Children's early development has great plasticity and potential, but it is also easy to get hurt. The earlier the dysplasia is found, the more timely the treatment is, and the greater the possibility of recovery. Children's growth and development are mainly manifested in physical development and neuropsychological development. Here are some charts to introduce the normal growth of a child.
Physical development
Physical development can be evaluated by the following indicators: weight, height (length), sitting height (length of top and buttocks), head circumference, fontanel, chest circumference, upper arm circumference, subcutaneous fat and so on. , especially the evaluation of weight, height (length), head circumference and fontanel.
Measurement of height and weight
Here are two very useful graphs-growth curve, which can accurately and intuitively understand the child's development level, and can also regularly observe one of the child's indicators to see if the child's growth trend is deviated, so as to find out the reasons and take intervention measures as soon as possible.
Some parents may find that their children's height and weight deviate from the midline, so there must be something wrong? In fact, this problem depends on the specific situation, and it is not necessarily abnormal. Regular and continuous measurements are more important than raw data. When children grow steadily along their own trajectory, even if they are lower than the growth level of the reference population, there is no need to worry too much. However, if the child's growth curve deviates from the original stable growth trajectory by two main percentiles, it means that there is something wrong with growth.
Head circumference measurement
Head circumference is also a commonly used evaluation index. The growth of head circumference is related to the growth of brain and skull. The development of fetal brain occupies the position of all systems in the whole body, so the head circumference at birth is relatively large, with an average of 32 ~ 34 cm; Similar to the increase of body weight and body length, the increase of head circumference (6cm) in the first three months of 1 year is about equal to the increase of head circumference (6cm) in the last nine months, that is, the head circumference is about 46cm65438 years old +0 years old; In the second year after birth, the girth growth slowed down, about 2 cm; At the age of 2, the head circumference is about 48cm; ; The head circumference of 2 ~ 15 years old only increased by 6 ~ 7 cm. Measuring head circumference within 2 years old is the most valuable.
It is more important to measure the head circumference continuously in infancy than once. The size of head circumference is related to the head circumference of parents; Too small head circumference may lead to brain dysplasia, and too fast head circumference growth often indicates hydrocephalus.
Fontanel survey
In addition to the head circumference, the growth and development of the skull can also be evaluated according to the suture closure, the size of the front fontanel and the closing time of the front and rear fontanel. The newborn's skull is not a whole, but divided into several pieces, and their gaps form bone seams and fontanels.
When the baby passes through the birth canal, the skull seam overlaps slightly, and the overlapping phenomenon disappears soon. The fontanel is small or closed after birth, and it will be closed at the latest when it is 6 ~ 8 weeks old. The anterior fontanel is about 1 ~ 2 cm at birth, then it grows with the growth of the skull, gradually ossifies and becomes smaller at about 6 months, and closes at the latest at 1.5 years old.
The size of the front fontanel is expressed by the length of the line connecting the midpoints of two opposite sides. The examination of anterior fontanel is very important in pediatric clinic. For example, when the brain is underdeveloped, the head circumference is small, the anterior fontanel is small or closed early; When thyroid function is low, the anterior fontanel closure is delayed; When intracranial pressure increases, the anterior fontanel is full; The front fontanel is depressed during dehydration.
Evaluation of physical development of premature infants
Maybe some parents will ask, "My daughter was born at 30 weeks, and now she weighs only 3.2kg 1 month after birth. According to the growth curve above, her weight is below normal. Is there a problem? " The physical development of premature infants has an allowable "backward" age range, which will be re-evaluated after 40 weeks' correction of gestational age (full term).
In other words, the corrected gestational age of this parent's daughter at present (65438+ 0 months after birth) is 30 weeks +4 weeks =34 weeks, so this weight is normal for this girl. Premature babies have catch-up growth and need to catch up with normal children at a certain age, so the above allowable "backward" age range is limited. Premature infants will not be corrected after their body length reaches 40 months, head circumference reaches 18 months and weight reaches 24 months.
The second development of neuropsychology
In the process of children's growth, the normal development of neuropsychology is as important as physical growth. Neuropsychological development includes perception, movement, language, emotion, thinking, judgment and will, and is based on the development and maturity of the nervous system.
Like physical development, abnormal neuropsychological development may be the early manifestation of some systemic diseases. Here are some icons to show you the development law of sports language for your reference:
The development of large-scale sports
The large-scale sports development of infants follows the head-tail rule, that is, first learn to look up, turn over, sit and climb, and then learn to kneel, stand, run and jump. Before the age of 2, it is an important period for children's motor function development to become more and more perfect.
Development of precision motor
Language development
Adapt to the abilities and behaviors of people around you.
The growth and development of three children
Simple memory formula
commemorate
The growth and development laws mentioned above are complicated and generally not easy to remember. Here are some simple formulas to help you remember the growth and development rules of normal children.
Health care frequency
Children should regularly go to medical institutions for health check-ups according to the health care needs of all ages. Through continuous longitudinal observation, we can get the physical growth and social psychological development trend of individual children, so as to find problems early and give correct health guidance.
Frequency of regular inspection:
Baby within 6 months 1 time per month.
Infants aged 7 ~ 12 months should be examined every 2 ~ 3 months.
High-risk infants and frail infants should appropriately increase the number of examinations.
The contents of regular inspection include:
① Physical measurement and evaluation. Eyesight and blood pressure were measured once a year after the age of 3.
② Physical examination of all systems in the whole body.
③ Regular laboratory examination of common diseases, such as iron deficiency anemia and parasitic diseases, and further examination of clinically suspected diseases such as rickets, trace element deficiency and developmental retardation.