Abstract: Brain science is a new discipline to study psychological development and mechanism. The development trend of brain science and its related research results are of great significance to education and teaching practice, and its application in education, especially in raising children, plays a vital role. Only through scientific understanding of the brain and mastering its development law can children's brains grow more freely and healthily, thus promoting children's all-round development. On this basis, combined with the related research results of brain science and the laws of brain cognitive activities, some beneficial suggestions for education and teaching are put forward. Keywords: brain science; Children; Education; all-round development
I. Introduction
Why should we promote the all-round development of children's body and mind? For teachers, this should be not only an idea, but also an understanding of the scientific principles behind it. Children's physical, cognitive, emotional and social development are closely related and mutually influenced. Especially the younger children, the more obvious the characteristics of overall development. The scientific research on the neural mechanism of the brain also profoundly reveals the law of the overall development of children's brains. As teachers, we need to deeply understand and think about the concept of children's all-round development, carry out brain-oriented, brain-suitable and brain-promoting education, and provide a suitable environment and education for children's physical and mental development, so as to truly solve the problems in parenting such as encouraging children to get quick success and instant benefit, and truly promote children's healthy and all-round development.
Second, the text
Childhood and adolescence are the key stages of brain development and cognitive ability development, and also the golden period of improving learning ability. The rapid development of brain imaging technology in 2 1 century has opened a window for people to understand the brain development of children and adolescents. People can observe the structural characteristics and functional activities of the brain without invading and harming the human body. For example, based on structural magnetic resonance imaging, the anatomical structure of the brain can be clearly imaged, such as the spatial distribution of various regions of the brain and the sulcus gyrus of the cerebral cortex; Based on diffusion magnetic resonance images, the direction of white matter fiber bundles responsible for information exchange between brain regions can be tracked. Functional imaging technology can detect the response of human brain to external stimuli and the functional activities of processing in real time. With the support of these advanced technologies, the scientific research on brain development has developed rapidly and made important progress, which provides new perspectives and evidence for understanding the brain development of children and adolescents. There are more than 200 million children and adolescents in China. Understanding and grasping the law of brain development is an important prerequisite for protecting and promoting children's all-round development and has a far-reaching impact on the sustainable development of the country.
Studies have proved that the principles of brain science help us to understand the laws of children's learning. The brain carries out physiological and psychological activities according to the principle of wholeness. As the basic functional unit of human brain information processing, neurons migrate to specific positions in different areas of the brain and establish contact with other neurons, thus undertaking and realizing specific brain functions, so that we will have psychological activities such as perception, action, language, emotion and thinking.
"The brain has a multi-domain working mechanism" mainly means that the learning of the brain depends on the construction of neural circuits and neural networks. Children generally go from the basic single sensory stimulation to the establishment of extensive connections and interconnections between neurons, and then to information processing and integration. This process also reflects the working principle of the brain. For example, after a child hears music, the stimulus of hearing makes him start to twist his body, and then he goes to the small blackboard and picks up chalk to doodle on it; He excitedly drew a lot of lines on the blackboard with the rhythm of music, and shouted to the teacher while painting: "It's raining! It's raining! " Children's hearing and vision are transformed into kinesthetic and language after input information. This information integration process is accompanied by his happy mood and positive social interaction, mobilizing existing experiences and memories, and further constructing new experiences. This is meaningful learning.
Brain science research has proved that the more stimulation, the more electrical pulses, the more connections between neurons and the more developed neural network, thus forming the basic framework of brain functional system; This is an important source of brain plasticity and the biological basis of individual learning and intelligence. With the development of sense and action, children have more opportunities to interact with the objective world around them, thus establishing more and more developed neural networks under a large number of environmental stimuli. Therefore, early childhood is called the golden age of brain development. In other words, the development of brain function has a critical period, during which the formation and development of some brain functions are easier and faster than other periods. Some stages where learning is more likely to occur are called sensitive periods, such as the sensitive period of language learning. Research shows that there is indeed a sensitive period in language acquisition. However, researchers have different views on when the sensitive period of language acquisition occurs, but one thing is certain: after childhood (6-7 years old), the ability of language acquisition will decline rapidly, and people who have not been exposed to normal language environment before adolescence will not be able to acquire normal language ability. At which age is the sensitive period of second language learning still controversial. Second language acquisition is definitely influenced by age, which is manifested in both oral English and grammar and writing. This also provides some enlightenment for our teaching: education should provide suitable environment and education at the right time, seize the best period of children's development and education, observe the timely laws, develop children's potential and promote their all-round development, so as to get twice the result with half the effort.
From the above research, it can be seen that it is essentially against the law of children's brain development and learning to just regard the child's brain as a container and blindly instill knowledge to fill this container. Now that we understand the working mechanism of children's whole brain, we should provide them with appropriate environmental stimuli and use correct parenting methods to promote their harmonious development of body and mind.
First of all, teachers and parents can provide rich and suitable environmental stimuli for children's learning and development. For example, provide children with toy materials to promote their multi-sensory development, or stimulate the growth of their neurons by reading classic books, enjoying works of art, entering museums, being close to nature and other experiences to meet their needs of building a strong neural network.
It is found that low-structure and open materials and activities, with many changes, many games and strong maneuverability, can stimulate the growth of synapses in the brain, stimulate children's observation, imagination and creativity, and make their interests last longer; However, materials and activities with high structure and strong closure are not suitable for children's development level because of the single game, weak operability or no, which not only can not promote nerve connection, but also lead to weariness of learning.
For example, if a teacher provides a beaded toy to a child, he may find that the child only strings the beads once and uses them for artistic creation, or plays role-playing games through imagination; Because diversified games can stimulate more brain regions of children than simple beading, and promote him to establish more neural networks, which is more conducive to the all-round development of children.
At the same time, environmental stimulus should be appropriate and moderate. Too much information may cause the phenomenon of "nervous crowding" and bring interference, which in turn affects the child's attention and active choice, making it impossible for him to form his own independent will and concentrate on something for a certain period of time. Excessive leading or lagging information stimulation may bring emotional pressure or waste potential to young children, which is not conducive to the effective processing of information by the brain.
Suitability is also healthy and beneficial. For example, beautiful music is a good stimulus, while rude language, noise and quarreling family environment are bad stimuli; TV programs or video games that stimulate cognitive thinking and emotions can be good stimuli, while content that promotes violence is bad stimuli.
Second, promote the process and integrity of learning through life experience. It is found that the stimulation of environment can induce the multi-channel and multi-level plasticity of neural network, so as to fully develop the brain. Learning is a process of all-round development in cognitive, physiological, sports, emotional and social fields, so learning how to do things in life is more important than learning any knowledge. For example, life events such as children helping their mothers hang clothes can help children develop various abilities. First of all, it can satisfy the initiative of children, so as to obtain the development of internal motivation and independence; Secondly, the upper and lower limbs can be used to develop large muscle movements and small muscle fine movements; Third, we can develop the thinking ability of perception, observation, comparison, pattern, order and overall planning; Fourth, we can cultivate concentration, persistence, anti-frustration, emotional management and problem-solving ability. ...
Holistic and process-based learning is a process in which children participate in the experience wholeheartedly, and it is a scientific law that we must attach importance to. Parents should avoid one-sided understanding of learning and impose the academic burden of mechanical training on their children prematurely. Instead, we should give children more opportunities to participate in life, strengthen their experience of life, and encourage them to try, experience, try and make mistakes, and have an epiphany in the process of solving problems, so that they can get comprehensive and harmonious development.
However, influenced by educational anxiety, parents around us can easily fall into the misunderstanding of one-sided pursuit of children's development, such as cultivating children's reading, writing, computing or a certain skill prematurely, ignoring children's needs to meet their own curiosity and interests, rest and play, and depriving children of the opportunity to run outdoors and feel life. It leads to children's psychological disorders such as sensory imbalance, attention disorder, weariness of learning and depression, which brings great harm to children's physical and mental health. Including the exam-oriented education in schools, almost all students are left-brained. If we want to cultivate real elite talents or even geniuses, we must develop and utilize the sleeping' right brain' with great potential, which is why we should advocate whole brain education now. Through whole-brain education, we should pay attention to the laws of the left and right brains in the development of the nervous system and naturally cultivate children's interest. In the process of children's growth, it is a better way to guide children to develop good study habits, constantly learn new and different subjects, and have their own interests and specialties while learning general knowledge. Functionally speaking, everyone's left and right brains can't be absolutely average, so for children's brain development, both left and right brains should be developed, each with its own emphasis and relative balance, so as to promote children's all-round development and teach students in accordance with their aptitude with the help of whole brain education!
It can be seen that the new achievements of brain science research provide a basis for the physiological and psychological reform of classroom education in primary and secondary schools, and provide a possibility for education and teaching according to the laws of brain cognitive activities. Then, how should we use the new achievements of brain science research in our teaching as people's teachers in the future? Teaching is naturally a dynamic interactive activity between teachers and students. Previous studies in pedagogy and brain science show that in order to let students really master what they have learned, we should encourage heuristic teaching and increase classroom interaction, which can effectively promote students' academic performance, improve their social skills and prepare them for entering the society.
First of all, teachers need to improve their awareness of interaction, encourage students to give real-time feedback on teaching content, and let students learn actively instead of passively accepting knowledge. Combined with my internship experience in the first half of the year, I observed that in the teaching process, tutors and students share knowledge with each other and jointly design rich activities. For example, in math class, Teacher Chai encourages students to exchange knowledge by designing games and showing videos. In this process, teachers and students share experiences and knowledge, exchange feelings, experiences and ideas, enrich teaching content, cultivate students' creative potential, enhance students' practical ability and realize the integration of teaching, learning and doing.
Secondly, in the interaction, teachers need to play a guiding role, always pay attention to students' learning state and psychological state, and adjust the teaching rhythm. Because classrooms are usually composed of multiple students, students may have different learning situations, which puts relatively high demands on teachers. Teachers need to pay attention to all students as much as possible and have a hierarchical understanding of students with different learning progress.
Furthermore, teachers can insert interesting teaching videos to improve students' participation in class, and at the same time give positive feedback and use punishment with caution. Finding positive emotions can improve attention span, overall thinking and exploration behavior, make children feel happy in learning activities and tasks, and thus stimulate learning motivation. If teachers can create a safe, warm, open and encouraging environment for children, even novel and interesting situations, give children more timely attention to understanding, feedback and encouragement, and share participation, they will certainly make children feel safe and everything is under control. Especially when they encounter difficulties or setbacks, positive environment and feedback can help them learn self-regulation, promote executive function, develop good emotional management ability, and gradually have an open, creative and learning-loving brain; On the contrary, if teachers' feedback is punitive, negative and rejected, then they will gradually avoid taking risks, get used to dependence and become closed.
Finally, group discussion and group work are also useful teaching methods. Teachers should encourage students to learn from each other, help each other and cooperate to complete learning tasks, which is also a good way to cultivate research-oriented talents.
These methods are inseparable from the combination of brain science research results. Therefore, in today's era, only by strengthening the research on children's brain intelligence development can we better improve the quality of basic education. Only by deeply understanding children's cognitive function, psychological function and their relationship with nervous system can we better grasp children's growth law, children's learning law and teaching law.
Third, summary and prospect
With the expansion of brain science research and the progress of research technology, the multi-level research on the brain has provided many beneficial inspirations for quality education, and may provide a solid foundation for scientifically implementing quality education and promoting the all-round development of children's quality. Actively carry out multidisciplinary research, timely summarize the research results of brain science at home and abroad, especially those closely related to education, attach importance to widely popularizing relevant results through mass media, teacher training and training, and let the whole society understand and pay close attention to the establishment of brain-based education, which will have a far-reaching impact on the development of children's potential and the improvement of population quality in China.
In a word, understanding the learning mechanism of the brain can help us understand the educational principles of children's all-round development more clearly, and can also guide us to set up a scientific view of children from the laws and needs of children's development, so as to provide a good environment and education for children's all-round and sustainable development.