Question 2: What items does the renal function test include? Generalized renal function examination includes many items, such as urine protein, tangible components, etc. Renin and aldosterone determination, etc. Commonly mentioned renal function tests include: ① tests reflecting glomerular filtration function (narrow sense of renal function): determination of nitrogen-containing metabolites in blood and determination of glomerular-related renal clearance rate. ② Tests reflecting renal tubular secretion, reabsorption, concentration, dilution and alkali targeted balance function: urine specific gravity and osmotic pressure determination, concentration and dilution test, pure water clearance rate determination, renal tubular maximum glucose reabsorption and excretion of ammonia hippuric acid test, renal tubular acid-base balance function test, etc. ③ Examination reflecting renal blood flow: determination of clearance rate of ammanuric acid, phenol red excretion test, etc.
Some renal dysfunction can occur before symptoms appear. Renal function examination can detect renal diseases early, know the location and degree of renal damage, and also help to diagnose and guide treatment. But kidney disease does not necessarily have renal function damage, because the kidney has great reserve capacity. Some renal dysfunction only occurs when the renal damage is obvious.
Question 3: What items should be checked for kidney disease 1? Routine urine examination: Abnormal urine is one of the main manifestations of kidney patients, so urine examination is the first choice to diagnose kidney diseases and understand kidney conditions.
2. Imaging examination: including B-ultrasound, X-ray and CT. You can know the location and size of the kidney, the internal structure of ureter and bladder and some related situations.
3. Renal function examination: Graded evaluation of renal function is an important part of doctors' diagnosis of patients, which is very important for guiding treatment and judging prognosis. This is a necessary examination for patients with kidney disease when they seek medical treatment. Commonly used renal function examination methods are: ① determination of nitrogen metabolites in blood: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid. ② Renal clearance rate: refers to the ability of the kidney to completely remove certain substances contained in several milliliters (or liters) of plasma in a unit time. Commonly used are: inulin clearance rate, endogenous creatinine clearance rate and hippuric acid clearance rate. ③ Renal tubular function examination: proximal convoluted tubule function examination, including phenol red excretion test, urine glucose, urine lysozyme and β2 microglobulin detection. B Functional examination of distal convoluted tubule, including urine specific gravity, urine osmotic pressure, urine concentration and dilution test and uric acid test, etc.
4. Immunological examination: At present, it is known that primary glomerulonephritis and a considerable number of secondary glomerulonephritis are related to immune response. Some kidney diseases are purely immune reactive diseases, while others have nothing to do with immunity. Because of the different immunoglobulins involved in immune response (there are several immunoglobulins), the types of nephropathy caused by them are also different. Therefore, immunological examination is of great value for the diagnosis and classification of renal diseases, guiding treatment and judging prognosis, so immunological examination is necessary for renal diseases.
5. Renal biopsy: A small part of renal tissue was taken out by a special method (puncture) for pathological analysis. This is of great value to the classification of diseases (the World Health Organization has classified nephropathy into nearly 50 types), the definite diagnosis, the formulation or modification of treatment plans and the prognosis judgment. However, this method requires higher inspection conditions and cannot be popularized at present.
Kidney disease hospital, a traditional Chinese medicine practitioner in Yuncheng City, suggested that if you feel unwell, you should go to a regular hospital as soon as possible for relevant examination and timely investigation and treatment!
Question 4: The items of renal function examination and how to check the indexes of renal function according to the examination results can diagnose whether there is renal disease, the degree of the disease, evaluate the clinical treatment effect and prognosis, decide the dosage of drugs to be used in the next treatment and choose dialysis, surgery and other treatment schemes. Renal function test items: Serum urea nitrogen: Urea is almost completely metabolized by protein, and mainly excreted by the kidneys. Acute and chronic nephritis, renal arteriosclerosis, renal tuberculosis, renal tumor, severe pyelonephritis and other renal diseases can all cause the increase of serum urea nitrogen. Normal people's urea nitrogen is generally below 5.36 micromole/L (15 mg/dl) and not more than 7. 14 micromole/L (20 mg/dl). If urea nitrogen exceeds 8.9 μ mol/L (25 mg/dl), it is clinically called azotemia, which indicates that glomerular function is impaired. If it exceeds 28.6 μ mol/L (80 mg/dl), the patient may have various uremic symptoms. The concentration of serum urea nitrogen is influenced by food protein, so blood must be drawn on an empty stomach. Diseases that cause protein catabolism in the body, such as acute infectious diseases, extensive burns, high fever, thyroid dysfunction, etc., will also increase urea nitrogen; Due to the increase of protein absorption, urea nitrogen in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding increased. Therefore, it is not accurate to evaluate the degree of renal function damage only with urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine should be checked. The change of urea nitrogen in nephropathy is earlier and more significant than that in serum creatinine. Serum creatinine: creatinine is mainly produced by muscle metabolism, and a very small part comes from food. The concentration of serum creatinine actually depends on the excretion function of the kidney. The serum creatinine of healthy men is 70-106 μ mol/l (0.8-1.2 mg/dl), and that of women is 53-80 μ mol/l (0.6 0.9 mg/dl). According to the concentration of plasma creatinine, renal function damage can be divided into: (1) mild damage 132.6-22 1 micromole/liter (1.5-2.5 mg/dl); (2) Moderate injury is 229.8-397.8 micromole/L (2.6-4.5 mg/dl); (3) The serious damage is more than 397.8 micromoles/liter. Because of the great compensatory ability of the kidney, the serum creatinine concentration generally does not increase in the early stage of renal disease, and only increases when the glomerular filtration capacity decreases by more than half, so its sensitivity is poor. Once creatinine rises, it often indicates a serious prognosis. Customers who want direct telephone consultation are free of charge 24 hours a day. Authoritative experts will answer your questions related to physical examination and give you professional and personalized guidance according to your situation.