Mental Health Standards: Debate and Integration of Mental Health Standards
Mental health standard is a basic theoretical problem in the field of mental health research. This paper first summarizes the complexity of mental health standards and the academic debate, and then takes Confucianism as an example. My Lord. 、? Gentleman? 、? Little people? On the basis of integrating differences and arguments, this paper puts forward to supplement mental health standards with mental health index and mental health structure chart, so as to evaluate and supervise people's mental health more flexibly and give full play to its role. An Qianqian, medical treatment and psychotherapy; Peace of mind, peace of mind and psychological education; Peace of mind, clear mind and spiritual growth? The role of.
Keywords: mental health standard; Argument; merge
? Mental Health ―― New Understanding, New Hope? It is the theme of the World Health Organization's (WHO) 200 1 annual health report, which points out that mental health-neglected for too long, is the key factor of personal, social and national health and must be given a new understanding. ? China is in a period of basically solving the problem of food and clothing and marching towards building a well-off society in an all-round way. With the rapid development of economy and society, people are facing many psychological pressures and crises. Mental health has become an important issue related to national development and social harmony, and has attracted more and more attention. Mental health standard is a very important basic problem in the field of mental health research and mental health education, because the formulation of mental health table, the diagnosis of mental health, the construction of the goal and content system of mental health education and the maintenance of mental health are all based on mental health standard. Let's open our eyes and see the creative opinions put forward by predecessors on this puzzling and fascinating problem.
First, the concept of mental health
When it comes to mental health standards, we must first grasp the concept of mental health, so as to gain a scientific understanding. For what? Mental health? So far, there is no accepted definition. The 3rd International Health Conference (1946) holds that mental health means that the individual's emotions develop to the best state within the range of physiology, intelligence and emotion that is suitable for people's mental health. ? The Concise Encyclopedia of Britain holds that mental health refers to the best functional state that an individual can achieve within the scope permitted by himself and the environment, but it does not refer to an absolutely perfect state. ? Japanese scholar Matsuda Iwao believes that mental health means that people have a sense of stability in the internal environment and can adapt to such a mental state in the form of social recognition of the external environment. ? Scholars such as Beaumont and Bangerson have also given different definitions.
Second, mental health standards.
Mental health standard is the concretization of the concept of mental health. Because of the complexity of mental health itself and scholars' different understanding of it, there are different opinions and disputes about mental health standards.
Longitudinal analysis
Vertically, scholars generally have three principles to define mental health standards.
1.？ Non-morbid principle? standard
Freud is the most representative. He takes pathological people as the research object, and thinks that the reason of psychopathy is caused by the conflict between ID, ego and superego. From the pathological point of view, the pathological standard of mental health development level is deduced, that is, mental health means no mental illness. According to this standard, most people are mentally healthy, which is a very loose standard.
2.？ Majority principle? standard
? Majority principle? Assuming that the psychological behavior of most social members is normal, the psychology and behavior that deviate from this normal range can be regarded as abnormal. This principle is embodied in the standard of normal distribution. At present, the scale used to identify mental health is compiled according to the principle of normal distribution, so most principles are widely used as the basis for establishing mental health standards.
3.？ Elite principle? standard
A researcher with humanistic psychologists as the main representative, right? Majority principle? Raised an objection. Humanistic psychologists believe that people are born with good nature, that is to say, human nature is perfect, kind and self-fulfilling. If the environment is suitable, people can develop good personality or psychological quality with nature; On the other hand, it will make the individual's psychological quality imperfect. In a society, if the dominant cultural environment itself is deformed and suppresses human nature, then most people under this condition will not be able to follow its natural development, resulting in the situation that most people are psychologically unsound. In this way, the personality represented by most people is not a sound personality, and it is absurd to take most people as the standard to measure mental health.
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, put forward a unique research idea of mental health standards, which Maslow himself called? Principle of frontier sample statistics. Maslow believes that a self-fulfilling person is a person whose inner nature is fully developed, and a person with this kind of psychology is healthy. Because only a few people can realize themselves and are at the extreme of normal distribution, they are called? Principle of frontier sample statistics. The thoughts of other humanists are basically the same, and they all emphasize the full play of people's inherent potential.
(2) transverse analysis
1. Western scholars' mental health standards
On the standard of mental health, western scholars have made many comments from different aspects, and the representative ones are:
(1) Mental health is a good mental state.
As early as 1929, the third conference on children's health and protection held in the United States pointed out that mental health refers to the psychological state in which individuals get satisfaction and happiness by exerting their highest intelligence in the process of adaptation. At the same time, in his society, he can be cautious about his behavior and have the ability to face real life. ? [ 1]
(2) Mental health can give full play to its potential.
Psychologist H.B.English pointed out that mental health refers to a continuous mental state, in which the parties can adapt well, have the vitality of life and give full play to their potential. This is a positive and rich situation, not just the absence of mental illness.
(3) Mental health is an adaptation to the social environment.
Ma Ningji, a psychiatrist, believes that mental health refers to the most efficient and happy adaptation of people to the environment and each other, not only with efficiency, but also with satisfaction, or happily accepting the norms of life, but with a combination of the three. A mentally healthy person should be able to maintain a calm mood, a keen intelligence, a behavior that adapts to the social environment and a pleasant temperament.
2. The mental health view of modern scholars in China.
Combining the western and China traditional cultures' views on mental health, some Chinese scholars believe that mental health is not a fixed state, but should be regarded as flexible. It is not to make everyone look the same, but to let everyone fully develop according to their own situation and embark on a healthy road.
Scholars put forward seven criteria for dividing mental health standards: ① statistical normal distribution as the standard; (2) to conform to social norms as the standard; ③ Adapting to social life as the standard; ④ Taking the existence of medical symptoms as the standard; ⑤ Based on personal subjective experience; ⑥ Take the level of psychological maturity as the standard; All landowners to give full play to the psychological function as the standard. According to different standards [2][4], modern scholars put forward many mental health standards, which are representative:
199 1, Zhang chunxing proposed: know yourself and affirm yourself; Master your own thoughts and actions; Self-worth and self-esteem; Can establish close relationship with people; Willingness and ability to make a living independently; The pursuit of ideals is not divorced from reality.
200 1 Liu Huashan put forward: correctly understand reality; Self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-acceptance; Self-regulation ability; Ability to establish interpersonal relationships with others; Stability and coordination of personality structure; Passion for life and work efficiency.
In 2002, Yao Benxian proposed: normal intelligence; Mild mood; Resolutely; Unity and integrity of personality; Correct self-cognition; Harmonious personality relationship; Social adaptation is good; Psychological characteristics are consistent with age characteristics. [3]
Throughout the discussion of mental health standards by Chinese and foreign scholars, although the emphasis is different, there are some formulations that most scholars agree with, such as basically acknowledging that mental health is a state of mind; Most people think that mental health is a good state of internal and external coordination and unity; Everyone regards good adaptation (especially social adaptation) as an important manifestation or feature of mental health; Emphasize that mental health is a positive mental state.
3. Debate on the definition of mental health standards
Is (1) harmonious with society?
The standard of social mental health tends to determine the standard from the social level, and it is considered that harmony with society is an important indicator to judge whether mental health is good or not. Social norms, living standards, etc. All belong to social standards. The standard of social norms is whether behavior conforms to social norms, that is, behavior conforms to recognized social norms as healthy and normal, and anti-social norms as abnormal; The standard of life adaptation is based on life adaptation. People who are good at adapting to life are normal, while those who are difficult to adapt to life are abnormal. Individual mental health standards are often determined from the individual level, and the degree of individual disease-free, functional play and maturity are used as evaluation indicators of mental health. The standards of medical symptoms, psychological maturity and development level are all individual standards.
(2) Whether social adaptation is the standard of mental health.
The dispute over social adaptation standards is an extension of the dispute between social standards and personal standards, which are related, but not completely equal. Some scholars recognize the sociality of mental health standards, but do not recognize the social adaptation standards. On the question of whether social adaptation is the standard of mental health, some psychologists regard social adaptation as the essence of mental health, and think that judging whether a person is mentally healthy is to judge whether a person is adapted to society. More people regard social adaptation as one of the important signs of mental health, but not all. Judging from the mental health standards put forward by various scholars, most people think that social adaptation should be included in the mental health standards. However, some people understand social adaptation as people's complete obedience to the social environment, or regard social adaptation as a herd behavior. Because a person who completely obeys the social environment and follows the crowd will not be mentally healthy, and social adaptation cannot be the standard of mental health.
Thirdly, integrate mental health standards-establish systematic mental health standards.
(A) the establishment of a vertical hierarchy of mental health standards
Analytical psychologists divide the level of psychoanalysis into three levels:? An Qianqian, medical treatment and psychotherapy; Peace of mind, peace of mind and psychological education; If you live in peace, your mind and brain will grow. ? Coincidentally, about 2500 years ago, Confucius also divided personality into three levels: adult (that is, saint), gentleman and villain, and made a specific description of the standards of the three, such as? Husband's adult is in harmony with heaven and earth, with the sun and the moon, with the four seasons, with ghosts and gods, with good or bad luck, against heaven and man, with the day after tomorrow, against heaven, but with people? What about ghosts and gods? ,? Tian Xingjian, a gentleman strives for self-improvement; The terrain is Kun, and the gentleman carries the goods with morality? ,? The gentleman is harmonious but different, and the villain is not harmonious? ,? An upright man is open and poised while a petty man is anxious and worried. ? Wait a minute. From this, we can be inspired to put? Non-morbid principle? 、? Majority principle? 、? Elite principle? Integrate and establish a vertical hierarchical system of mental health standards, and divide mental health standards into three levels: unhealthy level, general health level and higher than general health level.
After establishing the level of mental health, both the pure elite principle and the majority principle have limitations, because the majority principle only recognizes the general level of mental health, and the pure elite principle only recognizes the extreme level of health. Taking mental health standards as a dynamic hierarchical system means organically combining the majority principle with the elite principle. Most principles are formed by lower-level standards, while elite principles are formed by higher-level standards.
Obviously, such a hierarchical system makes our understanding of mental health standards clearer, more comprehensive and more organized.
(B) the establishment of a comprehensive horizontal system of mental health standards
Marx's historical materialism tells us that the individual is the sum of all social relations in reality. Individuals and society are not antagonistic and inseparable. The relationship between individuals and society is interactive and two-way. Individuals actively contribute to society, and society gives positive feedback to individuals. In this benign interaction, social development, personal psychological growth and life value are realized. The development of society is to provide more opportunities for more people to realize this interaction and realize the all-round and full development of people. Therefore, we should establish a horizontal and comprehensive mental health standard system, combine individual's internal coordination with external adaptation, and regard mental health as a good state of internal and external coordination. To establish a horizontal comprehensive mental health standard system, we must first establish two mental health standard systems: individual internal and external society. Therefore, to measure a person's mental health should take into account both internal and external aspects, that is, the individual's internal system and external social system are indispensable, and the mental health standard should include two systems: individual and social. These two aspects can also be subdivided into multiple dimensions. From the internal situation, it also includes the dimensions of sound psychological function, complete personality structure, and the ability to actively meet self-basic needs. From the perspective of external relations, it also includes dimensions such as behavior conforming to norms and being able to maintain an affinity with others and society. In this way, mental health standards have formed a comprehensive system composed of internal standards and external standards. If such a standard system of mental health is established, the debate between individuality and sociality can be solved.
Sternberg put forward the theory of ternary intelligence in 1970s. The theory holds that intelligence should be composed of three parts: component intelligence, experience intelligence and background intelligence. Among them, background intelligence is likely to involve the behavior of subjective choice pressure in our evolutionary history. It has three forms: first, adaptation refers to the ability of people to adapt themselves to the environment by developing useful skills and behaviors; The second is choice, which refers to the ability of people to find their proper position in the environment; The third is shaping. If an individual can't or can't adapt to his environment well, or can't choose a new environment, in this case, intellectual activities may shape the environment itself. [5] It can be seen that the individual's adaptation to the environment is not only passively following this article, but also should not be the only one. Otherwise, how can society progress? In the course of history, there will always be ideas that transcend the mainstream of society at that time? Hero? They lead the trend of the times and lead mankind to a more reasonable, richer and more natural society. Can we say that the producers who liberated China in the last century and brought this troubled nation out of the lowest valley in history are psychologically unhealthy? Therefore, social adaptation should also be divided into passive adaptation and active adaptation. The latter should be regarded as a higher level adaptation and should be included in the integrated system of mental health standards. In this way, the debate about whether social adaptation is the standard of mental health is solved.
Finally, I want to raise a question here: people's psychology is so complicated that it is difficult to list some standards and label people as healthy or unhealthy across the board. As Maslow described, there are great men who have made great contributions and achieved great achievements, such as Lincoln and Einstein, and ordinary and unknown people? Ordinary people? . He once talked about a woman who had no basic formal education. She has no enviable appearance, work and social background, but she is an incredible mother, cook and wife. As long as she is here, her family will be full of relaxed and warm atmosphere. Isn't this a plain and wonderful wisdom of life? If we score her under the comprehensive system of mental health, then she must score very low in some aspects, even very low, but can we say that she is mentally unhealthy? Therefore, we should have more flexible methods to evaluate mental health.
Four. conclusion
Through the above analysis, our understanding of mental health standards seems to be gradually clear: mental health standards are a comprehensive system extending horizontally and vertically, which makes us think that it is very similar to the evaluation system of intelligence. We should not be confined to the concept of mental health standard, but should introduce mental health index to evaluate it comprehensively. On the basis of general evaluation of mental health with mental health index, we can also draw a mental health structure chart to evaluate it. Supplementing mental health standards will undoubtedly make our mental health evaluation system more comprehensive, flexible and scientific.
References:
[1] Wu Zengqiang et al. General Theory of School Psychological Counseling-Principles? Method? Practice [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Education Press, 2004: 10- 19.
Ye Yiduo. Re-understanding of mental health standards and their research [J]. Southeast Academic, 200 1, (6):12-17.
[3] Yang Zhiwen. Re-understanding of mental health standards. Journal of Yunnan TV University, March 2005.
Ye Yiduo. Re-understanding of mental health standards and their research [J]. Southeast Academic, 200 1, (6): 169- 175.
Huang Xiting. Introduction to psychology [M]. Beijing: People's Education Press, 2002: 6 12-6 13.
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