Contents of mental health consultation 1
I. Psychological Counseling and Counseling for Adolescents
Middle school is in adolescence, which is a period of great changes in physiology and psychology. The rapid changes inside and outside are often accompanied by complex contradictions and conflicts; Without scientific guidance, students often feel confused and confused, accompanied by a series of psychological and behavioral problems. An important content of psychological counseling for middle school students is to provide students with general knowledge and individual counseling according to the physiological and psychological development characteristics of young students and their frequent contradictions and problems. Generally speaking, the common adolescent topics of middle school students are: confusion caused by physiological changes such as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, sexual psychological germination, sexual communication and puppy love; Self-establishment and self-identity; The contradiction between emotional self-regulation and psychological opening and closing; The contradiction between psychological independence and dependence, etc. Among them, we should pay full attention to the great changes and influence of sexual physiological maturity on middle school students' life and study, teach students some necessary knowledge, eliminate misconceptions and reduce unnecessary irritability and tension.
Second, personality development and personality shaping
As the saying goes:? Personality is life. ? A student's personality quality has an important influence on his future life path.
At the same time, developing students' personality is also one of the goals of school education. On the basis of a comprehensive understanding of students' personality characteristics, we should help students correctly understand their psychological characteristics and natural advantages, establish a positive self-concept, and provide guidance for students' personality development on this basis, and put forward suggestions, plans and measures for personality shaping according to some unfavorable characteristics. Observations and tests can be used to understand students' personalities. Commonly used personality tests include Y-6 Personality Test, Cattell Sixteen Personality Traits Test (16PF), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test (MMPI) and so on. As the development and shaping of students' personality is a long-term process, it is best to mobilize parents, teachers and classmates to actively cooperate and supervise.
Third, study psychological counseling.
Learning psychological counseling refers to the use of learning psychological laws to provide help and guidance for students' learning activities. Psychological factors affecting learning effectiveness include intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors. As far as intellectual factors are concerned, we should teach students how to observe things, understand the laws of memory and the methods of effective memory, help students overcome the mindset, carry out conventional thinking and creative thinking, learn to use their brains scientifically, actively promote learning transfer by using the principle of * * * and knowledge generalization, and organize exercises scientifically and reasonably; Form skills, skills and abilities, etc. In addition, relevant experts generally admit that non-intelligence factors are also an important aspect that affects students' learning. According to a survey conducted by Hunan Normal University, two-thirds of students with learning difficulties are caused by non-intellectual factors, and more of them come from learning psychological obstacles. The main psychological obstacles in learning are: loss of self-confidence and learned helplessness; Improper learning strategies and methods; Excessive anxiety and nervousness about study and exams; The relationship between teachers and students is tense, with high standards, poor learning attribution and lack of motivation. An important content of psychological counseling for middle school students is to organically infiltrate the intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors that affect students' learning effectiveness on the basis of subject course teaching, so that students can learn in the process of learning. Learn to learn? .
Four, professional and vocational orientation guidance
At present, our work in this field is still lacking, which is manifested in the blindness of further studies and major selection. Many students are not sure about their future development. When filling in their volunteers, they only rely on impulsiveness, curiosity or blind touch, which leads to the phenomenon that they have no strong interest in their majors after entering the university. Even a few students have always been emotional about their majors and have no intention to study. Therefore, in guiding students' professional and vocational orientation, besides their interests and abilities, we should also consider their temperament, personality characteristics and the needs of social development. Generally speaking, jobs with high reaction speed are more suitable for people with blood and courage. It is more suitable for people who are sticky and depressed and require long and meticulous work, extroverts are more suitable for interpersonal work, and introverts are more suitable for in-depth and meticulous work.
5. Pressure and frustration such as exams and competition.
Examination and competition are the topics that students are facing today. Especially under the pressure of entering a higher school, there is a common problem that exams are too frequent in primary and secondary schools in China, even? A quiz every three days and a big exam every five days? . Psychological adjustment of exams and competitions has become one of the contents of psychological consultation for middle school students. Have any schools tried? Psychological counseling before the exam? Good results have been achieved. Its specific contents generally include: correct attitude towards exams and competitions, preparation for exams and competitions, strategies for exams and competitions, self-regulation of emotions in exams and competitions, correct treatment of success or failure and reasonable attribution, self-regulation of emotions after setbacks, and so on. At the same time, today's students will still face a challenging and competitive society in the future. Learning the unity of cooperation and competition, actively participating in competition, forming a correct attitude towards success or failure, and mastering the skills of coping with stress and self-adjustment of frustration psychology are not only conducive to students' growth today, but also of positive significance for them to better adapt to society in the future.
Sixth, interpersonal coordination
In the psychological counseling of middle school students, we should pay attention to teaching students basic interpersonal knowledge and skills to help them establish harmonious interpersonal relationships. Good interpersonal relationships can help each other and make progress together, and also help to form good emotions and improve the effectiveness of study and work. Specifically, the interpersonal relationship of middle school students mainly includes: the relationship with parents and elders, brothers and sisters, classmates, teachers and students, relatives and friends, strangers and the adaptation to the new environment. Different interpersonal relationships need different attitudes, measures and skills. The specific problems of students' interpersonal communication should be analyzed in detail. At the same time, there are some basic rules and points. Such as being honest and kind, sincere, open-minded, understanding and caring for others, seeking common ground while reserving differences on specific issues, paying attention to forming a good first impression, cultivating one's own personality charm, mastering the language art and behavior skills of interpersonal communication, etc.
Correction of Psychological Obstacles and Mental Health Care
A large number of surveys show that the mental health of middle school students in China is worrying. The psychological obstacles of middle school students mainly focus on physical symptoms, study factors and test pressure, anxiety, terror, depression, hostility and other emotional obstacles, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sexual psychological disorder, schizophrenia, running away from home, suicide and so on. For the mental health problems that have appeared, we must take them seriously by using the knowledge of mental health diagnosis and treatment. It must be noted that at present, China lacks an ideal mental health diagnostic scale and unified diagnostic criteria for middle school students, and we must be cautious in drawing conclusions about mental disorders of middle school students, so as to avoid exaggerating symptoms at will and causing unnecessary mental burden to students. We should not discriminate against these students.
Content 2 About mental health consultation
Mental health consultation for primary school students is the embodiment of mental health education for primary school students. Its center and theme are for all primary school students, aiming at comprehensively promoting the formation and development of primary school students' mental health, including good intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors, and improving their psychological quality. Therefore, the content of mental health counseling for primary school students is multifaceted and all-round, mainly including the following contents.
(A) the psychological adaptation of school life counseling
From kindergarten to school, children's leading activities have changed from games to purposeful completion of learning tasks, which is a brand-new and fundamental change in life experience for primary school students, and there must be an adaptation process in psychology and behavior. The main purpose of psychological counseling is to arouse the self-awareness of primary school students and feel that they have grown up? Inspire their pride and sense of responsibility as a primary school student, help primary school students adapt to the orderly study and life in school as soon as possible, and help them grow up healthily physically and mentally.
Therefore, since the early 1980s, psychologists and preschool teachers have done a lot of experimental research on the relationship between the teaching content and psychological adaptation in kindergarten classes and the first grade of primary school. So far, various forms of preschool classes have been quite popular, and children have been prepared psychologically and trained in behavior, and most of them can adapt smoothly. At the same time, in recent years, the relevant counseling materials are also sufficient, so this book is not intended to be introduced in a special chapter.
(B) Learning psychological counseling
Learning is the main task of primary school students and the main way of their psychological socialization. Willing to study is one of the important signs of their mental health. Pupils gain knowledge, increase skills and achieve excellent academic performance through study, which is praised by parents, teachers and classmates. They can experience the joy of success and inspire strong interest and curiosity in learning. At the same time, they will encounter difficulties and setbacks in their studies, experience the pain of failure, and undergo the tempering and test of willpower. Success in learning can enhance confidence, and repeated failures can also lead to loss of confidence. Learning psychological counseling includes learning motivation, learning attitude, learning methods, learning habits and exam psychological counseling. The purpose is to guide primary school students to make clear their learning objectives, correct their learning attitudes, establish correct learning motivation, master scientific and effective learning methods, develop good study habits, correctly treat difficulties and setbacks in learning, help primary school students achieve success and experience the joy of success, thus forming firm learning beliefs and vigorous enterprising spirit.
(3) Intelligent consultation
The formation and development of intelligence is a prerequisite for people to know, transform and create the future, and it is also a leading factor and an important symbol for the healthy growth of primary school students' body and mind. After birth, with the development and growth of the body, including the gradual improvement of sensory organs and motor organs, especially the development of the brain, the scope of human activities and practical fields continue to expand, and the reflection of external things is becoming more and more extensive, rich and profound. In the process of reflecting the phenomena, essence and laws of objective things, people gradually form cognitive abilities, including observation ability, memory ability, thinking ability, imagination and attention. The organic combination of various cognitive factors with thinking ability as the core constitutes human intelligence. People's ability is gradually formed in the process of understanding reality, changing reality and creating social wealth, including cognitive ability, operational ability, creative ability and social communication ability. Without the cultivation and development of intelligence, a country and a nation can't talk about anything, and they must start with their children. The intellectual guidance of primary school students is mainly the guidance of intellectual factors, innovative consciousness and innovative ability.
Emotional and volitional counseling
As the saying goes, people are not vegetation, who can be ruthless. If human beings have no emotion, there will be no pursuit of truth, and there will be no colorful spiritual life and social life. Will is a unique high-level psychological phenomenon and a concentrated expression of people's subjective initiative. Without will, no beautiful ideal, grand plan or great strategic decision can become a material reality, and no wisdom and potential can be brought into full play, so the future of an individual cannot be bright, nor can the future of a country and a nation be bright. It can be seen that it is of great and far-reaching significance to help primary school students learn to adjust their mentality, overcome negative emotions such as pessimism, cowardice, depression and tension, and constantly maintain positive emotions such as comfort, happiness, optimism and self-confidence, form good will quality and maintain a lively and active good mentality. Among them, emotional counseling should pay special attention to the guidance of empathy experience, pay attention to guiding primary school students to put themselves in other people's shoes, experience the joy and pain of others, cultivate primary school students' sympathy and sense of justice, and stimulate their will to act consciously.
Personality consultation
Personality psychology is a unique, multi-system, multi-faceted, multi-level and multi-level open structural system. The all-round development of personality is one of the important conditions for realizing socialist society. The advantages, potentials, characteristics or weaknesses in a person's personality structure not only restrict the selectivity and efficiency of his social activities and the possibility of future development, but also often determine the success or failure of his career. For example, Zhuge Liang's resourcefulness, Liu Bei's generosity and kindness, Guan Yu's loyalty and conceit, Zhang Fei's generosity and fortitude, Sima Yi's paranoia and Zhou Yu's narrow-mindedness were decisive factors in his career. In addition, as the first valiant soldier in the Three Kingdoms period, Lu Bu shot a halberd at Yuanmen, killing 100,000 troops. But there was no place in the Central Plains, so that the White Gate Tower was beheaded. Hebei Yuan Shao Li IV, with millions of soldiers and thousands of horses, is well-fed and well-fed. Why can't it be a great cause? The root cause is the fatal weakness of Guy's personality structure. The former Lu Bu was foolhardy, headstrong, cynical and treacherous. The latter Yuan Shaomou is greater than breaking. Do great things, cherish your health, and run away at small profits? Yeah, yeah. Throughout the ages, the personality structure of great people has its unique advantages, potentials and characteristics, such as being open-minded, flexible, alert, full of firm beliefs and innovative consciousness, strong curiosity and thirst for knowledge, pragmatic, persistent, not afraid of difficulties and setbacks, enterprising, adventurous, open-minded, optimistic and full of sense of humor. The fundamental purpose of personality counseling for primary school students is to help and promote the comprehensive and harmonious development of primary school students' personality psychology, including interest, ability, personality and self-awareness.
(vi) Psychological counseling in daily life.
Psychological consultation in primary school students' daily life mainly includes social communication consultation, leisure consultation, consumption consultation and common sense life skills consultation. Social communication is the basic condition for the occurrence, development and formation of human consciousness. Communicating thoughts and feelings, summarizing and spreading knowledge and experience, and expressing material and spiritual needs by using linguistic and nonverbal symbol systems are unique social psychological phenomena of human beings, and are also objective requirements and necessary conditions for coordinating interpersonal relationships, mobilizing the enthusiasm of all parties, unifying thoughts, unifying will, uniting and cooperating, achieving group goals and achieving career success. Through normal communication, primary school students can gain friendship and love, be accepted, respected, understood and recognized by their peers, and realize the value of existence and the joy of life. At the same time, they can learn to respect others, understand others, care for and help others, and learn to cooperate with others. This is not only conducive to the growth of knowledge and talent, but also conducive to physical and mental health. Leisure consultation, consumption consultation and life skill consultation are new topics in modern social life in China. They are the result of the rapid development of China's economy and social undertakings, the continuous improvement of income and living standards, and also the objective needs of quality education. Counseling in leisure, consumption and life skills is helpful to cultivate pupils' healthy interest in life, optimistic attitude and good living habits. The main purpose of counseling is to help primary school students correctly choose leisure methods, develop hobbies that are beneficial to physical and mental health, establish correct consumption concepts, rationally plan consumption levels and behaviors, and improve their self-care ability. This is especially necessary for the majority of only children.
Content 3 About mental health consultation
First, healthy emotional education.
Emotions such as joy, anger, sadness and joy are familiar psychological phenomena. However, for a long time, people only regarded emotions as an accessory product in the process of cognition and behavior, and they didn't know enough about the positive significance of healthy emotions and the destructive effect of negative emotions. Individuals should not only contribute to society, but also live a happy life. It is impossible to have lasting happiness at the expense of others, but a person who lives a miserable life is flawed even if he does something beneficial to society. Emotion has a dynamic function, which can stimulate a good behavior and promote a destructive behavior. Emotion has a very important influence on health. Healthy emotions are good for health, while negative emotions can easily lead to physical illness. Contemporary psychology attaches great importance to the study of emotions. Healthy emotional education is an important part of mental health education. However, it cannot be ignored that many people do not realize the importance of emotional education. Many people think that emotions are innate and do not need education. Emotion depends on the events encountered by the parties. Good things naturally make people happy, and bad things make no one happy. These misunderstandings make students' emotional life lack effective intervention of education, and students' emotional development lacks effective guidance of educators.
(A) the content and requirements of healthy emotional education
The content and requirements of healthy emotional education are mainly to enable students' emotional changes to achieve appropriate goals, appropriate methods and appropriate responses, with positive emotions as the mainstay. Emotional education is not an attempt to eliminate and suppress students' emotions, but to let students learn to express their emotions correctly, vent their emotions reasonably, effectively regulate their emotions and maintain a happy emotional theme. A healthy emotional life should meet the following two requirements:
1. Emotion is normal under certain circumstances.
Emotions always arise from specific situations. At this time, emotions, whether happy or angry, are normal as long as they meet the following three conditions.
(1) Emotions and stimulating events are homogeneous. That is to say, the stimulus to meet the individual's needs leads to his happy mood, while the stimulus to hinder the individual's need to meet leads to his sadness and anger, not the other way around.
(2) The intensity of emotion is commensurate with the intensity of stimulation. The intensity of emotions corresponds to the intensity of stimuli, not emotional allergies or superficial experiences.
(3) The duration of emotion is suitable for the time of stimulation. When the stimulus disappears, the mood will calm down instead of being affected by it for a long time.
2. The mood is dominated by pleasure.
It is inevitable that a person is unhappy. Anger, sadness and disappointment will certainly make people unhappy, but sometimes they also have very positive significance. But a person should be happy, satisfied and have a happy experience most of the time.
(B) the operating points of healthy emotional education
In emotional education for students, we should pay attention to the following issues:
1. Guide students to vent their emotions reasonably.
It is harmful to suppress emotions too much. Not only does it cause health problems, but the accumulation of bad emotions will lead to emotional flood discharge and impulsive behavior that even the parties can't understand. Of course, venting should be done in a reasonable way, such as talking and exercising.
2. Teach students to express their emotions correctly.
Develop the habit of expressing emotions and master the skills of expressing emotions correctly. Actively express feelings that make others happy, such as love, appreciation, gratitude and apology, and learn to express anger and dissatisfaction harmlessly. Occasionally express anger and dissatisfaction, as long as you pay attention to skills, you can achieve a stronger expression effect, indicating that you attach importance to the problem and enhance others' understanding of you.
3. Educating students to use emotional power to stimulate constructive behaviors and emotions will bring physiological reactions and form an energy. Bad emotions tend to produce destructive behaviors, so it is better to use this energy to stimulate constructive behaviors. For example, anger usually leads to some students' aggressive behavior, so teachers should let them know that if they vent their anger on others, it will only worsen the external environment and make them more angry; ? Suffer indignities? What if the excited energy can push it? Live up to expectations? Specific actions not only promote personal development, but also fundamentally optimize their emotions.
4. Pay attention to correct students' irrational understanding of things.
Alice, an American psychologist, believes that a person's mood is not determined by the events he encounters, but by the parties' views and understanding of this event. Rational understanding of things leads to the healthy emotions of the parties, while irrational understanding often makes people fall into negative emotions and is difficult to extricate themselves. For example, what does a student think about the teacher's strict management behavior? Teachers always have a problem with themselves? , will naturally produce opposing emotions; Another student thinks? Is the teacher urging himself to correct his mistakes for himself? Nature is grateful to the teacher. Therefore, emotional education can't be emotional. The key is to find the irrational knowledge behind students' bad emotions and establish rational knowledge by correcting irrational knowledge. For example, in the face of suffering, what do students think? Bad luck? For what? Will the sky fall and hit the people of Sri Lanka? ; How to turn students' negative and pessimistic irrational understanding into failure? Life provides me with an opportunity to find problems and improve myself? A rational understanding of.
5. Help students improve their ability to experience life and learn happiness.
As someone said, life is not a lack of beauty, but a lack of ability to discover beauty. The same life and study, some people regard it as torture, others enjoy it. The difference lies in the ability to experience happiness and happiness. The ability to get pleasure from life, study and work is a very important psychological ability, which is related to the quality of life of an individual. Maslow summed up the main characteristics of self-actualizers, one of which is very important? They show an appreciation that never fades. ? Maslow described it this way: Self-actualizers experience events in life with awe, interest and happiness. Every baby, every dusk, is as beautiful and moving as when I first saw it; The old couple is over 500, and it's like a honeymoon. In a word, they can get great inspiration and ecstasy from the basic daily life experience. So they never worry about life experiences. Self-actualizers are always committed to the work, task, responsibility or occupation that they think is important, without exception. They are interested in and enjoy their work, and the boundaries between work and play are blurred. For them, work is exciting and full of fun, and work is entertainment. Life practice has repeatedly told us that the happy life of teenagers is not created by us and provided to them, but experienced by themselves.
Second, interpersonal education.
Interpersonal relationship is an important resource for personal development. This is not only because good interpersonal relationships provide more development opportunities for individuals, but also because good interpersonal relationships can meet various psychological needs of individuals and form a support system for the healthy development of individuals' psychology. Bad interpersonal relationships usually lead to various psychological problems of the parties.
People grow up in interpersonal relationships. The process of building good interpersonal relationships and properly handling interpersonal conflicts is the process of forming the excellent psychological quality of the parties. Therefore, interpersonal relationship education has always been valued by mental health education.
(A) the content and requirements of interpersonal education
The content and requirements of interpersonal communication mainly enable students to correctly understand others, learn to put themselves in others' shoes, accept their differences, establish normal interpersonal relationships, cultivate interest in social activities, master interpersonal skills, dare to express their legitimate demands and different opinions, and properly handle interpersonal conflicts.
For students, the basic requirements of healthy interpersonal relationships are:
1. Good for personal development
Teenagers like to make friends of the same age, but they should have the ability to choose friends and establish interpersonal circles conducive to their own development. Learn to make good friends and constantly enhance friendship. With what? Playing with friends? Keep a proper distance and tell them when necessary? No? . Sometimes you choose the wrong friends, and you choose the wrong life.
2. Appropriate communication
Communication should be moderate, not self-enclosed and not excessive. Moderate communication is beneficial, while excessive communication is harmful to personal development. Teenagers should not indulge in interpersonal communication and neglect their studies. The way of communication should be appropriate, in line with the identity of students, and should not blindly imitate the way of communication of adults. Teenagers' interpersonal communication focuses on exchanging ideas, enhancing friendship, learning from each other and promoting each other, instead of trying to be lively, ostentatious and busy all day with courtesy entertainment.
Step 3 adapt to all kinds of contact
Teenagers should be good at dealing with different types of interpersonal relationships. Not only have a good peer relationship, but also get along well with teachers and parents. Improper handling of any kind of relationship reflects the lack of interpersonal skills of the parties. People's development needs support and help in many aspects. For teenagers, the harmony between teachers and students and parent-child relationship is particularly important. The teacher-student relationship and parent-child relationship in adolescence can effectively predict the relationship with elders and leaders in adulthood, because the communication rules and skills of these relationships are basically the same.
(B) the operating points of interpersonal education
Pay attention to the following questions when educating students about interpersonal relationships:
1. Cultivate students' initiative in interpersonal communication
Initiative and enthusiasm are the prerequisites for the construction of interpersonal relations, especially general social relations other than blood relations. Passivity, shyness and fear in interpersonal communication are by no means? Is it honest? 、? Simple? , but the shrinking of social functions. If this kind of defect is not too harmful to individual learning activities, then the negative impact on students' career development and daily life will be exposed. In class work, the class teacher should take various measures to force students to become active, learn to greet others actively, treat each other warmly, greet with a smile, and learn to show and express themselves skillfully.
2. Help students form empathy habits and skills.
Being good at understanding others is an important trait for individuals to form good interpersonal relationships. Understanding others comes from personal empathy habits and skills. Empathy is putting yourself in the inner world of others. In the process of interpersonal communication, it is often necessary to turn yourself into another person and understand each other's thoughts and actions in order to achieve better communication results. Sometimes interpersonal conflict is not a principled opposition, but we don't pay attention to empathy and don't understand each other's needs and feelings. Kind? It became? Donkey liver and lung? . Teachers should educate students to listen to other people's words and observe their nonverbal activities, which can cultivate their sensitivity to other people's spiritual world, get used to expressing their understanding of each other and improve the effectiveness of communication.
3. Strengthen students' communication awareness and improve their communication ability.
Communication is the key skill in interpersonal communication. Compared with the primary skills such as greeting each other, being warm to others, breaking up and saying goodbye, communication is a more complicated advanced communication skill. Interpersonal communication can enhance mutual understanding, deepen friendship, eliminate misunderstandings and avoid conflicts. Teachers should pay attention to cultivating students' communication habits and help students master and skillfully use communication skills. In the communication with others, students can boldly and strategically express their views, appropriately reject unreasonable demands of others or their own difficulties, bridge the rift of friendship in time and skillfully, have strong persuasion ability, be good at absorbing reasonable opinions of others, and optimize their thoughts and behaviors.