Modern biotechnology (bioengineering) includes genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering, among which genetic engineering is the core technology.
1953, Watson and Crick put forward the double helix structure of dna molecules, which marked the development of biological science into the stage of molecular biology.
Charles robert darwin, England (1809- 1882).
Naturalist, the founder of evolution.
Black-necked crane, a rare and endangered wild animal in the world
Scientific name: black stork
English name: black-necked crane
Crane family; gruidae
Distribution: Overwintering in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou; Breeding in Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu and other places
National first-class protected animals
Endangered wildlife: the take-off scenery stig frode olsen (Norway). The file extension of encoded image stored in jpeg file exchange format.
The typical structure of nerve cells
7. Daily requirement of essential amino acids for human body
Amino acids 3-6 months infants 10- 12 children and adults
Histidine 28-
Lysine 103 60 12
Leucine 16 1 45 14
Isoleucine 70 30 10
Methionine+Cystine 58 27 13
Phenylalanine+tyrosine 125 27 14
Threonine 87 35 7
Tryptophan 17 4 4
Valine 93 33 10
Total 742 26 1 84
8. Brief introduction of "biological missile" therapy
With the development of cell hybridoma technology, anti-tumor specific monoclonal antibodies have been prepared. People use monoclonal antibodies that can bind to tumor cells as "guiding system", that is, carriers, and anticancer substances such as chemotherapy drugs, isotopes or lysins as "warheads" to prepare "biological missiles".
9. Introduction of Sendai virus
Because of its ability to fuse various cells, it is widely used to form heterokaryons and cultivate hybrid cells.
10. Types of anemia
First, nutritional anemia
B, hemolytic anemia (part of hereditary hemolytic anemia)
C, hemorrhagic anemia
1 1. Countries compete for the commanding heights of life sciences in the post-genome era.
(1) The United States continues to lead post-genome research: The Human Genome Project was first proposed by the United States, and 54% of the work was undertaken by the United States, providing a total of $654.38+0.3 billion in funding.
(2) Japan strives to win the post-genome war: the budget is 81443.8+0.6 billion yen.
(c) Britain continues to pay attention to post-genome research: the budget is 54.3 million.
(d) China has increased its investment in post-genome research: 600 million yuan.
(5) In May 2004, the German government decided to allocate an additional 654.38+350 billion euros for the follow-up study of the human genome before 2007.
(6) The Canadian Genome Research Institute contributes150,000 Canadian dollars, and Norway allocates at least 300 million Norwegian kroner for functional genome research every year.
12. 12 Common pollutants
1) sulfur dioxide (so2)
2) Suspended particles (such as dust and smoke)
3) Nitrogen oxides
4) carbon monoxide
5) Volatile organic compounds (such as benzene, hydrocarbons and formaldehyde)
6) Photochemical oxides (such as ozone o3)
7) Toxic trace organic pollutants (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins)
8) Heavy metals (such as lead and cadmium)
9) Toxic chemicals (such as chlorine, ammonia and fluoride)
10) odor
1 1) radioactive substances
12) greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons)
13. List of the deadliest poisons in the world
Anthrax causes acute and septic infectious diseases.
Marburg hemorrhagic fever, the pathogen of Marburg virus
Ardisia of Ericaceae has neurotoxin.
The dead cap mushroom contains several dangerous substances, including deadly toxins.
Rock fish is the most poisonous and ugly marine life, and some people call it poisonous fish.
The inland Taipan snake ranks first among the top ten poisonous snakes in the world.
Botulinum toxin is one of the most toxic microbial toxins.
Dioxin is one of the most toxic compounds known.
Highly toxic chemicals extracted from castor seeds.
Arsenic is often called arsenic.
14. How can I eat safely today?
"Four Preventions" principle:
Anti-small: food produced and processed by non-brand and small workshops, such as roadside food stalls.
Anti-scattering: bulk food
Anti-low: low-priced food
Anti-foreign: abnormal food;
Five dietary rules
First, don't drink too much, because excessive drinking will promote the growth of tumors;
Second, don't eat too much high-fat diet. Too greasy food will promote the growth of tumors, such as colon cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
Thirdly, if the pickled food is eaten correctly, nitrite will form amine nitrite when it enters the stomach, which is a confirmed carcinogen;
Fourth, don't eat moldy food;
Fifth, eat less fried and spicy food.
15. Types, functions and sources of vitamins
vitamin A
Physiological function: 1, which constitutes rhodopsin and maintains dark adaptation; 2. Maintain the health of epithelial cells; 3. Promote growth and development
Lack of disease: 1, night blindness; 2, dry skin, hair follicle keratinization; 3, dry eye and corneal softening
Food sources: liver, egg yolk, cod liver oil, milk, green leafy vegetables, carrots, corn and other vitamin D.
Physiological function: 1, increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine; 2. Regulate the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
Deficiency: 1, rickets in children; 2 adult osteomalacia
Food source: 1, cod liver oil, liver, egg yolk and milk fat; 2. Ultraviolet irradiation
Vitamin b 1
Physiological function: it is a component of decarboxylation coenzyme and participates in the process of sugar metabolism.
Deficiency: beriberi
Food sources: cereals, breathing mothers, beans, dried fruits, animal livers, lean meat and eggs.
vitamin B2
Physiological function: participate in the biological oxidation function of the body.
Deficiency: diseases of the mouth, skin and eyes.
Food sources: green leafy vegetables, soybeans, wheat, animal offal, milk eggs and panting mothers.
Vitamin b?
Physiological function: Participate in protein metabolism.
Absence: There is no typical absence.
Food source: wheezing mother, egg yolk, liver, cereal; Enteric bacteria synthesis
Vitamin b 12
Physiological function: participate in one carbon unit metabolism, promote red blood cell maturation.
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
Food source: liver and lean meat; Enteric bacteria synthesis
vitamin C
Physiological function: 1, participating in the redox reaction of the body; 2. Participate in carboxylation reaction; 3. Increase resistance; 4. Others
Deficiency: scurvy
Food sources: citrus, fruits and fresh green leafy vegetables.
cypridopathy
Physiological function: 1. Improve the body's absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and make the plasma calcium and phosphorus levels reach saturation level.
2, promote growth and bone calcification, and promote sound teeth.
3. Increase the absorption of phosphorus through intestinal wall and increase the reabsorption of phosphorus through renal tubules.
4. Maintain the normal level of citrate in blood.
5, to prevent the loss of amino acids through the kidney.
Deficiency: Lack of vitamin D can cause rickets, hand and foot convulsions and rickets.
Food sources: deep-sea fish, animal liver, egg yolk and lean meat; After ultraviolet irradiation, cholesterol in the human body can be converted into vitamin D.
tocopherol
Physiological function: 1, antioxidant; 2. Inhibitors of certain enzymes; 3. It is related to collagen metabolism.
Deletion: 1, giant cell hemolytic anemia; 2. The reproductive system of female and male animals is damaged.
Food source: 1, wheat germ oil, persimmon oil, corn oil and peanut oil. 2. Green leafy vegetables. 3, meat, eggs, cream, cod liver oil
Vitamin k
Physiological function: promote the synthesis of coagulation factors in liver.
Insufficient: subcutaneous, muscle and digestive tract bleeding.
Food source: liver, spinach; Intestinal bacterial synthesis
nicotinamide
Physiological function: it is a component of coenzyme; Participate in biological oxidation process
Deficiency: boils
Food source: Breathing mother, cereal, peanuts, beans and liver.
folic acid
Physiological function: It is related to protein, nucleic acid synthesis and the synthesis of red blood cells and white blood cells.
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
Food source: liver, wheezing mother and green leafy vegetables; Intestinal bacterial synthesis
16.5 diseases are good for health.
generate heat
Once the body temperature exceeds 37℃, it belongs to fever and is the body's resistance to pathogens. When pathogens invade the human body, immune cell groups fight, and the substances secreted by them act on the thermoregulatory center to raise the body temperature. Medical research has confirmed that the fighting ability of immune cells will increase with the increase of body temperature, and at the same time, high body temperature will also reduce the concentration of iron ions in blood, resulting in insufficient supply of trace iron ions needed for pathogen growth, thus inhibiting the development of pathogens. These are the main forces of disease resistance, and drugs are just foreign aid. Therefore, if you take antipyretics in the early stage of fever, it may aggravate your condition.
cough
Cough is a protective reflex of the respiratory system, a quick anti-inflammatory method of the body, and has a positive effect on discharging inflammatory secretions and other wastes from the respiratory tract. If you use antitussive drugs as soon as you cough, you will leave all the dirty things that aggravate inflammation in the respiratory tract, which is not conducive to the elimination of inflammation. Pay attention to keep warm and replenish water when coughing. Because coughing is sometimes tense, you can try to divert your attention and avoid spicy foods such as peppers and onions from irritating the respiratory tract. If frequent cough is accompanied by fever, chest pain, weight loss and other symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately.
nosebleed
Nosebleeds are caused by the rupture of small blood vessels in the front of the nose. We can regard this kind of bleeding as a way for the body to "dispel fire". In the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, there are also methods of active acupuncture to remove blood and fire. When people drink less water, eat more spicy food, the environment is dry, and the body gets angry, the body often chooses the fragile nasal mucosa to dispel the fire. So, you don't have to worry about nosebleeds. Blood usually flows from only one nostril, and 90% of the bleeding usually ends in a short time. However, if the nosebleed persists for a period of time, you should check it as soon as possible. At this time, you can lean forward, let nature take its course, and gently suck nosebleeds with paper towels. When the amount is large, hold the soft part of the nose for a few minutes, or lift the arm opposite the bleeding nostril to help stop the bleeding. Of course, when the nose bleeds a lot, you should seek medical attention immediately, which is often caused by arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure in the body.
diarrhea
Diarrhea, especially when the excrement smells bad, is often caused by the body expelling food or other toxins. Premature use of antidiarrheal drugs will interfere with the body's self-defense and balance. If diarrhea occurs, measures can be taken according to the situation, such as drinking a cup of hot water to help the intestines finish discharging toxins as soon as possible. If you have severe diarrhea, frequent defecation, less frequent defecation, anal spasmodic pain, or bloody stool, or accompanied by abdominal pain, fever, vomiting and other symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately.
vomit
Vomiting is also to expel harmful substances to reduce absorption. If drugs are used to stop vomiting at this time, harmful substances will stay in the body and endanger health. If it is simple vomiting, it is necessary to supplement appropriate amount of water to avoid water-electrolyte disorder. If accompanied by gastrointestinal discomfort, pay attention to massage the stomach and abdomen while hydrating. Don't eat after vomiting. You can do some exercise to stretch yourself before eating. If vomiting occurs repeatedly or accompanied by abdominal pain, fever and other symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately.
17 DNA probe
Dna probe technology, also known as molecular hybridization technology, is a new technology to explore specific dna sequences by using the denaturation and renaturation of dna molecules and the high precision of base complementary pairing. It has broad prospects in the clinical diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases.
Dna probes (including cdna probes) have three advantages:
First of all, this kind of probe can be cloned in plasmid vector, which can proliferate endlessly and the preparation method is simple.
Secondly, dna probes are not easy to degrade (relative to rna), and generally can effectively inhibit the activity of dnase.
Thirdly, the labeling methods of dna probes are mature, and there are many methods to choose from, such as gap translation method, random primer method and pcr labeling method, which can be used for isotopic and non-isotopic labeling.
18.
A New Generation of Doping Agent-"Gene Doping Agent"
With the increasing crackdown on doping in sports, it is difficult for traditional drugs to escape drug testing. A few coaches and athletes who are desperate for their achievements have targeted more hidden and dangerous genetic stimulants. The use of "gene doping" refers to the use of dna that can improve sports performance to genetically modify athletes in order to gain a competitive advantage. Although gene doping may cause great harm to human body, it can quickly improve the speed and endurance of athletes and make them stronger, which has fatal attraction to some athletes who are eager for success.
Who stole our health?
Computers will steal vitamin a.
Cause analysis: After working in front of a computer for more than 3 hours, optic nerve cells will lack nutrition, especially vitamin A, because it is directly related to the photosensitivity of retina. ② Alcohol steals vitamin b 1.
Cause analysis: In order to metabolize alcohol normally in the body, there must be enough vitamin b 1, so drinking a lot will cause insufficient supply of vitamin b 1 in the body. If it is not supplemented in time, it will increase the damage of alcohol to the liver and brain. Long-term lack even leads to heart disease and life-threatening.
3 cigarettes steal vitamin C.
Cause analysis: harmful components such as tar in smoke will consume a lot of vitamin C. According to statistics, each cigarette consumes about 25 mg of vitamin C stored in the body. If you are a passive smoker, the loss of vitamin C is even greater, even as high as 50 mg.
4 coffee steals calcium.
Cause analysis: Caffeine can dissolve calcium in bones. According to the measurement, after drinking more than two cups of coffee every day, every extra cup will cause 8 mg of calcium loss and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
⑤ Antibiotics steal normal flora.
Cause analysis: In the process of killing pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics also kill some bacteria beneficial to health, especially the normal flora of digestive tract and urinary system, resulting in gastrointestinal tract.
Internal flora imbalance.
20. Ten Standards for Measuring Human Health
1. Be able to undertake daily life and heavy work calmly without feeling too nervous and tired;
2. Optimistic and willing to take responsibility;
3. Be good at rest and sleep well;
4. Be able to adapt to various changes in the external environment;
5. Being able to resist the common cold and infectious diseases;
6. Appropriate weight, well-proportioned figure, and coordinated position of head, shoulders and arms when standing;
7. Bright eyes and quick response;
8. The teeth are clean and there is no bleeding in the gums;
9. Hair is shiny;
10. The skin is elastic.
2 1 festivals related to human health
(1) World Leprosy Prevention Day (last Sunday of 1)
(2) International Sleep Day (2 March1)
(3) World Tuberculosis Day (March 24th)
(4) World Health Day (April 7th)
(5) world asthma day (May 7)
(6) World Red Cross Day (May 8)
(7) International Milk Day (May 16)
(8) World No Tobacco Day (May 3 1 day)
(9) International Anti-Drug Day (June 26th)
World Population Day (July 1 1)
(1 1) World Breastfeeding Week (the first week of August)
(12) World Heart Day (last Sunday in September)
(13) World Day of the Deaf (September 28th)
(14) International Day of Older Persons
(15) World Habitat Day (10 first Monday)
(16) World Mental Health Day (10/0)
(17) International Day for the Blind
(18) World Traditional Medicine Day (1October 65438+22)
World Diabetes Day (19) (165438+10/4)
(20) World Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Day (165438+1October 20th)
(2 1) World AIDS Awareness Day (65438+February 1)
22. World Day of Disabled Persons (65438+5 February)
(23) World Intensive Immunization Day (65438+February 5)
(24) National Love Ear Day (March 3rd)
(25) National Patriotic Health Month (April)
(26) National Cancer Prevention Publicity Week (April 15 to April 2 1 day)
(27) National Day for Prevention and Treatment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (May 5)
(28) China Student Nutrition Day (May 20th)
(29) National Breastfeeding Day (May 20th)
(30) National Day for Helping the Disabled (the third Sunday in May)
(3 1) National Eye Care Day (June 6th)
(32) national love teeth day (September 20th)
(33) National Hypertension Prevention Day (65438+10.8)
(34) National Men's Health Day (65438+1October 28th)
(35) National Food Hygiene Publicity Week (165438+1the first week of October)
22. Yuan Longping moved China
Someone once said humorously that farmers in China depend on "two levels"-Deng Xiaoping (responsibility system) and Yuan Longping (hybrid rice).
Yuan Longping once had a dream that rice would grow as tall as sorghum, ears as long as brooms and grains as big as peanuts. Then, some friends sit under the rice to enjoy the cool. ...
23. Biological phenomena in ancient poetry
1. "You can't close the garden in spring, but an apricot goes out of the wall" (phototropism)
2. "The moon comes first near the water tower, and flowers and trees come in early spring in the sun" (the temperature of plants in the sun is higher, so they develop earlier).
3. "In April, the flowers in the world are exhausted, and the peach blossoms in the mountain temples are blooming" (ecological effect of temperature)
4. "Falling red is not a heartless thing, but turning into spring mud protects flowers more" (material cycle)
5. "Don't hurry back when you meet, Huang Die will be sad tomorrow" (photoperiod phenomenon, insect-borne flowers. )
6. "intentionally plant flowers and flowers, but unintentionally plant willows to shade" (asexual reproduction. )
7. "Flowers wither, red apricots are small, swallows return, and green water people go around" (sexual reproduction. )
8. "Crazy catkins dance with the wind, and fine peach blossoms bloom with water."
There are many ways to spread seeds. The seeds of willow and other plants are very light and spread by the wind.
9. "Peas are planted in Nanshan, and the grass is full of bean seedlings" (Yuanming's Return to the Garden in East Tao Jin)
Interspecific competition.
10. "Who came here to get drunk with Frost Forest? Always in tears. " (The West Chamber by Master Wang Yuan)
The chlorophyll content of leaves decreased and the carotenoid content changed obviously, so it was red.
1 1. "Qiu Guang painted a cold screen with a small fan flapping at the fireflies" (Autumn Night by Don Mutu)
Fireflies are fireflies. When they come out at night, they can emit fluorescence, which is related to the comprehensive effect of special substances in fireflies. Fireflies have a special luminescent substance-entomogenous fluorescein, which is activated by adenosine triphosphate (atp) and then oxidized by oxygen and enzymes. This oxidation reaction leads to excited States and luminescence. Then, the light is reflected by the lower fat cells. The fluorescence emitted by fireflies is not only a way of expressing communication, but also a sexual call.
12. "The bright moon surprises the magpie, and the breeze knows at midnight" stress.
13. "A moth puts out a fire, but you can't see me when you see the fire. Throw it angrily, I'm afraid of fire. " (Qing Qin Angelababy, author of Moth)
phototaxis
14. "You can't get away from it, and a crow makes the world white" (Tang's "To the Restaurant")
Roosters are particularly sensitive to light,
15. "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets soar into the sky" (Tang Du Fu's Poems of Jiangnan Spring)
Clustering phenomenon.
16. "Dan Chicken was picked by China, and the distance is like a sword. I hope I can raise my anger and confront this Tang Dynasty "(Serina Liu's cockfighting poem in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties).
Intraspecific struggle.
17. "Spring silkworms will keep spinning until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night" (Tang Shangyin has no title)
Abnormal development.
18. "In the fragrance of rice and flowers, it is said that there is a good year, so listen to the frogs." (Song Xin Qi Ji's "Night on the Xijiang River in Huangsha Road")
Food chain.
19. "When mowing at noon, sweat drips down the soil" (Don Li Shen's "Compassion for Farmers")
compete
20. "Don't you know that the lock in the mirror on the high building is as black as silk in the morning, but it turns into snow at night" (Don Li Bai's "Will Into the Wine")
Endocrine disorder.