Leo Tolstoy
He was born with a hairy face, with more vegetation than open space, and his thick moustache made it difficult to see his inner world clearly. Beards covered his cheeks, covered his lips, covered his dark face wrinkled like bark, and fluttered in the wind one by one, quite like an elder. A finger-wide eyebrow stands upright like a tangled root. A lock of gray curly hair piled up on his forehead like foam. No matter which angle you look at, you can see the thick hair like a tropical forest. Like Michelangelo's painting of Moss, Tolstoy's unforgettable image comes from his fatherly beard that day.
People are trying to use their imagination to remove the hair that covers his face and trim his crazy beard. Taking the portrait of his shaved beard as a reference, they hope to use magic to create a smooth face.
This is a signpost to the inner world. In this way, we can't help but start to shrink back. Because, undeniably, this man of noble family, with rough appearance, was born with the face of a foreign villager. Talented souls live in low shacks, and the work of talented souls is not much better than that of leather tents built by Kyrgyz people. The baby rhinoceros is shoddy and made by a village carpenter, while the baby rhinoceros is made by a craftsman in ancient Greece. The forehead above the small eyes on the square beam of the small window looks like the head of a tree that has been chopped at will. The skin is filthy, dull and rough, like the outer wall of a hut made of branches. In the middle of Si Li's face, we saw a broad lion's nose, with two holes facing the sky, as if it had been buckled with a fist. You can't hide those ugly ears behind your unkempt hair. There are two thick lips in the middle of the sunken cheek. The overall impression is unbalanced, rough, mediocre and even vulgar.
The sad faces of these workers cast a shadow of depression. They are dull and depressed: they can't find any aura of striving for progress on his face, and they can't find spiritual glory. They can find the extraordinary appearance that rises slowly like a marble dome between Dostoevsky's eyebrows. His face has no luster. Whoever does not admit this is not telling the truth. There is no doubt that this face is plain and full of obstacles that cannot be remedied. It is not a temple to spread wisdom, but a prison to imprison ideas. This face is dark, gloomy, ugly and disgusting. From his youth, Tolstoy was deeply aware that his public image was unpleasant. He said he hated any illusions about his appearance. "Can a person with a wide nose, thick lips and small gray eyes like me still find happiness?" Because of this, he soon let his beard grow all over his face and hid his lips in the beard like a sable mask until he was old, and his beard turned white and became dignified. It was not until the last decade of his life that the thick cloud on his face was removed; It was not until the late autumn of life that the beautiful light thawed this sad place.
Immortal souls drifting forever found a humble home in a simple Russia. This man has nothing spiritual. He lacks the temperament of a poet, visionary and creator. From teenagers to young adults, even to old age, Tolstoy has always been plain and can't be found in the crowd. For him. It doesn't matter whether you wear this coat or that coat, this hat or that hat. With such a face that can be seen everywhere in Russia, a person may preside over a ministerial meeting on the stage or fool around with a group of drunkards in a hotel; It is possible to sell bread in the market, or to wear the vestments of the archbishop and raise the cross on the heads of kneeling Christians. With such a face, no matter what occupation you are engaged in, no matter what clothes you wear, no matter where you are in Russia, there is no possibility of standing out and attracting attention. When Tolstoy was a student, he might belong to a mixture of his peers; When I was an officer, I couldn't tell him from my comrades. After returning to rural life, his appearance is completely consistent with the squire role that usually appears on the stage. If you see a picture of him driving out in a carriage with a white beard attendant sitting side by side, it may take you a long time to judge that the coachman is holding the reins and the count is sitting by. Look at another photo. He is talking with some farmers. People who don't know the truth can't guess that Lev sitting among the old peasants is a man of status and wealth. His family and identity are very different from those of Gregor, Ivan, Ilya, Peter and others present. His face is completely featureless and belongs to ordinary Russians. Therefore, we have to call him an ordinary person. At this time, there will be a feeling that genius has no special appearance, but is just a general manifestation of ordinary people. Xin Yi said Tolstoy didn't have his own unique face, but he had a face of ordinary people around Russia, because he shared the fate with all Russian people.
So people who met him for the first time were disappointed at first. Some of them traveled long distances by train, and some drove from Tula, waiting for the host's interview in the living room. They formed a subjective concept of him a long time ago, hoping to find something majestic and extraordinary from him, hoping to see a beard that looks like a heavenly father and combines dignity, grandeur, greatness and genius. Before seeing real people with their own eyes, they looked down at the image of their imaginary literary masters, and their inner expectations swelled to the point of fear. The door finally opened, but a stocky man came in. Because of his brisk pace, even his beard kept shaking. As soon as he entered the door, he almost trotted all the way, then suddenly stopped and looked at a stunned visitor in a friendly way. He said welcome words quickly and casually in a relaxed and pleasant tone, and at the same time extended his hand to the guests. The visitor was deeply puzzled and surprised when he shook hands with him. What? What a dwarf! Is such a small guy really Leo Nick Rajvik Tolstoy? The guest raised his eyelids awkwardly and looked at the host's face.
Suddenly, the guest held his breath in surprise and saw a pair of gray eyes shining like panther under the eyebrows of the little man in front of him. Although everyone who has met Tolstoy has talked about this sharp look, no matter how good the picture is, it can't be reflected. This kind of look is like a steel knife stabbing people, steady and accurate, hitting the key. You can't move or run away. It's like being hypnotized. You have to put up with this kind of eye search. No one can resist it. It penetrates camouflage armor like a bullet and cuts glass like a diamond knife. No one can escape such a split exam. -On this point, Turgenev, Gorky and other hundreds of people have had an unquestionable description.
This penetrating viewer only lasted for a second, and then it was replaced by a gentle look and a kind smile. Although the corners of the mouth are closed, those eyes can be full of smiles, just like magical starlight. Under the influence of beautiful and moving music, they can cry like village women. When they are spiritually satisfied, they can shine, and then in the blink of an eye, they are depressed and eclipsed, overcast, suddenly desolate, seemingly insensitive and mysterious. They can become cold and sharp, they can uncover hidden secrets such as scalpels and X-rays, and soon they will be curious. These are the most emotional eyes on the human face. Can express all kinds of feelings. Gorky described them appropriately and spoke our hearts: "Tolstoy has a hundred eyes in his eyes."
With such eyes, Tolstoy's face is full of talent. All the talents of this man are concentrated in his eyes, just like the handsome Dostoevsky's rich thoughts are concentrated between his eyebrows. Other parts of Tolstoy's face, such as beard, eyebrows and hair, are just shells used to wrap and protect this glittering gem. It has magic and magnetism for jewelry, can suck in worldly substances, and then radiate accurate frequency waves to our times. Even the smallest thing can be seen clearly with the help of these eyes, just like a falcon descending from the sky and pouncing on a timid mouse. These eyes will never let go of the details that they can't do, and they can fully reveal the vast universe. They can shine on the highest place in the spiritual world, or they can successfully shoot searchlights into the darkest depths of the soul. This sparkling crystal is hot and pure enough to gaze at God selflessly. Have enough courage to see the nothingness that destroys everything. This nothingness is like a gorgon, and everyone who sees her will turn to stone. Nothing is impossible for these eyes, except to let them fall into idle daydreams and enjoy silently in elegant and happy dreams. Once the eyelids … are opened, these eyes are bound to pursue their prey unequivocally, soberly and mercilessly. They can't tolerate fantasy. They should tear off every false disguise and shallow belief. Nothing can escape from these eyes, and the naked truth must be revealed. When this pair of cold light daggers turned to aim at their rich people, it was terrible, because the blade was ruthless and hit the key, hitting him right in the heart.
With such a keen eye, people who can see the truth can control the whole world and its intellectual wealth at will. As a person who is always good at observing and seeing through the essence of things, he must lack one thing, and that is his own happiness.
Reflection on lev tolstoy's Teaching
Lev tolstoy has about 365,438+000 words in a class. The full text only describes Tolstoy's face, so careful children can naturally read this article, but for most children, they don't like reading it in the middle. How can we consciously arouse everyone's interest in reading and calm down to taste the success of writing articles? I thought of the following methods.
1. Use the pictures in front of the textbook to stimulate students' interest in learning.
The picture in front of the textbook is a photo of Tolstoy in his later years. Although it still looks furry, it is "somewhat kind and respectable" because it is all silver. First of all, I let the students have a good look at this photo and let them make a hypothesis. "Please imagine boldly that this is a photo of the old man in his later years. What do you think would happen if he were 30 years younger? How do you feel when you see young Tolstoy?
The students laughed while watching and thinking, and everyone said that this is really not a comfortable face. "Too ugly!"
2. Use students' curiosity and competitiveness to stimulate students' interest in learning.
After hearing their comments, I will ask the next question: "This face has great personality and outstanding features. How many words do you think you can write if you describe it? " Where will you start? "Some students said they could write 200 words, while others said they could write more. Some people say they can write about his beard, others say they can write about his eyes and beard. At this time, I will say, "There is one person who has written more than you. He wrote more than three thousand words. Do you want to see how he writes better than you? "
Once this question is asked, under normal circumstances, students can't wait to open the book. Without the teacher saying anything, they will take the initiative to watch. At this time, the teacher should not ask questions, because reading this article is far from enough to analyze the level of the text. After reading a good text, students will ask questions and ask them to read the text for the second time with questions, thinking while reading, and this article will be easy to go up and down.
Character experience
Lev tolstoy was born into a noble family. 1 year old lost his mother,1year old lost his father. He was raised by relatives at home. 1844 He was admitted to the Oriental Language Department of Kazan University, studied Turkish and Arabic, failed the mid-term exam, and transferred to the Law Department in the second year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and fell in love with social life, but at the same time he developed a strong interest in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and widely read literary works. 1847 In April, a school was established for farmers' children. 1 1 nominally worked in Tula Provincial Organs Administration Bureau, and was promoted to fourteen civil servants the following year 12. 185 1 year, Tolstoy and his brother went to the Caucasus as soldiers. 1852, he took part in a battle, showed courage and published the novel Childhood.
Tolstoy read Turgenev's Hunter's Notes in 1853 and admired it very much. Tolstoy was transferred to the Danube front in 1854, participated in the siege of Sevastopol in the Crimean War, and wrote Youth, Youth and Sevastopol Tales.
1855165438+10 Tolstoy left the army and returned to St. Petersburg, rejoining the entertainment circle and drinking and gambling. Extreme personality led to his 17 break with Turgenev.
Text content analysis:
This article is a biography, excerpted from Tolstoy in The Three Writers by Austrian writer Zweig, written by Russian writer lev tolstoy, who enjoys a world-renowned reputation. This article is like a portrait of lev tolstoy. The author not only showed us Tolstoy's unique features with wonderful language, but also revealed Tolstoy's profound spiritual world, which opened a window for us to understand and approach Tolstoy.
Analysis of learning situation:
Grade eight students read more essays about writers and have the basic knowledge of reading writers' essays. They know that they should write people by events, write the personality characteristics of the characters, and blend in with the author's emotions. However, they have little contact with biographical works, especially the characteristics of biographies, such as true content, typical events, attention to details and moderate imagination. Moreover, this article is a typical foreign literary work, branded with the author's style, which is quite different from the students' existing reading experience in conception and language, and will bring some troubles and challenges when reading.
Teaching objectives:
1. Grasp the unique appearance characteristics of the owner.
2. Clear up the thinking of the article and learn the writing technique of restraining first and then promoting.
3. Try to figure out the wonderful language and taste the expressive effect of rhetorical devices such as metaphor and exaggeration.
4. Understand the comments and arguments interspersed by the author in the description and enter Tolstoy's spiritual world.
Teaching focus:
1. Learn to write before raising.
2. Try to figure out and taste the language and appreciate the expressive effect of metaphor and exaggerated rhetoric.
Teaching difficulties:
Understand the argumentative and evaluative language interspersed in the author's description, and then understand Tolstoy's spiritual world.
Teaching creativity:
Know people by text and analyze people by people; Adhere to the text, appreciate and learn from it; Cooperative discovery, independent construction.
Teaching process:
first kind
First, stimulate the introduction of interest, curiosity.
(1) In world literature, two writers are honored as "Weng" by China readers because of their great literary achievements. One of them is Shakespeare-do you know who the other one is?
The students answered. Qing Dynasty: Tuo Weng-lev tolstoy
(2) How much do students know about Tolstoy's life and literary achievements?
The students exchanged the collected information about Tolstoy before class.
Teacher added: Tolstoy was born in a noble family and was a hereditary earl; Influenced by the European Enlightenment, Tolstoy tried to transform Russian society in his own way and safeguard the interests of farmers as much as possible. Tolstoy made an in-depth study of philosophy, religion and ethics, which eventually led to the change of his world outlook, which contained rich civilian thoughts; Adhere to manual labor and try the lifestyle of farmers; Tolstoy gave up all his possessions and ran away from home in his later years, and finally died in a remote railway station. Tolstoy's literary achievements are mainly reflected in his three novels War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection. He is one of the peaks of realistic literature in the world, and Lenin called him "the mirror of Russian revolution".
(3) Doubt: What should Tolstoy look like to match his status and position? This may be a question that students are very interested in. Today, we study some chapters in Tolstoy, the biography of Austrian writer Zweig, and observe Tolstoy's appearance at close range.
(Design intention and teaching suggestion: The main purpose of this link is to stimulate students' interest in learning this article, without making too many demands, mainly for students to say what they know and think, so as to prepare psychologically for the later study. )
Second, read the text by yourself and know the shape of the Lord.
(1) Read the text by yourself and think while reading: What aspects does the article describe Tolstoy's appearance?
(2) Intra-group communication.
(3) communication in class.
Clear: The article describes Tolstoy's appearance characteristics from the aspects of beard and hair, facial contour, facial expression and eyes.
(Design intention and teaching suggestion: This session aims to guide students to grasp the text as a whole, summarize the general situation and grasp the main points. Teachers should guide students to learn to summarize the main points of corresponding paragraphs by making notes. )
(4) Try to use the phrase "Tolstoy is a unique person" to summarize Tolstoy's appearance characteristics.
Examples: thick hair, rough face, gloomy expression, sharp eyes, etc.
(Design intention and teaching suggestion: This is based on the previous link, mainly to grasp the appearance characteristics of characters, and teachers should guide students to grasp accurately by grasping key adjectives. At the same time, teachers should write on the blackboard in time to pave the way for the next study. )
Third, compare and analyze, and enjoy the wonder of conception.
(1) Guide students to discover and think: From the perspective of emotional color, what is the difference between writing Tolstoy's other five senses and writing eyes and five senses?
Clear: the former belongs to the derogatory term series, and the term is "despicable"; The latter belongs to the series of commendatory words, which is extremely commendatory.
(B) to guide students to think again: first belittle and then praise, from the perspective of writing techniques, what is the writing technique and what is its function?
Clarity: The full text forms a huge contrast, highlights the characteristics of eyes and eyes, and gives readers a strong shock and deep impression.
(Design Intention and Teaching Suggestion: Learning the writing technique of restraining before promoting is a key point of this course, but it can't be thrown out by the teacher, but we should find a better starting point-the emotional color of the text. )
(3) Besides restraining first and then promoting, what other writing techniques are used to express Tolstoy's appearance?
The discussion is clear: the profile (paragraph 5) shows Tolstoy's ugly face by writing about the psychological gap of visitors.
Fourth, blackboard design.
Hair: thick
Face: maladjusted, rough, mediocre and vulgar.
Expression: Ignorant, gloomy, depressed and ugly.
Eyes: sharp and deep.
Second lesson
First, introduce questions.
As a work that pays attention to the appearance of characters, what is the difference between it and the works that students have read, and what kind of reading experience does it bring to students? (Design intention and teaching suggestions: The main doubt here is to guide students from the content of works to language appreciation, thus breaking through another teaching focus. )
Second, browse the text and find it by yourself.
Clarity: multi-angle description; A large number of rhetorical devices such as metaphor and exaggeration are used; When describing, the author added a lot of evaluative language.
Design intention and teaching suggestion: guide students to discover and analyze the language characteristics of this article from the perspective of language. Students may have various answers. Teachers should guide students to combine their usual reading and composition experience, especially in the use of rhetoric and argumentative language, and highlight the language characteristics of this article. )
Third, reread the text and appreciate the beauty of language.
(1) Find out the figurative sentences and exaggerated sentences in the text and appreciate their expressive effects.
Example 1: "Tolstoy has a hundred eyes." Using exaggerated rhetoric, Tolstoy's observation of everything is clear at a glance, and the richness of his inner world is vividly written.
Example 2: "It penetrates camouflage armor like a bullet, and it cuts glass like a diamond knife." Tolstoy's keen eyes are vividly expressed through rhetorical devices such as exaggeration and metaphor.
Clarity: The use of metaphor and exaggeration can not only express Tolstoy's appearance characteristics, but also arouse readers' association and imagination.
(Design intention and teaching suggestion: This session is mainly to guide students to deeply taste the beauty of language. Students may feel comfortable with exaggerated and figurative sentences and their expressive effects, but they may have a superficial understanding of what they have written about eyes, and teachers should focus on guiding them. )
(2) Find out the argumentative sentences in the text and analyze their functions.
Example: "As a person who is always good at observing and seeing through the essence of things, he must lack one thing, and that is his own happiness". Tolstoy saw through tyranny, ugliness, hypocrisy and suffering, and also saw the causes of various evils in the world. He tried his best to change all his life, but it always backfired and brought great pain to himself.
Clarity: The argumentative evaluation language plays an important role in revealing Tolstoy's spiritual world, but it hits the nail on the head.
(Design intention and teaching suggestion: This link and content is the difficulty of this lesson. When we walk into Tolstoy's spiritual world, we can't abstract and generalize without the emptiness of the text, but we should grasp the key sentences and analyze them with the lives of the characters. )
Fourth, summarize and sort out
Students sort out what they have learned in this lesson and make a summary.
Example: first describe the characters. Second, the writing technique of restraining first and then promoting. Third, skillfully use rhetorical devices such as metaphor and exaggeration to highlight the appearance characteristics of the characters. Fourthly, the precise exposition reveals the spiritual world of the characters.
(Design intention and teaching suggestion: We can take one class at a time and implement the cultivation of Chinese core literacy in every class and article. )