1. Tourism has the most significant beneficial impact on the economic environment. Compared with other industries, tourism is an industry with less investment, quick results and no pollution. At the same time, tourism can also promote the development of other industries, which makes tourism of great significance to the national economic income of this region.
2. The development of tourism can also increase local employment opportunities, make more people have jobs, solve a major employment problem in society, and reduce the frequency of social security incidents. At the same time, the entry of tourists from all over the world has increased the contacts and exchanges between local residents and foreigners, promoted cultural exchanges between them, broadened their horizons and improved their cultural literacy.
3. Tourism also has obvious beneficial effects on the ecological environment. With the development of tourism, tourism resources are constantly being exploited, and many of them have some ecological problems. In the development of tourism resources, measures of tourism ecological construction and pollution control can be taken to make the developed tourism resources have higher quality than the original ecological environment, that is, tourism development beautifies the ecological environment. Tourism can also maintain the ecological environment. If tourism resources are developed and put into use, they can be managed scientifically.
< second > the adverse effects of tourism on the environment.
The negative impact of tourism on the environment is mainly manifested in: the impact on the atmosphere, the impact on the water environment, noise pollution, damage and interference to animals and plants, damage to the landscape environment and so on. A large number of facts show that tourism has become one of the environmental pollution sources, so it is necessary to summarize the main ways and particularities of tourism polluting the environment and the basic laws of tourism affecting the environment, so as to provide a basis for strengthening environmental protection from the perspective of tourism management.
The emergence and development of tourism culture can not be separated from the influence of the environment all the time, and tourism culture also affects the environment all the time. The negative effects and influences of the development of tourism culture on the environment are increasingly apparent, which has aroused people's general concern. In recent years, the negative impact of tourism cultural activities on the environment has attracted much attention, and many scholars at home and abroad have made relevant research on it. Here are eight negative impacts summarized by IUCN, as follows: (1) Impact on the surface and soil.
With the development of tourism activities in various natural areas, the development of tourism facilities is increasing day by day, and many complete ecological areas are gradually divided into islands, which makes the ecological environment face unprecedented artificial transformation, such as surface paving, vegetation renewal, introduction of exotic species and so on. Both land and water surface may be affected by tourism activities, and different surface coverings, such as rocky coasts, beaches, wetlands, swamps, natural caves and soil, may be affected by different types of tourism, especially the organic layer of soil on which surface plants depend. Such as camping, picnicking and walking, will cause serious human disturbance to the soil. Once the soil is impacted, its physical structure, chemical composition and biological factors will change, which will eventually affect the species and growth of plants on the soil, and insects and animals will also migrate or decrease.
(B) the impact on plants
The impact of human tourism activities on surface vegetation and plants can be divided into two categories: direct impact and indirect impact. The direct effects include clearing, trampling, burning, collecting as campfire materials and harming aquatic plants. Indirect effects include the introduction of exotic species, nutrient pollution, automobile exhaust, soil erosion and other issues, which will indirectly affect the growth and health of plants.
1. Large area removal
This is the most direct damage to plants caused by human tourism activities. For example, in order to build hotels, parking lots or other tourist facilities, it is undoubtedly an act of destroying the plant family to clear the surface vegetation on a large scale and even move other soil from other places to meet the engineering requirements.
2. Tourists trample on it
Among the effects of tourism activities on plants, tourists' trampling is the most common form. As soon as tourists set foot on parks or green spaces, their feet may put pressure on plants. After tourists visit natural scenic spots, it is bound to change the plant population, even if it is lightly used, it will sometimes cause great changes. Tourists trampling on plants will cause a series of related reactions. If it will affect the germination of plant seeds, because the soil is trampled, the seedlings cannot grow smoothly; For the grown plants, their physiology and morphology may be changed by trampling; Unreasonable pavement planning and design may also affect the growth of endangered plant species; The vehicles that tourists ride often leave car marks, which will change the composition of plants.
collect
Collecting is also an act of harming plants. The most common collection motivation of tourists is to pick a beautiful flower, or taste the fruit, or bring some plants home to plant. In addition, many tourists are fascinated by the magical effects of plants and pick them as soon as they see them in the wild, which makes the natural population of many medicinal plants less and less.
In addition, due to the carelessness or poor management of tourists, forest fires may lead to a decline in vegetation coverage; Cutting down trees, bamboo sheds, bamboo houses and firewood at will destroyed some young trees and changed the age structure of trees; The accumulation of a large amount of garbage will lead to the change of soil nutrition, and also cause the blockage of air and light, and destroy the ecosystem.
(3) Effects on animals
The development of tourist areas may destroy the habitats or shelters of wild animals. After tourists arrive at the tourist area, both the tourism activities themselves and the noise made by tourists will interfere with the life and reproduction of wild animals. Moreover, ordinary tourists always like to "eat and take away", love to eat all kinds of delicacies, and prefer to collect all kinds of wild animal products to show their domineering, so the lives of wild animals are threatened.
1. Interference
When tourists engage in outdoor tourism activities, it will inevitably cause interference to animals living in them, especially sensitive birds and mammals. For example, the elephant valley in Xishuangbanna, due to the entry of large-scale tourists, has affected the life law of wild elephants, so that wild elephants that often haunt virgin forest streams are now only occasionally active here; Tourists engaged in water activities may also pose a threat to waterfowl populations, making them unable to hatch eggs normally, resulting in temperature loss. Swan or waterfowl may also hurt the fisherman's hook or eat a small piece of lead for fishing and die. The noise generated by tourists using various tourist facilities is also one of the main influencing factors, such as hand-held stereos, jet skis and motorboats, which have a great impact on animals. At the same time, all kinds of ships on the water surface may also produce oil pollution, thus affecting the survival of aquatic organisms. In addition, the activities of tourists on the beach will also affect the growth of animals, such as the spawning behavior of turtles.
2. Wildlife consumption
The impact of tourism activities on wild animals, among which tourists' consumption behavior on wild animals is the most serious. China tourists not only eat seafood, but also love delicious food. As long as there is no poison, all kinds of rare birds and animals may become the targets of tourists, leading to the decline or even extinction of these ethnic groups. In addition to eating, tourists also like to buy related products of wild animals, such as animal fur, ivory and so on; In the past, there were all kinds of shellfish in many sea areas, but after being eaten in large quantities and made into various souvenirs, the number of shellfish dropped sharply.
(D) the impact on the water environment
Water environment plays an important role in tourism culture, so the influence of tourism activities on water environment is quite extensive and serious. Mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. Oil pollution and garbage pollution from ships
One of the important reasons for the pollution of tourist water bodies is the garbage and oil pollution discharged by tourist ships. For example, the Lijiang River in Guilin, in the tourist season, tourist boats are almost end to end, forming a mighty "fleet", which not only destroys the artistic conception of swimming in the river, but also greatly exceeds the self-purification ability of the Lijiang River, causing river pollution. Many waterside areas, such as seashores, springs and rivers, have built resorts and leisure centers to develop tourism, and sewage and garbage discharged by restaurants and hotels are also sources of water pollution.
2. Water sports
With the increasing prosperity of holiday tourism activities, water sports such as jet skis, boating, treading water, swimming, fishing, diving, diving, sailing and so on. At the lakeside, riverside and spring point, people's holiday life is greatly enriched, and at the same time, it has brought great impact on the water environment. For example, jet skiing not only erodes beaches and coastlines, but also affects marine ecology such as plankton and fish in coral reefs. The leaked oil will also pollute the water body and even spread chemicals to threaten the health of aquatic organisms.
(5) Impact on atmospheric environment
As tourists enter the tourist area, vehicles for tourists flock, and a lot of toxic tail gas, dust and carbon dioxide exhaled by many tourists, as well as the exhaust gas from hotels, restaurants and other domestic boilers in the tourist area, will cause serious pollution to the atmospheric environment in the tourist area.
1. Traffic pollution
Private transportation used by thousands of tourists is the least efficient mode of transportation, which not only consumes more resources, but also emits more air pollutants. Photochemical smog is the most harmful air pollution caused by such vehicles. There are many highly active photochemical substances in photochemical smog, which will not only affect plants, but also endanger human health. When photochemical smog is serious, it will affect the line of sight, reduce visibility and cause tourists to be sleepy; It contains some substances that may irritate eyes and cause uncomfortable feelings, such as tears. In addition, the exhaust gas emitted by vehicles may also contain toxic substances, threatening the ecological health of the earth. From the perspective of global climate change, exhaust emissions may lead to acid rain, greenhouse gases that warm the earth or substances that induce ozone holes.
2. Solid wastes such as garbage
Solid waste, such as garbage, has a high organic content. If it is not handled properly, it will breed bacteria and viruses, especially the organic matter piled at the bottom. Due to severe hypoxia, anaerobic bacteria multiply rapidly, pathogenic bacteria breed and produce stench. Poor management of tourist public toilets can also produce stench and increase the number of bacteria in the air.
3. Air pollution in a closed environment
Such as caves, restaurants and entertainment places. It is not only affected by the external atmosphere, but also by the emission of internal pollutants, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor released by tourists' breathing, viruses and bacteria carried, carbon dioxide and smoke increased by smoking, a large number of positive ions released by using electronic equipment, harmful substances released by decoration, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and smoke released by heating, etc. Because the air circulation is not smooth and the air is dirty, it makes people have a headache, feel depressed, lose appetite and be mentally unhealthy.
4. The pollution of tourist facilities to the atmospheric environment
Tourist hotels and restaurants are necessary living service facilities for any kind of tourism. The pollution sources to the atmosphere are mainly water supply, heat supply, chimney of boiler for energy supply, waste gas from coal stoves and waste gas from food stalls in tourist areas. The main pollutants emitted are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and soot produced by coal, gas and liquefied gas. Although the total amount in industry is small, the emission sources are scattered, the height is low, it is close to scenic spots, and there is no dust removal facility.
(vi) Impact on environmental health
The impact of tourism activities on environmental health is mainly manifested in solid waste pollution. In many scenic spots, people can see all kinds of solid waste discarded by tourists everywhere. Garbage pollution has become a major scourge in many scenic spots in China, and it is a very common and difficult problem.
China tourists always like to bring all kinds of food, such as snacks, sweets and drinks. Eating and drinking outdoors, or in local agricultural products shops and seafood shops near tourist areas, has caused a lot of garbage to the local environment. About 6,000 tons of wheelie bins and 2,000 tons of tourist garbage are dumped in streams and water bodies in the tourist area every year in Hengshan Mountain, Nanyue. Some valleys have almost become trash cans for mountaineers to throw away debris. The garbage in the valley is difficult to deal with, and it will stink after a long time. In addition, the disposal of these wastes is also a big problem, because "no waste disposal method is completely safe". For example, treatment equipment consumes electricity and energy, and some pollution prevention equipment will produce secondary public hazards (for example, incinerators may discharge waste gas containing toxic substances), threatening the environment again and even damaging public health.
(vii) Influence on environmental aesthetics
The adverse effects of tourism activities on environmental aesthetics are mainly manifested in the uncivilized tourism behavior of tourists and the unreasonable development and construction of tourism.
1. uncivilized travel behavior of tourists
Some tourists not only see, hear and smell, but also have the bad habit of engraving and painting on ancient trees, inscriptions and stones. Engraving as a souvenir is the most common habit of tourists, which not only destroys the landscape, but also affects the growth of some plants and reduces the value of cultural tourism resources. For example, on the rock walls of many scenic spots in China, we can appreciate the exquisite carving skills of nature, but we can often see the heart-shaped patterns of "a visit here" or "love", which gives people a feeling of ruining the scenery. For another example, concentric locks are very popular in Huangshan Scenic Area in China. Couples buy concentric locks and hang them on irons beside trees. The poor giant tree is surrounded by a string of metals, and the natural artistic conception of the towering ancient trees is completely destroyed.
2. Unreasonable development and construction of tourism
Improper planning or over-exploitation of tourism facilities construction projects will destroy the original local landscape environment, which is called "development pollution". The essence of tourism development is to add artificial buildings on the basis of natural landscapes or original scenic spots to meet the needs of tourism activities. However, at present, many tourism developments only consider the aesthetic characteristics that cater to tourists' subjective interests, but ignore or simply ignore the coordination between the project construction and the surrounding landscape environment, thus damaging the landscape environment in this area. For example, Taishan Mountain in Shandong, Xishan Mountain in Beijing and Songshan Forest Park in Zhongyue. The ropeway is suspended and the telephone poles are inserted into the sky, which seriously destroys the original expression of mountain scenic spots; Mount Putuo in Zhejiang is one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in China. In the past, "everyone saw the temple and everyone became a nun." Now, there are stalls all over the mountains, and modern entertainment facilities are all over the mountains. Pop music has drowned out Sanskrit from temples, foreign buildings compete with temples, and rock music is singing in Sanskrit, which is far from the Buddhist holy land. In Tianxing Scenic Area, 7 kilometers downstream of Huangguoshu Waterfall, a tea room with an oversized yellow glazed tile roof was built, which is incompatible with the characteristics of a natural karst bonsai park in the scenic area, destroying the beauty of nature and violating the laws of nature.
(VIII) Impact on social and cultural environment
1. Destroy cultural relics and historical sites
First of all, because some tourists are not well educated and do not realize the preciousness and irreplaceability of cultural relics, uncivilized behaviors such as blindly depicting cultural relics or sitting on cultural relics will cause the loss and destruction of cultural relics to varying degrees. Secondly, the carbon dioxide gas exhaled by many tourists in the process of traveling contains a lot of water, which erodes cultural relics, especially murals and statues in some ancient caves and Buddhist grottoes. Due to the high humidity in caves and grottoes, and the large amount of moisture brought by many tourists' breathing, the corrosion rate of precious murals and statues is accelerated. In addition, the flash of the camera, the sweat and fingerprints of millions of tourists will also corrode murals and statues. For example, the famous Dunhuang Grottoes, damaged and corroded by the camera flash and the sweat, breath (carbon dioxide) and fingerprints of millions of tourists, lost their luster and became dim, and the red and flesh colors gradually turned black.
Third, many tourists will also destroy cultural relics and historic sites. For example, the Great Wall in Wan Li, China, has been damaged by a large number of tourists for a long time, and many places have been seriously damaged; In the Forbidden City in Beijing, due to the constant stream of tourists, the bricks in the main hall were once stepped out of the pit, and the bricks in the squares and passages were also seriously damaged. It is estimated that the "bricks" on the ground of the Forbidden City wear10 ~ 20mm every year; The colorful promenade of the Summer Palace meanders for more than 700 meters, and the bricks on the pavement should be replaced every few years.
2. The impact on the values and living habits of local residents.
With the development of tourism activities, tourists will inevitably bring their lifestyle to their destinations. Specifically, some people gradually have negative changes in their thoughts and behaviors by observing the behavior of visiting tourists. They are not satisfied with their traditional lifestyle, but yearn for the lifestyle of visiting tourists. First, it blindly imitated its clothing and entertainment, and then it developed into conscious pursuit, thus increasing crimes and unhealthy social phenomena such as gambling, prostitution, speculation and fraud, corruption and bribery, smuggling and drug trafficking, and affecting the security of social order. In addition, due to the influence of western liberalism, traditional moral concepts and values have been impacted, leading to the increase of marriage breakdown and divorce rate.
3. Excessive commercialization of traditional culture
Traditional folk customs and celebrations are held at a specific time and place in accordance with the contents and methods stipulated by tradition. However, with the development of tourism, many of these activities are gradually commercialized. They are no longer held according to the traditional time and place. In order to receive tourists, it will be put on the stage at any time. In order to cater to tourists' interest in watching, the content of activities is often compressed and the performance rhythm is obviously accelerated. Therefore, although these activities have been preserved, they have largely lost their traditional significance and value. For example, the Dai People's Water Splashing Festival became the Water Splashing Festival after it was moved to Kunming "Country Park" for the development of tourism and cultural activities. Tourists each took buckets and washbasins, poured water from each other's heads to the soles of their feet, or pushed people into the pool, and a circle of people surrounded by "splashing water", completely losing the cultural artistic conception of "sprinkling water on willow branches" as a sign of blessing.
4. Induce the contradiction between subject and object
In the process of developing tourism, with more and more contact between tourists and local residents, it will inevitably cause some psychological conflicts and contradictions, especially for local residents. For example, when tourists are overcrowded in a tourist area, or tourists are rude enough to affect the daily life of local residents, residents will complain. The complaints they often hear are: personal privacy exposure, insufficient parking lots, traffic jams, congestion, noise, dirty environment, increased garbage, rising local prices and many thieves.