Physical training is based on the scientific theory of human body, so what is the scientific basis of physical training? Let's have a look!
Fitness training is a science. In order to enhance physical fitness and health through fitness training, we must first understand the physiological anatomy of human muscles and understand their reasonable structure, functions and characteristics. Only in this way can we better master the methods of physical training and lay the foundation for better arranging the training content.
Physical training is mostly the practice of static activities and control ability, and its muscle exertion features focus on isometric contraction, which means that the body is fixed in a certain posture through muscle tension and contraction. Most of them are a combination of regular exercise and irregular exercise. Periodic exercise means that physical exercise is relatively simple, repeated many times in a certain order and carried out continuously; Non-periodic exercise means that some movements in physical training are complicated and have no obvious coherence, and each movement can be completed independently. The exercise system of human body consists of bones, joints and muscles, accounting for about 58% of body weight. Bone is connected with bone to form the lever system of human body-bone, and muscle is attached to bone. The main function of the exercise system is to make the human body move, with bones as levers, joints as hubs and muscles as power.
1. Bone
Skeleton is the scaffold of human muscles and organs, giving the human body a certain shape. Human bones include skull, trunk bone, upper limb bone and lower limb bone * * 206 pieces, among which trunk bone, upper limb bone and lower limb bone and their bone connection are one of the most important factors to determine the body shape, which is related to the proportion of all parts of the human body. Good bone development and proper proportion are the basis of physical beauty. In aesthetics, the proportion of human body is measured by the length of human head. It is considered that the standard human body ratio is 7.5 ~ 8 heads, 65,438+0 heads from mandible to chest line, 65,438+0 heads from femoral head and 4 heads from femoral head to lung. These proportions are mainly determined by the length of bones.
Physical exercise can promote the normal growth and development of bones. Bone growth includes bone length and bone thickness. Long bones are mainly the bones of limbs, mostly tubular, with the middle part as the backbone and the two ends expanding into epiphysis. The length of long bone depends on the osteogenesis process of cartilage (endochondral evolution osteogenesis), and the length and thickness of long bone mainly depend on the osteogenesis process in embryo (embryonic connective tissue evolution osteogenesis).
2. Muscles
The muscles of the human body are divided into skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle * * * with more than 600 pieces. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones, and its contraction acts around bones and joints, thus producing various movements. Skeletal muscle is widely distributed, about 434 pieces. Adult skeletal muscle accounts for about 40% of human body weight (35% for women), which is the most tissue in human body. The activity of skeletal muscle produces various expressions such as sitting, standing, walking, running, happiness, anger, sadness and joy, as well as various labor and sports.
The basic unit of muscle is muscle fiber, each muscle fiber is cylindrical, many muscle fibers are arranged in bundles, and many muscle bundles are gathered together to form a muscle. The middle part of each muscle is called the muscle abdomen, and the tendons are at both ends. According to the function of muscle contraction, it can be divided into "slow muscle" and "fast muscle". Slow muscle mainly determines the endurance of muscle, while fast muscle mainly determines the explosive force of muscle. People with more slow muscles are slim and slim, while people with more fast muscles are strong.
Muscle will be excited when stimulated, and when the excitement reaches a certain threshold, muscle will contract. Physical exercise can promote the normal development of skeletal muscle and make the whole body muscle and its muscle strength evenly distributed. The symmetry of muscle distribution is one of the important factors that determine the body shape.
3. Basic physical fitness
Physical training is mainly static activities and control exercises. Therefore, the basic qualities of the body are summarized as the strength, flexibility, control ability, coordination, flexibility and endurance of the human body. The most important thing is strength and flexibility, which directly affects the control and expressive force of the body.
(1) strength
Strength refers to the ability of the body or a part of the body to exert strength when muscles contract or tense. Practitioners with good strength are quick in action, strong in body control, easy to master difficult movements and in good shape. Practitioners with poor strength have poor leg straightness, poor body control ability, unable to complete movements stably, and difficult to establish and maintain a good figure.
In order to train standing posture, it is necessary to strengthen the support strength of legs and knees, the ability to stand and the contraction strength of abdominal muscles.
(2) Flexibility
Flexibility is often called "softness". Flexibility is determined by the range of motion of human joints. There are three factors that affect softness: one is bone structure. The greater the area difference between articular surfaces, the greater the flexibility of joints, and vice versa. Secondly, the tightness of the joint capsule around the joint and the number of ligaments are relatively poor. Third, the muscles and soft tissues around the joints are bulky and have poor flexibility. The first factor is mainly congenital and not easy to change. The second and third factors can be improved by training basic physical skills.
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