraction. This resistance is called elastic resistance. In the respiratory system, it comes from the elasticity of the lungs and chest, which is the main resistance to calm breathing.
69. Hysteresis: Hysteresis refers to the phenomenon that lung compliance curves do not overlap when exhaling and inhaling, which is caused by the surface of alveolar liquid-air interface.
70. Tidal volume (TV): The amount of gas breathed or exhaled each time is called tidal volume. The average respiratory volume of normal adults is 1 ml.
7 1, Inspiratory Service Volume (IRV): The inspiratory volume after calm inhalation is called expiratory volume, which is -ml for normal adults.
72. Exhaled expiratory volume (ERV): The expiratory volume at the end of calm exhalation is called expiratory volume, which is -ml for normal adults.
73. Inspiratory volume (IC): The amount of air that can be inhaled at the end of a calm breath is called inspiratory volume, and inspiratory volume = tidal volume+supplementary inspiratory volume.
74. Residual volume (RV): Residual volume refers to the amount of gas left in the lungs at the end of exhalation that cannot be exhaled. Normal adults are about -ml.
75. Functional residual volume (FRC): Functional residual volume refers to the amount of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of calm exhalation, and refers to the sum of inspiratory volume and residual volume, which is about mL for normal adults.
76. Vital capacity (VC): Vital capacity is the amount of gas that can be exhaled from the lungs after one inhalation, which reflects the ability of lung ventilation once and can be used as an indicator of lung ventilation. Normal men average about, women average about.
77. Ventilation: Pulmonary ventilation is the total amount of gas exhaled from the lungs every minute, which is equal to tidal volume × respiratory frequency. Normal adults breathe 12 ~ 18 times per minute when breathing quietly, and the average tidal volume and pulmonary ventilation volume are about 6-9L.
78. Alveolar ventilation: the amount of fresh air in alveoli per minute. Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume-anatomical cavity volume) × respiratory frequency.
79. Ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA/Q): Ventilation/blood flow ratio refers to the ratio of alveolar ventilation (VA) per minute to pulmonary blood flow (Q) per minute, abbreviated as VA/Q. Normal adults are about 0.84 when they are quiet.
What are the modes of transportation of substances in the human body? Example 80. Haldaneeffect):O2 and Hb combine to release CO2, while deoxyHB is easy to combine with CO2. This effect is called Haldaneeffect.
8 1. Pulmonary artery stretching reflex (Hering-Breuerreflex): When inhaling, bronchi and bronchioles expand, and the stretching receptors in the muscular layer of the tube wall are pulled and excited. The excitation of stretch receptors leads to inhalation inhibition and the conversion from inhalation to exhalation. However, the collapse of the lungs or the withdrawal of air from the lungs will lead to enhanced inhalation. This kind of reflex is called pulmonary stretch reflex, which includes lung dilation reflex and lung collapse reflex.
82. Physiological dead space: From the upper respiratory tract to the bronchioles, a part of gas will remain in the respiratory tract at a time. This part of the gas does not participate in the gas between alveoli and blood, which is called anatomical cavity, and this part of the alveolar volume that cannot communicate with blood due to the uneven distribution of pulmonary blood flow is called alveolar cavity. Both of them are collectively called physiological cavity.
83. Anatomical space: Every time a part of the gas comes in, it will stay in the respiratory tract from the upper respiratory tract to the respiratory bronchioles. This part of the gas does not participate in the gas between alveoli and blood, so the volume of this part of the respiratory tract is called anatomical space, and its volume is about.
84. Slow wave (BER): Gastrointestinal muscle cells can make the potential fluctuate slowly on the basis of resting potential, that is, periodic depolarization and repolarization, and its frequency is slow, which is called slow wave, also known as basic electric rhythm. Slow waves determine the contraction rhythm of digestive tract muscles.
85. Mucus-bicarbonate barrier: Neither alone nor bicarbonate can effectively protect the stomach from gastric or pepsin damage, and the anti-gastric injury barrier composed of bicarbonate * * with a thickness of about 0.5 ~ 1.0 mm is called-bicarbonate barrier.
86. Gastrointestinal hormones (gastrointestinal peptides): The gastrointestinal tract is a general term for various active substances synthesized by internal cells under the gastrointestinal tract and/or released by gastric nerve endings.
87. Segmented contraction: When the small intestine is full of chyme, stretching can make the annular muscle of this small intestine contract for a certain distance at the same time, and divide the small intestine into many adjacent segments, and then the original contracted position will relax, and the original relaxed position will contract again, and so on, and the chyme of the small intestine will be continuously divided and mixed. This kind of movement is called segmented movement.
88. Gastrointestinal reflex: The acid, fat, osmotic pressure and mechanical expansion of twelve kinds of chemical or mechanical receptors in the duodenum make vagal-vagal long emission or intramural nerve plexus short reflex inhibit gastric movement and gastric acid through the action of gastrin, which is called gastrointestinal reflex.
89.receptiverelaxation: When eating, due to the effect of food on receptors in pharynx, esophagus and other parts, the head of the stomach relaxes and the capacity of the stomach increases, which is beneficial to the stomach to accommodate food. This form of relaxation is called receptive relaxation.
90. Specific dynamic effect of food: After eating for a period of time (1h to 7-8h after eating), the body is in a quiet state, and the heat production is increased compared with that before eating. This kind of food makes the body produce extra heat, which is called the special dynamic effect of food.
9 1. thermalequivalentofoxygen of food: Generally, the heat released when a food consumes 1L oxygen is called the thermal oxygen price of the food.
92. Basalmetabolismarat (BMR): In the basic state, the energy consumption in the body is only used to maintain some basic life activities, and the energy metabolism is relatively stable. Basal metabolic rate is the energy metabolism in the basic state per unit time. Basal metabolic rate = oxygen consumption × oxygen calorific value/body surface area ×%.
93. preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH): PO/AH plays an important role in thermoregulation. There are many thermosensitive neurons in this area, which can not only feel the changes of local brain temperature, but also respond to the parts outside the hypothalamus. PO/AH is the central part of the integration mechanism of thermoregulation center, and thermoregulation is carried out according to the set regulation point.
94. Autonomic thermoregulation: under the control of hypothalamic thermoregulation center, autonomic thermoregulation increases or decreases skin blood, sweats and chills, changes metabolic rate, and achieves a dynamic balance between heat production and heat dissipation through the control mechanism of neural factors.
95. Insensitive evaporation: Even if people are in a low temperature environment, water is constantly oozing and evaporating from the skin and respiratory tract. This kind of water evaporation is called insensitive evaporation.
96. sensibleevaporation: The process of active sweating by sweat glands is called sweating, which can effectively take away a lot of body heat. Sweating can be realized as a reflex activity, centered in the hypothalamus, also known as sensible evaporation.
97. set point: the activity of PO/AH neurons in the preoptic area-set a set point in the front of the lower brain, that is, a specified temperature value, such as 37. The thermoregulatory center at PO/AH regulates the body temperature according to this set temperature.
98. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): Glomerular filtration rate refers to the amount of ultrafiltrate produced by both kidneys in unit time (per minute). Normal glomerular filtration rate is/min.
99. Filtration fraction (FF): The ratio of glomerular filtration rate to renal plasma flow is called filtration fraction, which is about 19% in normal adults.
The above is about the explanation of physiological terms and the sharing of physiological terms. See what is the most important form of material transportation in the human body, I hope this will help everyone!