Keywords: opportunities and challenges: domestic and international environment and economic globalization
1 Overall analysis of opportunities and challenges for economic and social development in China.
1. 1 From the domestic perspective,
The conditions for development can be said to be more abundant. After more than 30 years of reform and opening up, industrialization, informationization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization have developed in depth, and people's living standards have been greatly improved. The economic structure is accelerating the transformation, the market demand potential is huge, the current capital supply is relatively abundant, and the overall level of science and technology education has been greatly improved. The infrastructure is also improving day by day, the government's macro-control ability is obviously improved, and the overall social situation remains stable. However, China also faces many challenges and difficulties. For example, China's economic aggregate has ranked second in the world, but it needs a lot of resources and energy, which cannot be solved by domestic alone, and its average advantage in this respect is very special. Another example: expanding domestic demand, but how to expand domestic demand? How to improve people's purchasing power? It is necessary not only to further develop the economy and increase people's income, but also to speed up the construction of the social security system and relieve people's worries. For another example, the total employment pressure and structural contradictions coexist, and it is still very difficult for college students, migrant workers and some urban residents to find jobs. How to solve these problems also requires greater efforts.
1.2 Internationally,
Peaceful development and cooperation are still the trend of the times, and the multi-polarization of the world continues to develop, which greatly restricts hegemonism. After the deepening of globalization, the world economy has formed a situation in which you have me and I have you. Scientific and technological innovation breeds new breakthroughs, and the international environment is generally conducive to China's peaceful development.
However, on the other hand, we should also see that the impact of the international financial crisis still restricts the development of the world economy and China's economy. The speed of world economic recovery and growth is still relatively slow, especially the competition around market resources, talents, technology and standards is more intense, and various forms of protectionism are on the rise.
In addition, global issues such as global climate change, energy and resource security and food security are more prominent. Some practices of some countries may continue to have some impact on us, such as the United States' tolerant quantitative policy, which may trigger global inflation and have an impact on our domestic economy, which requires high vigilance.
2 China's development faces favorable conditions at home and abroad
2. 1 First of all, from the domestic situation,
Since the reform and opening up, China's economic strength and comprehensive national strength have been significantly enhanced, infrastructure has been significantly improved, effective supply capacity has been continuously improved, and the material and technological foundation for accelerating development has been strengthened. The socialist market economic system was initially established, and the institutional environment for economic development was obviously improved. After China's entry into WTO, China's opening to the outside world has entered a new stage, which is conducive to expanding China's development space and making better use of both domestic and foreign resources and markets. Specifically, domestic advantages are mainly manifested in the following aspects.
2. 1. 1 A solid material foundation will provide an important prerequisite for a long period of rapid development.
In recent years, China's economy has developed rapidly and its comprehensive national strength has been greatly improved. The continuous growth of industry makes the output of many important agricultural products and industrial products rank among the top in the world. In addition, abundant labor resources and constantly improving labor quality also provide good conditions for China's economic development. It is estimated that the working-age population in China (15-64 years old) will continue to rise before 2030, so that China has sufficient labor force to ensure its future development. In recent years, high school education in China's basic education has been significantly strengthened, and the number of college students and enrollment rate have been rising, which has created good conditions for the growth of human capital and the sustainable development of economy.
2. 1.2 Actively promoting structural adjustment will provide a strong impetus for development.
The upgrading of consumption structure provides market conditions for economic development and industrial restructuring. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening-up, the consumption structure of Chinese residents has been significantly improved and continuously upgraded, from food and clothing to a well-off society. Consumption is changing from 100 yuan and 1000 yuan to 10000 yuan. The proportion of basic daily necessities, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, has dropped significantly, while the proportion of housing, automobiles, computers, transportation and communication, medical care, culture, education and entertainment has increased rapidly.
In addition, the optimization and upgrading of industrial and product structure and the optimization of regional structure will effectively promote the synchronous development of regional economy and lay the foundation for meeting the expanding market demand. Over the past 20 years, various regions in China have accelerated their comparative advantages, and their comprehensive economic strength has been greatly enhanced. According to their own characteristics, each region has developed characteristic economy and started to cultivate leading industries with certain competitiveness, good development prospects and strong driving role, and cross-administrative economic cooperation has been continuously strengthened. The state has formulated and begun to implement policies and measures to develop the western region, support the central and western regions to speed up reform and opening up, and promote the adjustment and transformation of the old industrial bases in Northeast China, which will effectively promote the coordinated economic development of the eastern, central and western regions and realize the common economic prosperity of all regions.
2. 1.3 The constantly optimized institutional environment will add new vitality to development.
After more than 20 years of reform, China has made a major breakthrough in the theory and practice of establishing a socialist market economic system, which will play a positive role in promoting sustained and rapid economic growth.
The continuous optimization of ownership structure makes the endogenous power of economic development more active. The pattern of public ownership as the main body and the common development of various ownership economies has basically taken shape. The non-public sector of the economy has flourished and become an important force to promote the rapid development of the national economy. The collective economy has made new progress in the reform and reorganization. The state-owned economy has further strengthened its control by adopting new and effective forms of realization. The basic role of the market in resource allocation is obvious, and the market system has initially taken shape. Significant progress has been made in various factor markets. By vigorously rectifying and standardizing the market economic order, the market environment of fair competition has gradually improved, and the social credit system has begun to take shape. The gradual improvement of the macro-control system has also greatly improved the level of macroeconomic management.
2.2 Secondly, it comes from the international environment.
Peace and development are still the themes of the times. The rapid development of science and technology has made it possible for China to achieve leapfrog development. The trend of economic globalization is deepening, and the new round of world industrial structure adjustment is accelerating, which also provides opportunities for China to form a world manufacturing base. Specifically, international advantages are mainly manifested in the following aspects.
2.2. 1 China has a vast space for economic development.
Economic globalization is the main feature of today's world economy, which provides an important strategic opportunity for China to participate in international division of labor and cooperation. Compared with Latin America, South Asia, Central and Eastern Europe and Russia, East Asia, especially China, has the advantages of low labor cost, good infrastructure and relatively stable society, and is more likely to benefit from the new wave of world industrial transfer, which is a rare and significant development opportunity for China. Therefore, it is necessary to "take over" the industries transferred from developed countries in a timely and selective manner to promote rapid economic growth and accelerate industrial transformation and upgrading.
2.2.2 The new scientific and technological revolution will provide great impetus for the economic development of China.
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. The increasing integration of science and technology and economy has promoted economic growth, industrial technology progress and industrial structure upgrading. Under the historical conditions of China's strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and its continuous integration into the world economic system, the power of technological progress will have an extremely significant impact on China's accelerated economic development and industrial restructuring as long as it gives full play to its advantages as a latecomer.
3 China's development faces severe challenges.
3. 1 The constraints of resources and environment on economic and social development have intensified.
The process of industrialization and urbanization determines that China will be in the rising stage of resource and environmental pressure in the coming decades. Therefore, saving resources, enhancing the ability of resources to ensure sustainable economic and social development, especially paying attention to the storage and protection of oil, water, land and important mineral resources that are of strategic significance to the national economy and people's livelihood, have become strategic issues we will face for a long time in the future.
3.2 Social development lags behind economic development
This problem is mainly manifested in the weak foundation of public health, the serious backwardness of rural education and the increasing pressure of employment and social security.
3.3 Economic development is facing more intense international competition.
Trade protectionism has intensified. At present, China has become one of the biggest victims of technical barriers and green barriers in developed countries. The continuous strengthening of international trade protectionism has formed a great obstacle to the future growth of China's exports.
Enterprises will face more fierce international competition, and the pressure of survival and development will increase. From the manufacturing industry, after more than 20 years of reform and opening up, the level of China's manufacturing industry has been greatly improved, but compared with the international advanced level, there is still a considerable gap. These gaps will put Chinese enterprises at a disadvantage in the fierce international competition.
3.4 There are hidden dangers in national economic security
In recent years, China's dependence on foreign trade has been increasing. Energy and important raw materials are increasingly dependent on the international market. At the same time of rapid economic growth, the gap between supply and demand of domestic energy and important raw materials is large, and it relies more on the international market to make up for it. In addition, many key equipment in China depend on imports. Due to the dominant position of traditional industries, low-tech and low value-added industries and products in China's industry, the development of high-tech industries is relatively backward, and the development of equipment manufacturing industry is slow, especially some key technologies and equipment are subject to people. Once the international economic environment changes greatly, it will definitely affect the domestic economic development and even pose a serious threat to China's economic security.
Seize the opportunity and meet the challenge
In the coming period, the development opportunities and challenges of China will coexist. We must clearly realize that opportunities only provide possibilities and conditions for accelerating development, and the arrival of the opportunity period does not mean that it will inevitably lead to prosperity. Historically, because of lost opportunities. The lessons that lead to backwardness and decline are very profound. The successful experience of seizing historical opportunities and realizing economic take-off is also worthy of our serious reference. Opportunities are fleeting. If we seize them and work hard, we can take advantage of the situation and accelerate development. On the other hand, opportunities are ignored, and inaction in the face of opportunities will delay development and cause backwardness. The situation is urgent. If you don't advance, you will retreat. This requires us to strengthen our sense of urgency, mission and hardship, base ourselves on the present, focus on the long-term, carefully plan and make overall arrangements, and lay a solid foundation for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.