Vaccinium comes from Vaccinium of Ericaceae. There are about 130 species in the world. How many are there in China? 2? More than 0 kinds. ? There are four species in Changbai Mountain and Anling area of Northeast China. That is, the more antagonistic, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium macrophyllum and Vaccinium microphyllum. Evening primrose is a medicinal and edible plant. The fruit is sweet and sour, and can be eaten raw or made into jam, juice and other foods. Fruit wine, the wine yield can reach 90%? Above; Seeds can be used to refine oil and make paint; Folium tannins are used as raw materials for preparing tannins. As a medicinal plant, the more withered it is. Is it warm to use leaves as medicine? It tastes bitter and has diuretic, anti-inflammatory and detoxification effects. It can be used as a urine disinfectant to treat urethritis, rheumatism and gout. ? Arbutin in leaves is decomposed into hydroquinone in alkaline urine, so it can be used to treat viral urethritis and cystitis. Can fruit be used to treat acute rheumatoid diseases, dysentery, vitamin deficiency and other diseases? . ? There are few reports about the exact efficacy and effective components of Vaccinium uliginosum stem and leaf. In this paper, the resources and quality of Vaccinium uliginosum were reviewed, so as to provide reference for further research on the composition, efficacy and application of Vaccinium uliginosum.
1? Overview of wild resources and ecology?
1. 1. Wild resources and ecology?
1. 1. 1. The common names of cowberry are toothache, red bean, wenpu, Vaccinium bracteatum, bear fruit and so on. Creeping shrubs, tall stems above the ground? 7~ 1? 5? c？ It is mainly distributed in China, northern Mongolia, the former Soviet Union, Europe, North America and other countries and regions. In China, it is mainly distributed in Daxinganling area and belongs to the wild state. As a medical raw material, blueberry resources have great development potential. As far as the distribution of Daxinganling Mountains in Heilongjiang Province is concerned, the reserve of blueberries is 6.5438+0.3 million tons. Can I use it every year? l？ 100000 tons or more, if the storage capacity of 10% is used every year, the sustainable utilization of resources will not be affected. Vaccinium uliginosum is mainly distributed in Larix gmelinii, Rhododendron gmelinii and Rhododendron gmelinii. In the birch forest? These community types are widely distributed in Daxinganling mountainous areas. ? Vaccinium likes cold climate and has strong cold resistance. The extreme low temperature in Mohe and Huzhong once reached MINUS 5? 0? The freezing injury in winter has never been found. In the growing period, it is also very adaptable to cold conditions, such as the frost-free period in Huzhong is 8? 5~9? 5 days, the shortest frost-free period is only 5 1 day (? 1? 9? 7? 8 years), the more withered, the more normal reproductive growth can be completed, posing a threat to Vaccinium? The low temperature condition is frost at flowering stage.
1. 1.2. Vaccinium uliginosum alias: Dianguo, Diguo, DuDu and Dushi. Its alpine varieties are distributed over 2000 meters above sea level, and the plant height is 5 ~ 1? 5? c？ M, there are normal species under the mountain, and the plant height is 5? 0~8? 0? c？ M, in addition, there are many kinds of Vaccinium uliginosum distributed in Daping, Binnan and Huapiyao forest farms in the western mountainous area of Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province. Its morphological characteristics are basically the same as those of Vaccinium uliginosum, but its fruit is silvery white with high sweetness and low tannin content, so it is a rare variety in Vaccinium uliginosum. Vaccinium uliginosum is a light-loving tree species, which thrives in well-lit open spaces. Acidic soil rich in humus is suitable for growth, with high cold resistance and resistance to? The cold of MINUS 39.5 degrees Celsius.
1.2. Study on resource tending?
1? 9? 7? After nine years of investigation on the distribution, biological characteristics and ecological environment of Vaccinium uliginosum, Chen Huidu began to study the artificial tending and cultivation techniques of Vaccinium uliginosum. Chen Huidu won the success of industrial seedling raising of Vaccinium uliginosum for the first time in China and formed a set of large-scale seedling raising.
Production technology. Besides, F? o？ r？ s？ y？ t？ H studied the effect of temperature on photosynthesis of shrubs?
By studying the chromosome number of Vaccinium uliginosum in Northeast China, it is found that Vaccinium uliginosum in Changbai Mountain has two types, diploid and tetraploid, and different ploidy is distributed at different altitudes, while Vaccinium uliginosum in Daanling is a mixture of diploid and tetraploid. There are diploid and tetraploid blueberry populations in Dajian, and a new record species-hexaploid blueberry was found in Changbai Mountain. The above research work provides a scientific basis for the recycling of blueberry resources.
2. Chemical composition research?
2. 1. The ingredients of blueberry fruit are rich in nutrition, among which organic acids are the most abundant, including more than ten kinds of citric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid, and their amino acid content is also quite rich. There are more than 9 kinds, 7 of which are necessary for human body. Vaccinium uliginosum fruit is rich in mineral elements, including not only major elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, but also trace elements such as iron, copper, phosphorus and zinc. In addition to the above nutrients, 22 terpenoids were identified in the volatile components of Vaccinium uliginosum fruit, and 4 terpenoids were isolated, including β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein and kaempferol. Sue. The main pigment substances in Vaccinium uliginosum fruit are anthocyanin -2- glucoside, anthocyanin -3- xyloside and anthocyanin -3? -Galactoside, Anthocyanin -3- rhamnoside, Delphine -3- rhamnoside, Delphine -5- glucoside, 3d- genistein, Malva Pigment -3- disaccharide and 3,? 3? ? -glycyl procyanidins, it is reported that dimeric procyanidins and trimeric procyanidins are separated from fruits abroad? .
2.2. Study on the components of stems, leaves and other parts
Have foreign scholars measured the ash and inorganic elements in Vaccinium uliginosum leaves? Settings:? The total ash content is 3.2%. Dry leaves contain 0.08% nitrogen, 0.52% potassium and 0. 1. 2%。 The stems and leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum mainly contain flavonoids, phenols and tannins. ? 1? 9? 3? Five years? Japanese scholar? Huh? r？ u？ r？ Me? t？ Me? Na？ k？ Answer? . Mu? r？ A. separating isoquercitrin; 1? 9? 6? 6 years Japanese scholar J? Answer? n？ Me? n？ Answer? k？ Answer? Rice? n？ s？ k？ An isolated quercetin glycoside? (? Av？ l？ c？ u？ l？ Answer? r？ Me? n？ ), reed? Ding? (? Ru？ t？ Me? n？ )? ; 198 1 years ago, the former Soviet scholar Sh? Huh? k？ Me? I don't know Gold glucoside isolated by g.p. et al? (? Hy？ p？ e？ t？ ~s？ Me? De? ); 1965 British scholar? g？ b？ r？ Me? t？ t？ o？ N and so on. Separating 2-o- caffeoyl arbutin; 1? 9? 6? Six years as a German scholar? Kh？ r，Ak？ h？ t？ Answer? r？ d？ z？ h？ Me? e？ r？ When arbutin (? Ar？ b？ u？ t？ Me? n？ )? 1? 9? 6? German scholar for 9 years? Th？ l？ e？ Me, salidroside (? s？ Answer? l？ l？ d？ r？ o？ b？ Me? d？ e？ )? Salicin and 4- hydroxyphenyl gentian polysaccharide; 1? 9? 7? 9? German scholar s? t？ Me? c？ h？ e？ R et al. separated hydroquinone and methyl arbutin (? Me? t？ h？ y？ l？ Answer? r？ b？ u？ t？ Me? n？ )? 2,5? -Dihydroxy anisole; ? 1? 9? 9? 0 years British scholar? What? Me? mh？ u？ b？ e？ R et al. isolated four kinds of benzoyl glucose. 199 1 year British scholar? De? mb？ r？ wi？ c？ The z fork is separated from it? l？ 3 Phenolic acid, 1? 9? 9? Yan et al, a graduate student of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, first isolated aesculin from the stems and leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum in 6 years. (? Fv？ Answer? x？ Me? N) According to related literature, the content of arbutin in blueberry accounts for about? 8? %, isoquercitrin accounts for about 0.5? %~0.6%,? Tannin content? About the amount? 7.9% ~ 8.2%, so as to more accurately understand the accumulation law of effective components in Vaccinium uliginosum. The blueberry research group of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine used high performance liquid chromatography to determine the content of arbutin in the stems and leaves of blueberry collected from different areas and seasons in Daxing 'anling. The results showed that the content of arbutin in the stems and leaves of blueberry varied with seasons and regions. What are the contents of autumn stems and leaves? Up to10.033%; The freshness of the sample also has a slight influence on the content, the greater the influence?
The main factor affecting hesperidin content is the growth period. As for other ecological factors, such as altitude, The effects of light, soil, etc. on its growth and dynamic change of effective component content accumulation need further study. ?
3. Biological activity research?
According to classic records, Vaccinium uliginosum has diuretic, anti-inflammatory and detoxicating effects, and has inhibitory effects on growing tumors, as well as anti-aging and health care effects. In recent years, many people have studied the biological activity of Vaccinium in many aspects, mainly including:
3. 1. Anti-channeling effect
Normal saline and rhododendron were used as the control group, and mice in each group were intraperitoneally injected with blueberry and rhododendron. Hongshan potion 0.2? ml/ 1？ 0? g？ (? 2? 0? G crude drug/? k？ g？ )? 0 ~ the same amount of physiological saline and ammonia water were used to induce cough in mice, and the cough latency and the total number of coughs per minute were recorded Compared with the normal saline group, the results of the three groups are as follows: the decoction of Vaccinium uliginosum and Rhododendron manshurica is 2? Is there a very significant difference between the two groups? (? p？ & lt0.0 1? ), the antitussive effect of Vaccinium europaeum is similar to that of Rhododendron northeast.
Hypericin contained in Vaccinium uliginosum has a strong antitussive effect, and it can induce cough by electrically stimulating the superior laryngeal nerve of cats. 100mg/k/k? G intraperitoneal injection has antitussive effect, and quercetin also has a good antitussive effect. Many animal experiments have proved that arbutin has strong antitussive effect and low toxicity. Someone did an experimental study on the total flavonoids of Vaccinium uliginosum, and the results showed that the total flavonoids also had significant antitussive effect?
Function.
3.2. Eliminating phlegm
Normal saline and rhododendron were used as the control group, and phenol red respiratory tract was used for the experiment. What was the result? Mingshui decoction and bilberry decoction can obviously increase the excretion of phenol red in mice's respiratory tract, which is different from physiological salt wood?
There is a significant difference (? P & lt0.0? 1? ), the expectorant effect is stronger than that of rhododendron manshurica. Ginsenoside and quercetin have good expectorant effect.
3.3. Antiasthmatic effect?
Asthma induced by acetyl base and histamine spray, rhododendron, aminophylline, physiology? Saline was used as the control group to record the incubation period of asthma in guinea pigs. The results showed that the asthma incubation period of Vaccinium uliginosum was longer than that of Rhododendron manshuriensis, and the asthma effect of Vaccinium uliginosum was better than that of Rhododendron manshuriensis. Quercetin has certain antiasthmatic effect, and total flavonoids have? Significant antiasthmatic effect.
3.4. Anti-inflammatory effect?
Through high dose group, middle dose group and low dose group, Control group? (? Constant water? )? ,? Rats in hydrocortisone group were given intraperitoneal injection to healthy rats, and the degree of foot swelling caused by foot swelling method was observed.
Pine can reduce swelling; Vaccinium uliginosum has obvious anti-inflammatory effect, and its effect increases with the increase of dose, and its dose-effect relationship and anti-inflammatory effect are similar to those of hydrocortisone.
3.5. Antipyretic effect
For the temperature rise of rats caused by chemical stimulation, a certain concentration and dose of blueberry water were given respectively. Decoction and Shuanghuanglian oral liquid. The results of body temperature measurement showed that the antipyretic effects of Vaccinium uliginosum and Shuanghuanglian were stronger than those of Shuanghuanglian pilosalicin at the same dose.
3.6. Antibacterial effect?
Using in vitro antibacterial method, Yueku and the control drug Manshanhong (? 1:? 1? )? Mixed with bacterial culture medium by multiple dilution method, and ancient medicines with different dilution were cultured. 2? ml？ In a small test tube? Each bacterial liquid is 0. 1? ml？ , set? 3? 0? Culture 1 in an incubator at centigrade? Eight hours. Observe the antibacterial efficacy of the drug. ? The results showed that both Vietnam antagonistic bacteria and Rhododendron dauricum had antibacterial effects, and they also had antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli, Rhododendron dauricum and Rhododendron dauricum. Change?
Bacteroides, Shigella and Vaccinium uliginosum have stronger antibacterial ability than Rhododendron northeast. Flavonoids have antibacterial effect.
3.7. Antiviral effect?
Inhibitory effect of Phyllanthus urinaria leaf extract on influenza virus (? Ah)? It can protect mice from infection. Significantly reduce its mortality and prolong its survival time? .
3.8. Stored glucoside has hypotensive effect on anesthetized dogs, which lasts for a short time and is easy to produce rapid tolerance. ? Isoquercitrin has a good effect on glutaminase in patients with hepatitis. Newly isolated aesculin? According to records, it has anti-vaccine, anti-urine, good antitussive effect and good expectorant effect. Methyl bear?
Fruit glycoside has the function of disinfecting urethra.
4? Clinical application research?
Yuejie has diuretic, anti-inflammatory and detoxicating effects, and is clinically used to treat kidney calculi's disease, urethritis, cystitis, dampness and gout. Professor Wang Gang? 8? In 1990s, it was found that local residents used Vaccinium uliginosum to treat respiratory infectious diseases in Inner Mongolia, so the Vaccinium uliginosum research group conducted a medicinal study on Vaccinium uliginosum, clinically applied Vaccinium uliginosum to treat acute and chronic bronchitis and other respiratory infectious diseases, and made granules from Vaccinium uliginosum extract-total flavonoids to treat patients with acute and chronic bronchitis. The results showed that the treatment group given DusiVaccinium Granule had antitussive and expectorant effects within 7 days. 7? 1? %, the disappearance rate of rales within 6 days? 90%，x
Line lung inflammation shadow? The disappearance rate in 7 days is 7? 0.5%, and the control group was given Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, which was 37.5%, 8.8% and 6.0% respectively. Conclusion: What is the cure rate of Vaccinium uliginosum for acute bronchitis? 6? 0? %,? The cure rate of acute chronic bronchitis is 6? 0%。 The cure rate of prolonged period is 5? 8? %, the total effective rate is 9? 8? %。 ? Dusi Vaccinium Granule has a good effect on patients with chronic bronchitis. Its anti-vaccine and anti-virus effects are the same as those of Shuanghuanglian, and its antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects are better than those of Shuanghuanglian.
Moreover, the study on the changes of lymphocytes, leukocytes and neutrophils in peripheral hemogram before and after two-stage treatment shows that Vaccinium uliginosum granules can also restore the percentage of leukocytes and neutrophils in peripheral hemogram to normal, indicating that it has antibacterial effect.
Clinical observation shows that Vaccinium uliginosum granules have no toxic and side effects. There is no abnormality in hematuria and creatinine function after treatment, which means it is safe and reliable? .
In addition, the literature records that "black fruit is more antagonistic?" (? v？ Answer? e？ e？ Me? n？ l？ u？ m？ . ? y？ r？ . Me? l？ l？ u？ s.l？ )? Its fruits and leaves are widely used in Europe. Berries have astringent, nourishing and antiseptic effects, and are widely used to treat diarrhea, hemorrhoids, gastrointestinal inflammation, oral infection and urinary tract infection. The preparation is also used for typhoid fever, gout and arthritis. Leaves have hypoglycemic effect and are often used for diabetes. Leaf decoction is used locally for eye, skin and oral infections. In 2000, it was reported that the dry extract obtained by extracting leaves with dilute alcohol showed lipid-lowering effect on rats with hereditary hyperlipidemia and was widely used to treat microcirculation in Italy.
5. Outlook?
Vaccinium plants are rich in resources and contain many active natural products. Therefore, it has broad development and application prospects. In order to realize the real medicinal value and sustainable utilization of resources of Vaccinium, it will become a country with definite curative effect, definite effective components, controllable toxicology and quality. A class of new drugs must be studied in depth from the following aspects: (1) identification of effective components; Distribution and accumulation of effective components; Study on ecology and characteristics; Research on drug teaching and its mechanism: research on resource regeneration and sustainable development.