First, the discipline system of preventive medicine
From a broad perspective, the preventive medicine system can be divided into five disciplines: epidemiology, medical statistics, environmental health science, social and behavioral science and health management. In the theoretical system, epidemiology and medical statistics are the basic methodology of preventive medicine.
Second, health influencing factors
Environmental factors, behavior and lifestyle factors, biological genetic factors, health services.
Three-level and three-level prevention strategies
(1) Primary prevention (etiological prevention)
Definition: If preventive measures are taken before the factors of the disease enter the environment, it is called fundamental prevention.
1) Measures for healthy individuals
(1) Personal health education, pay attention to reasonable nutrition and physical exercise, and cultivate good behavior and lifestyle;
(2) Organize vaccination, improve people's immunity and prevent diseases;
③ Do a good job of premarital examination, prohibit consanguineous marriage and prevent hereditary diseases;
④ Do a good job in health care during pregnancy and childhood;
⑤ Some individuals with high risk of diseases take drugs to prevent the occurrence of diseases, that is, chemical prevention.
2) Social and environmental measures taken for public health.
For example, formulate and implement various health-related laws and regulations and public health policies, carry out public health education through various media, prevent pathogenic factors from endangering public health, and improve public health awareness and self-control ability. Such as providing clean and safe drinking water, environmental protection measures for the atmosphere, water sources and soil, food safety, the construction of public sports venues, and the prohibition of smoking in public places.
Secondary prevention
Do early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment in the early clinical stage of the disease? Three mornings? Preventive work to control the development and deterioration of diseases.
Tertiary prevention
1) Take timely and effective treatment measures for people with certain diseases, so as to prevent the disease from getting worse, complications and disability.
2) For those who lose their labor force or disability, it is mainly to promote functional recovery and psychological rehabilitation, provide family nursing guidance, so that patients can recover their living and working abilities as much as possible, participate in social activities and prolong their lives.
The relationship between three-level prevention strategies:
1) Different types of diseases have different tertiary prevention strategies.
2) Any disease, regardless of whether its pathogenic factors are clear or not, should emphasize primary prevention. For example, the etiology of Kaschin-Beck disease and Keshan disease has not yet been determined, but comprehensive primary prevention is still effective.
3) If the tumor needs primary and secondary prevention.
4) Some diseases with definite causes, such as occupational diseases and iatrogenic diseases, will be better if primary prevention is taken.
5) The causes of some diseases are multifactorial. Screening, early diagnosis and treatment according to their characteristics will make the prognosis better, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. In addition to paying attention to risk factors, we should also pay attention to primary prevention, taking into account secondary and tertiary prevention.
6) For those diseases whose causes and risk factors are unknown and unpredictable, the only way is to implement tertiary prevention.
7) For many infectious diseases
(1) individual prevention-group prevention
(2) Early detection, isolation and treatment of infectious diseases to prevent their spread to the population is also a group preventive measure.
8) control hypertension
As far as hypertension itself is concerned, it is a tertiary prevention, but for stroke and coronary heart disease, it is a primary prevention.
The above is about the sharing of the chapter "Basic Knowledge" of health managers in 2020. I hope it will be helpful to all candidates. For more examination time nodes and preparation skills for health managers, please visit the global Ivy League website in time!