There are indications that:
① Those who are seriously excited, impulsive, hurting people and damaging things need to control their mental symptoms as soon as possible;
② Severe depression, strong remorse, self-injury and suicide;
(3) Refusal to eat, disobedience, nervousness and rigidity;
(4) Drug treatment is ineffective or drug intolerance. The appearance of physical or mental symptoms and the previous good effect on ect seem to be the predictors of good effect.
Before electroconvulsive therapy, the body and nervous system were examined, such as chest X-ray, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. , should do a good job in excluding brain diseases in detail, master the indications and contraindications, and master the correct operating procedures. The side effects of electroconvulsive therapy are far less than those of antipsychotics, and it takes effect quickly. Don't be afraid. The legend that mental hospitals give patients electric chairs or psychiatrists electric batons is sheer nonsense.
Electroconvulsive therapy is an effective method to treat mental illness. However, people often think that it has great side effects and worry about causing damage to the brain. That was not the case.
During electroconvulsive therapy, the electricity consumption was 80 ~ 120V. Under this power, the current directly passes through the human brain, causing the whole body to twitch, and the patient loses consciousness and has no pain. After the treatment, a few patients will have symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, which can be relieved by symptomatic treatment. There are still a few patients who may be confused and unresponsive, depending on the number of treatments and the length of the interval, and generally disappear gradually within 7 ~ 10 days. Data show that electroconvulsive therapy can cause EEG changes, leading to memory decline, but this situation lasts for a short time. It is generally believed that electroconvulsive therapy can return to normal within 1 month. It takes 2 ~ 3 weeks for depressive psychosis patients with serious suicidal behavior to achieve the best effect after drug treatment. If electroconvulsive therapy is used, it will be effective within one week. Studies abroad have proved that patients who receive electroconvulsive therapy 100 times or more have no obvious effect on brain function. At present, a course of treatment is only 8 ~ 65,438+02 times. According to the analysis of ten thousand electroconvulsive treatments, there were no life-threatening complications. Therefore, it can be said that electroconvulsive therapy is a safe and effective treatment.
brick by brick
In ECT, electrical stimulation of the patient's head can induce grand mal. ECT under anesthesia is recommended now, which can reduce the risk of side effects (such as fracture) and increase the acceptability. Before electroconvulsive therapy, patients were anesthetized with fast-acting hypnotics and muscle relaxants. Treatment is usually three times a week, both outpatient and inpatient, with a total of 6- 12 treatments.
preprocessor
Before the start of treatment, clinicians must explain psychological and medical problems, and only mentioning electroconvulsive therapy often causes serious anxiety for patients and their families. They must be made aware of the benefits and side effects of electroconvulsive therapy and other treatments, and the risk of severe depressive episode should not be properly treated. When clinicians feel that patients and their families understand this procedure, patients and their families or guardians should sign an informed consent form. Pre-treatment evaluation should include a complete history of anesthesia, physical examination, electrocardiogram and possible laboratory examination to exclude electrolyte disorder, cardiopulmonary or nervous system risk factors.
secondary reaction
The common side effects associated with ECT are short-term treatment confusion and memory loss. Although the memory disorder is almost certain during the treatment, the follow-up data of 6 months show that almost all patients have recovered to their original cognitive level; Some patients complain of persistent memory difficulties, but unilateral use of electrical stimulation to the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere and replacement of sine wave current instrument with instrument generating positive square wave current can reduce the severity of memory damage.
Later, this medical term was used to describe the "sequela" of the economic crisis-inflation. The basic intention of this economic prescription lies in: adopting strict fiscal and monetary policies, supplemented by means of reducing consumption, forcibly bridging the gap between total supply and total demand, and achieving the purpose of curbing inflation in a short time. Because of the strong impact of the above-mentioned economic measures, the social economy will be greatly impacted, even in a "shock state", so later there was a medical metaphor of "shock therapy", which was quoted as a personal capital to refer to a set of radical anti-economic crisis measures and the way of economic transformation. The basic intention of this economic prescription lies in: adopting strict fiscal and monetary policies, supplemented by means of reducing consumption, forcibly bridging the gap between total supply and total demand, and achieving the purpose of curbing inflation in a short time. Due to the strong impact of the above economic measures, the social economy will be greatly impacted, even in a "shock state", so there is a medical metaphor of "shock therapy"
In the mid-1980s, Jeffrey Sachs, a young American economist, introduced into the economic field. In the mid-1980s, it was implemented in some countries in South America and achieved great success. A serious economic crisis broke out in Bolivia, with the inflation rate as high as 24,000%, negative economic growth of 12%, poor people and political turmoil. Sachs was hired at a critical moment and put forward his brilliant plan to the country: abandoning expansionary economic policies, tightening monetary and fiscal policies, liberalizing prices, implementing free trade, accelerating the pace of privatization, and giving full play to the role of market mechanisms. The above-mentioned practices are unconventional, causing serious economic impact in a short time, as if patients were in a state of shock, but with the recovery of market supply and demand, economic operation has returned to normal. Two years later, Bolivia's inflation rate dropped to 15%, GDP increased by 2 1%, and foreign exchange reserves increased by more than 20 times. Saxophone's anti-crisis measures have been a great success, and shock therapy is also famous all over the world.
After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, countries in this region immediately began to implement the transformation from the original planned economic system based on public ownership to the market economic system based on private ownership. Therefore, under the recommendation of western international financial organizations, most eastern European countries, such as Russia and Poland, have adopted this radical approach. (There are still a few countries, represented by Hungary, which have implemented a gradual transformation model. However, it paid a huge price and declared failure.
The most famous "shock therapy" in China is:
199 1 At the end of the year, the Soviet Union disintegrated and the Russian Federation became independent, inheriting most of the territory of the former Soviet Union. Yeltsin's rich legacy made him happy, but it was difficult for him from a poor family. A large number of half-dead enterprises, plus 1 trillion rubles of domestic debt and10.2 billion dollars of foreign debt, also made the new president restless and restless. As an opponent of the former Soviet Union, Yeltsin believed that the reforms since the 1950s, piecemeal and patchy, ruined the future of the Soviet Union in vain. From a painful experience, Russia should avoid repeating the same mistakes, revive the glory of a big country, stop being an old lady with little feet and make drastic and profound changes. At this time, Gaidar, who was only 35 years old, had a whim and concocted a radical economic reform plan inspired by Sachs. Yeltsin "has a good eye for pearls" and promoted him as the prime minister of the government. At the beginning of 1992, a reform based on shock therapy was fully rolled out in the Russian Federation.
The key and first step of shock therapy is to let go of the price. The Russian government has stipulated that 90% of the prices of consumer goods and 80% of the prices of means of production will be liberalized from 1992 1.2. At the same time, the restrictions on income growth have been lifted, the salaries of public officials have been raised by 90%, the pensions of retirees have been raised to 900 rubles per month, and family subsidies and unemployment benefits are also rising. In the first three months of price liberalization, it seems to be immediate and the effect is remarkable. The long shopping line has disappeared, and the goods on the shelves are dazzling. Russians who are used to long queues for ticket supply seem to see the benefits of the reform. Before long, prices soared like a kite with a broken line. By April, the price of consumer goods was 65 times higher than that of 199 10+02. The government originally wanted to stabilize prices through state-owned stores, and did not want black market vendors to collude with employees of state-owned stores to resell goods and reap huge profits. The government's wishful thinking failed and the market order was in chaos. Due to the premature liberalization of fuel and raw material prices, the production costs of enterprises have risen sharply. By June, the wholesale price of industrial products had increased by 14 times. Such high prices discourage buyers, and the consumer market continues to slump, which in turn inhibits supply. Enterprises have cut production, and market supply and demand have entered an infinite cycle.
In this regard, the Russian government seems to have been prepared, and the second measure of shock therapy, the "double tight" policy of finance and currency, and price reform were introduced almost at the same time. Fiscal austerity is mainly about increasing revenue and reducing expenditure. Cancel all tax incentives, impose 28% value-added tax on all goods, and impose consumption tax on imported goods. In line with the measures to increase revenue, the government cut public investment, military and office expenses, incorporated extra-budgetary funds into the federal budget, and restricted local governments from making up deficits with bank loans. Tight monetary policy, including raising the loan interest rate of the central bank, establishing the deposit reserve system and implementing the loan limit management, can control the currency flow from the source and curb inflation. However, this time the government miscalculated again. Due to the heavy tax burden, the production of enterprises has further shrunk and the number of unemployed people has soared. The government had to increase relief subsidies and direct investment, and the fiscal deficit rose instead of falling. The credit crunch has caused a serious shortage of liquidity among enterprises, mutual arrears among enterprises and increasingly serious triangular debts. The government was forced to loosen the money supply and issued 18 trillion rubles in 1992, which was 20 times of the annual circulation of199/kloc-0. In the roar of the printing press, the fiscal and monetary tightening policies aborted.
The third step of shock therapy is large-scale privatization. Gaidar believes that the reason why the reform is full of dangers and crises lies mainly in the fact that state-owned enterprises are not market players and the competition mechanism does not work. Price reform is like building a tower in the sand. Once it happens, it will collapse. In order to speed up the privatization process, the government initially adopted the method of sending money. According to the assessment of relevant experts, the total state-owned property in Russia is10.5 trillion rubles, just with a population of10.5 billion. In the past, property was owned by everyone, but now it is distributed to individuals, and it must be innocent. Everyone has a share. Therefore, every Russian has obtained 654.38+00000 rubles of privatized securities, which makes him free to buy stocks. However, by the time privatization was officially started, it was already 1992 10 months, and times have changed. At this time 10000 rubles is only enough to buy a pair of high-grade leather shoes. Therefore, this measure has led to a large number of state-owned enterprises falling into the hands of privileged classes and nouveau riche. What they are most concerned about is not the long-term development of the enterprise, but the profit of changing hands as soon as possible. Workers neither get dividends nor have the right to participate in decision-making, so that no one cares about production and operation, and the benefits of enterprises are getting worse. 199265438+February, the government of Gaidar was dissolved.
The failure of shock therapy has reduced Russia's GDP by almost half, and the total GDP is only110 of the United States. The economic structure has also undergone major changes. Fuel, electric power and metallurgical industries have become the key sectors of the national economy, accounting for about 15% of GDP, 50% of the total structure of industrial products and more than 70% of exports. The labor productivity of the real economy sector is extremely low. If the labor productivity of raw materials and energy sectors is still close to the world average index, other sectors are far below the similar indicators in the United States by 20% ~ 24%. More than 70% of the production equipment has a service life of more than ten years, which is twice that of developed countries. This situation is the direct result of the sharp decrease in domestic investment, especially in the real economy. Foreign capital is reluctant to enter Russia, and the total amount of foreign capital absorbed is only11500 million US dollars. Russia's expenditure on scientific and technological development has been reduced in an all-round way, with insufficient investment and insufficient attention to innovation. As a result, there are fewer and fewer products with competitive price and quality in the international market, especially the market of civil science and technology products, which are squeezed out by foreign competitors, and Russian products still account for less than 1%.
The living standard of residents has plummeted. By the end of 2000, the total monetary income of Russians was less than 10% of that of Americans, and their health status and average life expectancy were also deteriorating. Some experts estimate that it takes 15 years for Russia's per capita GDP production to reach the level of Portugal or Spain, and 15 years for GDP to maintain an annual growth rate of 8%.
Russia regards shock therapy as a panacea and wants to realize the miracle of system transition in one step. The treatment plan of Bolivia, a small country in South America, came to Russia, a big European country, but it was the right medicine. Bolivia used to be a market economy, with few state-owned enterprises and a small economic aggregate. Coupled with the help of western powers, relying on market mechanisms to iron out inflation is easy to succeed. Russia does not occupy any of these conditions, but insists on eating a fat man. The government has made great efforts to regulate the market spontaneously with great fanfare. I thought I had sown dragon seeds, but I finally got fleas. 1992 12 In February, the Gaidar government was dissolved, and the shock therapy in Russia immediately failed.