raise livestock/poultry
1. Feeding times In order to reduce the labor intensity and improve the feeding effect, the method of feeding twice a day with an interval of 12 hours and feeding 1 time in the morning and evening is generally adopted. Ensure that cows have enough time to rest and ruminate, improve the digestive function of gastrointestinal tract, and reduce the number of exercises of cows.
2. The ideal feeding method is to mix concentrate, coarse feed and green feed in a certain proportion, which can improve feed digestibility. But for large fattening cattle farms, it is impossible to do this because of the high labor cost. At this time, separate feeding can also be used. Feed roughage first, then concentrate, so as to ensure that cows are full, promote cows to eat more, and reduce the amount of scraps in the trough. For coarse materials, it is best to carry out wet mixing, soaking, fermentation, cutting and crushing to improve digestion and utilization.
Laizhou Hongxun Beef Cattle Breeding Trading Service Company has long explored a set of methods to induce cattle to increase feed intake and promote growth, and the effect is good. Specific measures are as follows:
(1) Buy cattle with strict screening. The masses have the experience of "big mouth and love to eat". (2) At the initial stage of fattening, the proportion of roughage in the diet should not be less than 50%. Eating coarse grains can exercise gastrointestinal function and increase stomach capacity. Feed ingredients should be diversified.
(3) Feed roughage first, then concentrate, feed less times, and finally feed water.
(4) If beef cattle suffer from anorexia during feeding, they can be fed with high-quality and palatable green feed to restore and enhance gastrointestinal function; You can also change the feed form, such as cooking, tabletting and other methods to improve palatability.
(5) Ensure fresh and sufficient drinking water, and supply it day and night.
(6) Add drugs to help digestion and use additives in the diet.
(7) Feed supply should be gradually increased, neither too fast nor too urgent, otherwise it will easily lead to waste of scraps or indigestion. There should be a process to change feed, not a one-time change, and generally there should be a transition period of about 1 week.
3. There are mainly three feeding methods: grazing feeding, tethered house feeding and combination of grazing and house feeding.
Grazing and feeding, grazing on grassland can be used in pastoral areas, and can be suitable for cattle of all ages and production purposes. In agricultural areas, beaches, beaches, grass hills and slopes are mainly used, which is not conducive to rapid fattening, while grazing calves and calves can promote bone development.
House feeding is the most commonly used feeding method in intensive industrial production, which has the characteristics of fast production speed and high economic benefits.
The combination of grazing and house feeding can be used in many areas. In the summer and autumn when the forage is sufficient, grazing can be given priority to, and concentrated feed can be supplemented appropriately, and feeding can be completely abandoned in winter.
Management technology
1. Weight gain is an important index of beef cattle production performance. Weighing is very important for reasonable grouping and timely understanding of fattening effect. Weighing includes weighing before fattening, weighing regularly during fattening and weighing at slaughter. In fattening, it is best to weigh 1 time a month, which will not affect the fattening effect, and can select cows with slow or even short growth rate in time and deal with them at any time.
In order to avoid the error caused by weighing under different conditions, we usually weigh on an empty stomach before feeding in the morning. The time and sequence of each weighing should be basically the same. In order to reduce the labor intensity, 10% of the livestock can be weighed, and the calculated average represents the weight gain of the whole herd.
Weighing can be done with a weighbridge, or with a scale on a shelf, weighing one by one.
2. numbering is of great significance to production management, weighing statistics and epidemic prevention treatment. The numbering should be carried out at the time of calf birth or before fattening. When fattening in different places is adopted, the cattle should be numbered immediately after purchase.
Numbering methods include ear tag method, list method, painting method, line cutting method and branding method. The most practical and convenient method in production is ear tag method. The ear tag is hung on the cow's ear with special ear tag pliers, which is simple, easy to operate, long in storage time and clear in ear tag. The listing method is easy to fall off and wear; Lacquer marking method and shearing method have short maintenance time and can be used for short-term marking; Branding is generally not used to harm the skin.
3. Before fattening in groups, fattening cattle should be fed in groups according to breed, weight, sex, age, physical strength and fatness. If the house feeding can be directly towed away and tied to the corresponding position of the cow bed, if it is free-range in circles, it is best to succeed in the group near night, and at the same time, someone should observe it from time to time to prevent fighting.
Reasonable grouping is helpful to strengthen management, improve labor efficiency, facilitate the use of different feed and feeding management methods according to different physiological conditions, and promote the growth of cattle. Improve economic benefits. It can also prevent the uneven growth of cattle and even some weak cattle from dying in accidents.
The size of cattle should be determined according to the requirements of feeding management. When tethered, if the cow is tied with two ropes to fix its position, the size of the cow depends on the size of the barn and the convenience of feeding. When the herd is used for free range, the number of cows in a herd is 10- 15. Too large herd is not conducive to management, increased fighting, too small herd is not conducive to the improvement of labor productivity, and it is difficult to form competitive feeding between cattle.
4. After the transition feeding period of mosquito repellent disinfection and epidemic prevention cattle and before the fattening period, a comprehensive mosquito repellent vaccination should be done inside and outside the body; In addition, at the end of the intermediate fattening period, deworming should be carried out once before intensive fattening. Cattle raised by grazing should be regularly deworming. The purchased cattle do not directly enter the production cowshed, but are raised in the advanced transitional cowshed. After the transition period, after checking their health, they can be transferred to production barns.
Cowhouses and cattle farms should be disinfected regularly, and each batch of cattle should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Declined to visit to prevent outsiders from entering the cowshed without disinfection.
Cattle breeders who have been castrated often choose bulls to fatten and cows to breed offspring. It used to be thought that castrated cattle had a good fattening effect. Through research, bulls are better fattened before 2 years old, with fast growth, good carcass quality, high lean meat rate and high feed conversion rate. From the perspective of cattle products, each castrated fattening cow can also provide 1 pair of cattle eggs, which can increase income. So now fattening cattle farms generally keep castrated bulls as fattening cattle.
However, bulls over 2 years old should consider castration, otherwise it will be inconvenient to manage, and there will be odor in the meat, which will affect the carcass quality.
6. The purpose of restricting exercise to fatten beef cattle is to gain weight quickly, so it is necessary to restrict exercise and reduce consumption. Generally, the fattening method of tethered house feeding is adopted, and fattening cattle can be regularly led to the sports ground for proper exercise. Exercise time: morning and evening in summer, noon in winter. In the case of grazing, we must shorten the grazing distance, reduce exercise and increase rest in the later stage of fattening, so as to facilitate the deposition of nutrients in the body.
7. Do a good job in cleaning and hygiene. Brushing and rubbing cattle every day not only promotes the blood circulation of the body, but also benefits the health and ensures the health of cattle. The cowshed should be cleaned and kept clean every day, and the cow bed should be cleaned every day if conditions permit, but attention should be paid to keeping the cow bed as dry as possible. The whole environment of the cattle farm should also be cleaned regularly, kept clean, hygienic and quiet, and afforested and shaded.
8. When the weight of crossbred cattle reaches more than 500 kg in time, the feed intake is increasing, but the weight gain rate is greatly reduced, and the income will not increase if the crossbred cattle continue to feed.
Instead, it causes waste of feed. Therefore, it is necessary to slaughter in time to ensure economic benefits.
(3) Operating procedures for beef cattle feeding management
In order to better feed beef cattle, improve scientific feeding level, increase daily gain and feed reward, and maintain normal production order, beef cattle breeding enterprises must formulate a set of rules and regulations. Among them, the operating rules of feeding management are particularly important. This paper introduces the operating rules of a cattle farm for reference.
1. Feeding beef cattle must be timed, quantitative, sequential and customized, and master the following points:
(1) Feeding times: twice a day, morning and evening 1 time.
(2) Feeding sequence: feed coarse feed first, then feed fine feed, and finally drink water. Each shift should clean the trough before and after feeding.
(3) Feeding amount: Design feed formula according to different feeding stages. Concentrate is quantitative, roughage can be put in as appropriate, and feeding times are less, so that each cow can really eat and drink enough.
(4) Feed processing and modulation: The straw must be cut short and ammoniated or mixed with distiller's grains for fermentation. Corn stalks are silaged and fed. Pay attention to the proportion and beware of impurities mixed into the feed.
(5) Drinking water: Workers in each shift must drink enough clean water after feeding concentrate; Increase drinking water at night 1 time; In hot summer, keep enough drinking water in the water tank; When urea is added to the feed, stop drinking water for 0.5- 1 hour before and after feeding.
2. Try to:
(1) five notes: pay attention to your appetite when watching cows eat; Look at the belly of the cow and pay attention to eating; Look at the dynamics of cattle and pay attention to spirit; Look at cow dung and pay attention to digestion; Pay attention to the abnormal rumination of cattle and report the situation to technicians in time.
(2) All purchased cows must be bridled and numbered. And always check whether the cow rope is firm and replace it at any time.
(3) Weighing: The cows are weighed in the barn within 2 days after purchase, then sampled and weighed regularly every month, and finally weighed out of the barn. Weigh on an empty stomach before feeding in the morning.
(4) Periodic pests: including internal and external deworming, which is divided into observation period and twice before fattening.
(5) Do the following:
① Brush cattle every morning and evening 1 time;
(2) Cow dung should be removed to the manure field in time, and the cow bed should be cleaned up; Clean the cow bed, 1 time in summer morning and afternoon, and 1 time in winter morning;
(3) before coming off work, clean the material channel and the dung channel and keep them clean and tidy;
(4) Tools should be cleaned up after work every day, concentrated in the tool room and neatly stacked, and feces cleaning and feeding tools should be strictly separated and disinfected regularly;
⑤ The cowshed should be kept clean and tidy, and cleaned regularly to remove wild weeds.
⑥ Do heatstroke prevention and cooling in summer and keep warm in winter.
⑦ Keep the cowshed quiet.
3. Observe the feeding situation of clean water on the first day of feeding new beef cattle during the adaptation period, and add appropriate amount of salt (about 30 grams per cow); Feed clean grass, preferably green hay, the next day, and gradually start feeding distiller's grains or silage, with a small amount of concentrate, which can be increased to the normal amount in 5-7 days. After 2-3 weeks of observation, transfer to the fattening house when there is no abnormality.
Cattle should pay special attention to appetite, drinking water and defecation during the observation period, and report any abnormality in time.
4. Work and rest schedule (can be adjusted according to winter and summer)
Morning and afternoon work content
(1) feeder
6: 00-6: 3017: 00-17: 30 to clean the cow trough and check the bridle.
6: 30-8: 3017: 30-18: 30 to convey and feed coarse materials, and gradually add them.
8: 30-9: 30 19: 30-20: 00 mixing, transportation, feed concentrate and feed water.
9: 30- 10: 00, 20: 30-2 1: 00, clear the corridor and change shifts.
(2) Auxiliary workers
6: 00-7: 3015: 00-16: 30 to remove cow dung.
Brush the cows at 7: 30-8: 3016: 30-17: 30.
8: 30-9: 3017: 30-18: 30, scrape dung on the cow bed and clean the dung trough.
9: 30- 10: 00 Petunia goes down the trough.
18: 30- 19: 00 shift change
(3) Duty: In addition to working hours, the beef farm should keep a special person on duty.
5. The operation requirement is to achieve six cleanness: clean forage, clean feed trough, clean drinking water, clean cattle body, clean pen house and clean cattle farm.
(1) Feeding: Feed and drink water according to the specified order, and do not feed moldy and deteriorated materials. Find and remove impurities such as nails, iron wires, plastic ropes, bags and animal hair in time to ensure clean drinking water; Do a good job in cleaning the cow trough and the middle aisle, and clean the main roads in the field; Pay attention to the tightness of the reins and the intake of cattle, and report to the technicians in time if any abnormality is found. (2) Auxiliary workers: remove cow dung from the cow bed, load it and transport it to the manure field; Clean the cow bed, keep the cow bed clean and sanitary, and clean up the feces at any time. Report in time if you find abnormal urination and defecation. Penny moved down the trough.
Brush cows regularly every morning and afternoon. The method is to brush from left to right, from top to bottom, and from front to back. Pay special attention to the back line and abdomen, and clean up the dirt on the buttocks. Pay attention to whether the cattle have trauma, swelling and parasites. Brushing tools should be cleaned and disinfected regularly; Regular cleaning, disinfection and cleaning of cesspits.
(3) On duty: responsible for the sanitation of the cowshed of the class, and regularly clean up the cow dung; Observe the dynamics of cattle, check the reins to prevent lasso and cattle from running out, and ensure the safety of cattle; Take care of the tableware; Ensure that there is enough drinking water in the cow trough; Do a good job of heatstroke prevention and cooling at noon in summer, and water the cow bed and cow head regularly.
(4) Mixer: All kinds of feeds are required to be accurately weighed and evenly mixed according to the formula ratio; For minerals and additives with less dosage, mix them fully step by step.
(5) Handover contents: dynamic handover of beef cattle, clean handover, handover of working tools and safe handover.
Technical specification for feeding and management of dairy cows
1 and range
This regulation stipulates the feeding method, feed, management, delivery, milking, breeding and epidemic prevention of dairy cows. It is suitable for the feeding management of dairy cows.
2. Terminology
2. 1 The milk yield of high-yield dairy cows in 305d is over 6000kg, and the milk fat content is over 3.2%.
2.2 Primiparous cows refer to cows after the first delivery.
2.3 Newborn cows refer to cows that have just given birth in any parity.
2.4 The bred cow refers to the cow before the first pregnancy.
2.5 Calves refer to calves in lactation.
2.6 Perinatal period refers to the time before and after delivery 15d.
2.7 The peak lactation period refers to the period from postpartum 15d to the end of the peak lactation period, and generally refers to the lactation period within postpartum 16 ~ 100d.
2.8 Mid-lactation refers to the period after the peak lactation period and before the late lactation period, generally referring to postpartum101~ 200 d.
2.9 The period after the middle lactation period and before the dry milk period generally refers to the period from 20 1 day postpartum to the dry milk period.
2. 10 dry milk period refers to the period from stopping milking to 15 days before delivery.
2. 1 1 Coarse feed refers to feed with crude fiber accounting for more than 20% of dry matter. Such as hay, corn stalks, straw, etc.
2. 12 tuber refers to potato, carrot, beet, pumpkin, etc.
2. 13 green hay refers to hay made of various weeds or sown grass, excluding various crop straws.
2. 14 green feed refers to vegetables, grass, green-cut corn, etc. It is in a green feeding state and has a water content of more than 50%.
2. 15 dregs, also called accessories, mainly include distiller's grains, powder dregs, bean curd dregs and sugar dregs.
2. 16 protein feed refers to feed with crude fiber below 18% and crude protein above 20%, such as bean cake, sunflower cake and soybean.
2. 17 energy feed refers to high-energy feed with crude fiber below 18% and crude protein below 20% in dry matter. Like corn flour.
2. 18 concentrated feed refers to grain, bran and meal feed.
2. 19 mineral feed mainly includes salt, bone meal, stone meal, chalk, shell meal, defluorinated phosphate and trace elements.
2.20 The sum of all kinds of feed consumed by a Niu Yi day and night.
Step 3 feed
3. 1 Each cow stores and supplies feed all year round, and the forage quantity is shown in table 1.
Table 1 Amount of feed and forage stored by each cow throughout the year Unit: kg/head.
Feed name: adult cows breed calves.
High-quality hay (including 20% leguminous forage) 2000 ~ 3000 500
Corn silage 5000 ~ 8000 2000 ~ 3000 500 ~ 800
Green cutting feed is 3000 ~ 5000 1000 500.
Root tuber (carrot, beet)1000 ~ 2000 ~100 ~ 200
Distiller's grains (distiller's grains and bean curd residue 3000 ~ 5000 2000 1000)
Bean cake 600 ~ 800 300 ~ 400 90 ~ 100
Corn flour1200 ~1500 500 ~ 600150 ~ 200
Wheat bran 400 ~ 600 200 ~ 300 80 ~ 100
Bone meal 30 ~ 60 30 ~ 60 10 ~ 20
Salt 25 ~ 40 15 ~ 205 ~ 10
Concentrated feed of various varieties should be supplied in a balanced way all the year round, and mineral feed should account for 2% ~ 3% of the feed.
3.2 Alfalfa and other grasses should be planted and harvested at heading stage. Leguminosae or other hay should be harvested at flowering stage. The moisture content of green hay should be below 15%, green and fragrant, with soft stems and branches, many leaves and few impurities. It should be bundled and stored in a shed to prevent nutrient loss. Hay should be chopped, and the cutting length should be more than 3cm.
3.3 It is recommended to feed corn silage with ears. Silage raw materials should be rich in sugar, with dry matter above 25%. Silage corn should be harvested and stored during the wax ripening period, and stored in plastic film or silage tower (cellar). Silage should be yellow-green or brown, with a slightly sour smell and wine aroma.
3.4 For carrot, beet and other root feed, it should be properly kept, mildewproof and antifreeze, washed and cut into small pieces before feeding. Waste residue feed should be fed fresh.
3.5 The water content of the concentrated feed in stock shall not exceed 14%, and the grain feed shall be crushed into small particles of 1 ~ 2mm before feeding. One-time processing should not be too much, and it is appropriate to feed 10d in summer.
3.6 Ensure that mineral feed should contain salt and a certain proportion of macro and micro mineral salts. Such as bone meal, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate, defluorinated phosphate and trace elements, and the feeding effect should be checked regularly.
3.7 Compound feed should be processed and prepared according to the results of routine nutrient composition determination once a year and combined with the nutritional needs of high-yield dairy cows.
3.8 When using commercial compound feed, you must know its nutritional value.
3.9 When applying chemicals, biological activities and other additives, we must understand their functions and safety.
3. 10 It is forbidden to feed moldy and deteriorated feed, frozen feed, feed with serious pesticide residue pollution, feed contaminated by bacteria or Aspergillus flavus, untreated germinated potato and other toxic feed, and strictly remove metal foreign bodies from feed.
4. Nutritional requirements
4. 1 The tasks in this period are to restore physical strength, rumen recovery, breast tissue regeneration and fetal nutrition. Therefore, the dry matter of diet should account for 2% ~ 2.5% of body weight, and the dry matter per kilogram of feed contains 1.75, crude protein 1 1% ~ 12%, calcium 0.6%, phosphorus 0.3, and the concentrate-to-roughage ratio is 30∶70.
4.2 During the period before perinatal delivery/0/5 days of kloc-0, the dry matter of diet should account for 2.5% ~ 3% of body weight, and each kilogram of dry matter of feed contains 2.00 energy units of dairy cows, 0/3% of crude protein/kloc-0, 0.2% of calcium and 0.3% of phosphorus; Immediately after delivery, it was changed to calcium 0.6%, phosphorus 0.3%, concentrate-to-coarse ratio 40∶60, and crude fiber content not less than 23%.
4.3 During the peak lactation period, the output of dairy cows accounts for about 40% of the output during lactation. In order to avoid excessive fat loss during this period and mobilize the potential of increasing production, the dry matter of diet should be kept at 2.5% ~ 3.5% of body weight. Every kilogram of dry matter contains 2.40 Niu energy units, with crude protein accounting for 16% ~ 18%, calcium 0.7%, phosphorus 0.45%, the concentrate-to-coarse ratio gradually changed from 40: 60 to 60: 40, and the crude fiber content was not lower than 17%.
4.4 In the middle lactation period, the dry matter in the diet should account for 3.0% ~ 3.2% of the body weight, and the energy unit of dry matter per kilogram of dairy cows is 2. 13, crude protein accounts for 13%, calcium is 0.45%, phosphorus is 0.35%, the concentrate-to-roughage ratio is 40: 60, and the crude fiber content is not lower than1.
4.5 In the late lactation period, the dry matter of the diet should account for 3.0% ~ 3.2% of the body weight, and each kilogram of dry matter contains 2.00 energy units of dairy cows, 0.2% crude protein/kloc, 0.45% calcium, 0.35% phosphorus, 30∶70 concentrate/roughage ratio and no less than 20% crude fiber content.
5. Feeding methods
5. 1 During the dry milk period, roughage is the main feed, and the feeding amount of concentrate, alfalfa hay and corn silage is controlled. It is forbidden to feed root tuber and tuber feed, and reduce the residue feed appropriately. Dairy cows were fed 0.5 ~ 2.0 kg concentrate at first, and then increased by 0.5kg per week according to the situation. Before perinatal period, concentrate feed should be per 100kg body weight 1kg, supplemented with minerals and salt, and a certain amount of long hay should be ensured.
It is recommended that the composition and formula of cattle diet in dry milk period are: corn 2.6kg, bean cake 0.7kg, wheat bran 0.5kg, hay 6.5kg, silage 12kg, salt 0.05kg and premix 0.6kg.
5.2 The perinatal period must be carefully fed, and high-quality hay must be given two weeks before delivery, and the concentrate can be gradually increased, but the maximum feeding amount should not exceed 65,438+0% of the body weight. Silage should be stopped about a week before delivery to reduce the amount of calcium and prevent postpartum paralysis of dairy cows. 65438+ 0 ~ 2 days after delivery, we should give priority to high-quality roughage, feed digestible feed, such as wheat bran porridge, add a little salt to drink, supplement 40 ~ 60 kg sodium sulfate, freely eat high-quality hay, properly control the amount of salt and drink cattle with cold water. Concentrate can be fed gradually in 3 ~ 4 days after delivery, and the feeding amount can be increased by 0.5kg per day. The feeding amount of silage and root tuber must be controlled. Two weeks after delivery, when cows have a good appetite, normal digestion, lochia discharge and physiological swelling of breasts disappear, they can be fed with daily food according to the standard, and the feeding amount of silage and root material can be gradually increased, and premature lactation is prohibited.
5.3 During the peak lactation period, high-energy feed must be fed, so that high-yield cows can keep good appetite, eat as much dry matter and concentrate as possible, but not too much, appropriately increase the feeding times, and feed more feed with good quality and strong palatability. At the beginning of lactation, feeding 150g baking soda to each head every day can keep the milk production peak for 8 months.
The recommended diets for 40kg adult dairy cows are: corn 4.7kg, bean cake 2.5kg, wheat bran 1.7kg, hay 4kg, silage 19kg, salt 130g, baking soda 150g and premix 0.38kg.
5.4 In the middle lactation period, according to the characteristics of gradually decreasing milk yield, slow growth and development of fetus and weight loss of dairy cows, the task of feeding is to keep the peak of milk production lasting. In feeding, we should adhere to the principles of "more production and more feeding" and "less production and less feeding", and "determine the feed with milk"
5.5 In the late lactation period, according to the characteristics of rapid fetal development and significantly decreased milk production of dairy cows, it is required to supply daily food according to the nutritional needs of maintaining milk production, restoring weight and fetal growth and development, but to prevent cattle from being overweight.
5.6 First-pregnant cows should be converted into adult cows 2 ~ 3 months before delivery, and fed according to the nutritional level of adult cows in dry milk period. After delivery, on the basis of maintaining nutritional requirements, increase the production and development data by 20%, and increase the second child by 10%.
5.7 In summer, the nutrient concentration should be appropriately increased, the crude fiber content in feed should be reduced, the ratio of concentrated feed to protein feed should be increased, and root feed should be supplemented to ensure adequate drinking water; In winter, the diet should be nutritious. Increasing energy feed and adding 65,438+0 kg concentrate to lactating cows at night around 65,438+065,438+0 can increase milk yield by 65,438+03% and enhance the cold resistance of dairy cows. The method of cooking porridge is as follows: firstly, dilute the concentrated powder with a small amount of water, grind it into lumps, boil the water in the pot, pour it in, and stir until it boils for 5- 10 min. The feed-water ratio is 1: 10- 15 in winter and 1: 20-30 in summer.
6, management measures
6. 1 Cattle farms should be built in places with high geothermal dryness, sufficient sunlight, good drainage, quiet environment, convenient transportation, no threat of infectious diseases and easy organization of epidemic prevention. It is strictly forbidden to build farms in low-lying and humid places with poor drainage and dense population.
6.2 The cowshed building should meet the hygiene requirements, be durable, warm in winter (the shed temperature should be kept at 8 ~ 16℃), cool in summer, spacious and bright, have a good toilet system, and be equipped with septic tanks.
6.3 Outside the cowshed, facing the sun, a sports ground should be set up and communicated with the cowshed. Each cow covers an area of about 20 square meters. The ground of the playground should be flat and have a certain slope. There are drains around and drinking water tanks in the stadium.
6.4 Strictly implement the veterinary epidemic prevention and quarantine system. First, cowshed appliances are disinfected regularly; The second is to regularly vaccinate cattle with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine; Third, dairy cows are regularly inspected in spring and autumn every year (important quarantine brucellosis and tuberculosis), and fresh milk is sold with health certificates; Fourth, a hoof repair is carried out in spring and autumn; Fifthly, deworming should be carried out regularly, and the deworming administration time should be within 49 hours after delivery. Each cow should use 45g of thiabendazole, which can be administered directly by mouth at one time.
6.5 Arrange work and rest time reasonably, and all work and rest time must be completed within the specified time. First, make sure to drink water, drink it twice every morning, noon and evening, and drink it again at night. The water consumption of lactating cows can be 3 ~ 5 times of the daily milk production. The suitable drinking temperature for dairy cows in winter is 12 ~ 14℃ for adult cows, 15 ~ 16℃ for cows and 37 ~ 38℃ for calves. The second is to let the cows have proper exercise every day, and ensure that the cows are driven out of the house around noon and evening every day, about1h. Third, brush the cow's body 1 ~ 2 times a day to keep the body surface clean, and at the same time ensure sunbathing (installing fluorescent lamps in the house)16 hours a day to promote blood circulation. Fourth, sheds should be cleaned frequently, cow beds should be kept clean and dry, and bedding should be changed every day. Fifth, we should always observe the behavior, appetite, rumination and rest of dairy cows, and solve problems in time when they are found.
6.6 High-yield cows must have a dry milk period of 60 days per fetus. The rapid milk drying method (formula of dry milk paste: soybean oil 40mL, penicillin 500 thousand IU, streptomycin 1 10 thousand IU, sulfanilamide powder) was adopted. Before drying milk, CMT method was used to check recessive mastitis. For those with strong positive (++), the milk should be dried after treatment. After the last milking, every milking should be dried.
7. Delivery and milking
7. 1 Cows shall enter the delivery room two weeks before delivery, and the cows entering and leaving the delivery room shall undergo health examination. The delivery room must be dry, sanitary and free from thieves. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen perinatal health care. Before delivery, cows should wash their hindquarters and vulva with 2% ~ 3% Lysol solution. Artificial midwifery of normal delivery cows is not allowed. If they give birth in pain, the veterinarian should deal with it immediately.
7.2 When the carcass is exposed, the amniotic membrane should be torn to get amniotic fluid, but the water should not be broken prematurely, and it can be delivered normally in 30 minutes after the water is broken. When the fetal head is exposed to the vulva, use a sterile towel to remove mucus from the mouth and nose. If the umbilical cord is not disconnected, move the fetus to disconnect it naturally. After disconnection, squeeze out the contents by hand, pour iodine into the umbilical cord sheath for disinfection, and remove the contaminated bedding grass in time.
7.3 After delivery, the cows should be driven to stand up as soon as possible, drink warm water and 1 ~ 2 bottles of beer, feed high-quality green hay, and wash the breasts, hindquarters and oxtails with warm water or disinfectant. Then remove the feces and replace the clean and soft mattress. Milk for the first time within 30 minutes after delivery, and feed the newborn calf as soon as possible, but don't squeeze it clean. Massage the breasts with hot compress before milking, appropriately increase the times of milking, and observe the appetite, feces and placenta discharge of dairy cows. If any abnormality is found, it should be diagnosed and treated in time. Two weeks after delivery, check ketonuria. If there is no disease and the appetite is normal, it can be transferred to a large group for management.
7.4 After the calf is born, put it on new hay, wipe off the whole body mucus and remove the soft hoof. After weighing, put it in the calf pen, and feed colostrum within 30 minutes after birth, so that calves can produce antibodies as soon as possible.
7.5 Milking times For cows at the peak of lactation or primiparity, cows with daily milk production exceeding 20kg should be milked 3-4 times a day; In the middle lactation period, cows with daily milk yield 15 ~ 20kg can be milked three times a day; In the middle lactation period, cows with daily milk production below 15kg can be milked twice a day.
7.6 The milkman must be a healthy person without hepatitis, brucellosis and tuberculosis, but he must always trim his nails, wear work clothes to wash his hands before milking, and wash his arms after milking. 0. 1% bleaching powder should be added to the water for hand washing. At the same time, after each milking, the milking bucket, milk bucket, milk washing bucket and towel should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
The washing method should be washed with cold water first, then with warm water, then with 0.5% caustic soda warm water (45 ~ 53℃), and finally with clear water and dried.
7.7 The milking environment should be quiet, and the attitude towards cows should be kind. Before milking, wash the hindquarters, abdomen and oxtails of cows, then scrub nipples, middle sulcus, left and right areas and breast mirrors with warm water (45 ~ 50℃) in turn, and change the water every 3 ~ 4 cows. Scrub with a wet towel dipped in more water, and then dry your breasts.
7.8 After breast washing, massage should be performed. When the breast swells, the mammary vein swells, and there is milk ejection reflex, milking should be started. 1 ~ 3 times the amount of milk squeezed out contains more bacteria and should be discarded. It is forbidden to wipe nipples with milk or vaseline during milking. Massage the breasts again after milking, then hold the bottom of each milk area with one hand and squeeze the milk with the other. First-pregnant cows should have breast massage after 5 months of pregnancy, but they can't wipe their nipples. Massage should be stopped 15d before delivery.
7.9 When milking by hand, use your fist. At first, you should use light force and slow down. When the milking is intense, the speed should be accelerated, 80 ~ 120 times per minute, and the milking volume per minute should not be less than 1.5kg. Pay attention to not chatting, smoking, shouting, making noise, beating cattle and not letting strangers in during milking.
7. 10 Every time milking must be done, milk healthy cows first, and then milk sick cows. After milking, dry the breast and soak the milk with 4% iodine glycerin.
7. 1 1 The vacuum pressure of mechanical milking should be controlled at 4.53×104 Pa ~ 5.07×104 Pa, and the beating times of the impeller should be controlled at 60 ~ 70 times per minute. When there is little milk, you should massage your breasts from top to bottom to prevent empty squeezing. After milking, all milking machines should be disassembled, cleaned and disinfected. Cows suffering from mastitis within 0/0d of primiparity/kloc, or sick cows who are taking antibiotics and stopping taking drugs for 6 days, should be milked by hand, and then resumed mechanical milking after recovery.
7. 12 carefully record the milk output. Freshly squeezed milk should be filtered through a filter or multi-layer gauze immediately. The filtered milk should be cooled to 4 ~ 8℃ within 2 hours and stored in the cold storage. Filter gauze should be cleaned and disinfected after each use, replaced regularly and kept clean. Deteriorated milk, early milk, sick milk and milk that has been stopped for more than 24 hours should not be mixed into normal milk, and can be put into other barrels for further treatment.
8. Feeding
8. 1 Newborn cows should be bred in the second to third estrus, and the first-born cows should be 15 ~ 18 months old and weigh more than 60% of adult cows.
8.2 Observe the estrus performance of cows, such as standing uneasily, chirping, looking around, hunching the waist and lifting the tail, frequent urination, vulvar swelling, transparent mucus flowing out, vaginal mucosa flushing, crawling, etc. Every estrus should be inseminated 1 ~ 2 times with an interval of10 ~12 hours, and the pregnancy test should be recorded on time.
8.3 Reasonable annual calving plan should be arranged, the number of calving heads should be controlled as much as possible in hot months, and balanced milk supply and rational use of cowshed should be considered when arranging annual calving plan.
8.4 Cows should have genital examination 20 days after delivery, and handle any abnormality in time. The empty pregnancy period of postpartum cows shall not exceed 90 days.
8.5 Strictly make a breeding plan, select excellent bull semen from provincial stations for breeding, put an end to the use of local bull breeding varieties, and ensure the quality of bull semen.
9, calf feeding
To raise calves well, you must master the following four levels:
9. 1 Feed the newborn calves with colostrum within 1530min at the latest, feed them with colostrum for the first time (1~1.5 kg) for 7 days, and feed them with normal milk after 7 days. Feeding should be done manually. Cover the bottle with a rubber nipple. If the calf can't suck milk, you can dip your fingers into the milk by hand and stuff them into the calf's mouth for induction. After repeated induction for 2 ~ 3 times, the calf can suck milk by itself. Feeding should adopt three settings: timing, quantitative and constant temperature.
9. 1. 1 "timing" means feeding six times a day, and the feeding time is set at 7: 00, 10: 00, 13: 00, 16: 00,/kloc-0.
9. 1.2 "ration" means that calves are recommended to be fed in the same amount during the three-month lactation period according to the following days: 1 ~ 10 day, and 4 kg colostrum/head/day in the first 7 days; Feed 4 kilograms of ordinary milk every day for the last 3 days; 1 1 ~ 20 days old, fed with 6 kg of ordinary milk/head, daily; 2 1 ~ 30 days old, feed ordinary milk 7kg/ head, daily; 3 1 ~ 40 days old fed with normal milk 8kg/ head, daily; 4 1 ~ 50 days old, feed ordinary milk 7kg/ head, daily; At the age of 5 1 ~ 60 days, 6kg/ head of ordinary milk was fed daily; 6 1 ~ 70 days old fed with normal milk 5kg/ head, daily; 7 1 ~ 80 days old fed with normal milk 4.5kg/ head, daily; 8 1 ~ 90 days old were fed with normal milk 2.5kg/ head, daily.