Occupational hazard assessment is to contact and evaluate the occupational hazard factors produced in the production process of production and business units according to relevant national laws, regulations and occupational health standards, and to evaluate the effect of preventive and control measures taken by production and business units; At the same time, it also provides technical data for occupational health supervision and management in workplaces. According to the purpose and nature of evaluation, it can be divided into regular (daily) detection and evaluation of occupational hazard factors and occupational hazard evaluation of construction projects. The evaluation of occupational hazards in construction projects can be divided into new construction, reconstruction, expansion and technical transformation, pre-evaluation of occupational hazards in technology introduction projects, evaluation of control effect and evaluation of current situation of construction projects during operation period.
(1) Detection and evaluation of occupational hazard factors
According to the requirements of laws and standards related to occupational health, such as sampling and determination, it is a basic way to evaluate the concentration or intensity of occupational hazards in the working environment by collecting samples at the job site, analyzing or directly determining them, and comparing them with the relevant national standards of exposure limits of occupational hazards. Through the detection of occupational hazard factors, we can judge the nature, distribution, causes and degree of occupational hazard factors, and also evaluate the operation effect of engineering protective equipment and facilities equipped in the workplace.
1 Detection of occupational hazard factors
The relevant national occupational health laws and standards clearly stipulate the sampling and determination of occupational hazard factors in the workplace. The detection of occupational hazard factors must be carried out as planned, recorded by special personnel and included in the established occupational health files. Common policies and regulations are mainly related regulations issued by departments, such as the Interim Provisions on the Supervision and Management of Occupational Health in Workplaces (Order No.23 of the State Administration of Work Safety), which stipulates that production and business units with occupational hazards (except coal mines) shall entrust intermediary technical service institutions with corresponding qualifications to conduct occupational hazard factor detection at least once a year. "Coal Mine Safety Regulations" and "Provisions on Prevention and Control of Occupational Hazards in Coal Mine Workplaces (Trial)" stipulate the detection of occupational hazards in coal mine enterprises. In addition to the relevant regulations issued by the national competent department, the current occupational health standards also provide detailed regulations on the distribution and sampling of occupational hazard factors. The main occupational health standards are GBZ 159? Relevant technical specifications (GBZ 189. 1 ~ 2007 to GBZ189.1~ 2007) such as Monitoring and Sampling Specifications for Toxic Substances in Workplace Air and Determination of Physical Factors in Workplace in 2004.
According to different sampling methods, the sampling of dust and chemical poisons in the workplace can be divided into fixed-point sampling and individual sampling. Fixed-point sampling refers to placing the air collector at the selected sampling point and the worker's breathing zone for sampling; Individual sampling refers to the sampling when the air collector is worn above the chest of the sampling object (selected staff) and its air inlet is as close as possible to the breathing zone.
2. Determination and analysis of occupational hazard factors
For most physical occupational hazards, we can read them directly with the help of measuring equipment during on-site detection. For harmful factors such as dust and chemicals in the air of workplace, it is necessary to collect workplace samples for further analysis and determination. The main standards are the technical specification for dust determination "Determination of dust in the air of workplace" (GBZl92. 1? A' 07 GBZl92 5? 2007), Determination of Toxic Substances in Workplace Air (GBZ/T 160. 1 to GBZ/T 160.438+0), etc.
(2) Pre-evaluation and control effect evaluation of occupational hazards in construction projects
Is this evaluation an occupational health protection facility? Three at once? The embodiment of this principle can also provide scientific basis for the classified management of occupational hazards in construction projects such as new construction, reconstruction and expansion, as well as the design and review of boat protection facilities in the project design stage.
1 evaluation principle
The evaluation of occupational hazards in construction projects is related to whether the construction projects can meet the requirements of national occupational health laws, regulations, standards and norms, prevent, control and eliminate occupational hazards, protect workers' health and related rights and interests, and promote economic development. This work is not only complicated and technical, but also highly policy-oriented. Therefore, we must carry out and complete the task of occupational hazard assessment with a serious and scientific attitude according to the construction project and the national occupational health laws, regulations, standards and norms, and always follow the principles of seriousness, rigor, fairness and feasibility in the evaluation process.
2 main evaluation methods
(1) list method
According to the current occupational health laws, regulations and standards, this checklist is prepared to check the compliance of construction projects in occupational health. This evaluation method is often used to evaluate whether the proposed project conforms to laws, regulations and standards in site selection, general layout, production technology and equipment layout, factory building design hygiene requirements, sanitary engineering protective technical measures, sanitary facilities, emergency rescue measures, individual protective measures and occupational health management. The advantage of this method is conciseness.
(2) analogy method
Through the detection and statistical data of similar and similar workplaces with the proposed project; Health inspection and monitoring; Incidence of occupational diseases, etc. And compare the occupational hazard factors in the workplace of the proposed project. It is used to compare and evaluate the concentration (intensity) of occupational hazards in the workplace of the proposed project, the consequences of occupational hazards and the expected effect of the proposed occupational hazard protection measures. The key of analogy method is that the choice of analogy location should be comparable with the proposed project in terms of production mode, production scale, process route, equipment technology and occupational health management.
(3) quantitative methods
Considering the concentration (intensity) of occupational hazards in the workplace of construction projects, the inherent hazards of occupational hazards and the contact time of workers, the hazard index is calculated according to the national occupational health standards, and the occupational hazard level of workers is determined.
3 Main contents of evaluation
(1) Pre-evaluation of occupational hazards in construction projects
Evaluate and analyze the site selection, overall layout, production technology and equipment layout, workshop design hygiene, occupational hazard protection measures, auxiliary clinic setting, emergency rescue measures, personal protection measures, occupational health management measures and occupational health monitoring. Through the pre-evaluation of occupational hazards, identify and analyze the possible occupational hazards and their main links after the construction project is completed and put into operation, evaluate the possible occupational hazards and their degree, and determine the feasibility of the construction project in occupational disease prevention and control.
(2) Evaluation of control effect of occupational hazards in construction projects
Evaluate the concentration or intensity of occupational hazards such as toxic and harmful substances and physical factors that may exist during production or operation within the scope of evaluation, as well as the possible impact on workers' health, evaluate the production technology and equipment layout, plant design hygiene, occupational hazard protection measures, emergency rescue measures, individual protective measures, occupational health management measures, occupational health monitoring and other aspects of construction projects, and clarify the occupational hazards generated by construction projects. Analyze the degree of harm and its impact on workers' health, evaluate the protective measures against occupational hazards and their effects, and put forward suggestions on the preventive measures against occupational hazards for systems or units that do not meet the requirements of occupational hazards protection.
(C) Evaluation of the operation status of construction projects
According to the different evaluation purposes, the evaluation of construction project operation status can be aimed at many aspects of occupational hazard prevention and control of production and business units. The main content is to evaluate the exposure of workers' occupational hazards, engineering control of occupational hazards prevention and control, and occupational health management. On the basis of mastering the present situation of occupational hazard prevention and control in production and business units. Find out the weak links or existing problems in the prevention and control of occupational hazards, and put forward specific measures or improvement suggestions to enterprises.
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