Feeding methods are divided into two categories: cage feeding and flat feeding. There are two main types of cage culture: stepped and overlapping. The steps are divided into three layers, and the overlap is divided into four layers. At present, the feeding method of commercial laying hens in the world is mainly cage breeding. There are three kinds of plane culture: online mixed culture, above-ground mixed culture and above-ground online mixed culture. When laying hens are raised horizontally, every 5 chickens are equipped with an egg box, and 60 chickens are equipped with a water dispenser (when using a tower water dispenser). Water tanks on both sides of the henhouse are 5cm/ bird. Feeding, bucket 100 chicken/kloc-0 chicken, chute 8cm/ chicken. Feeding density: the feeding density of light laying hens is 26.3 /m2, 6.2 /m2 on the ground and 1 1 m2 online; The feeding density of medium-sized laying hens is 20.8 /m2 in cage, 5.3 /m2 on the ground and 8.3 /m2 in net.
2. Temperature, humidity and ventilation
(1) temperature The temperature adaptation range of laying hens is 5 ~ 28℃, and the optimum temperature is 15 ~ 23℃. When the temperature deviates from the optimal temperature range, the laying will be affected. Temperature can affect the egg production, egg weight, eggshell quality, fertilization rate and feed reward of laying hens. The highest temperature for spawning and feed reward is 65438 05.5 ~ 65438 06℃. When the ambient temperature is higher than 24℃, the egg weight begins to decrease. At 27℃, the number and weight of eggs decreased, the eggshell thickness decreased rapidly and the mortality increased. When the temperature is higher than 43℃, the hen will die after more than 3 hours.
(2) Humidity The suitable indoor relative humidity for laying hens is 60% ~ 70%, but as long as the temperature is neither too high nor too low, the relative humidity within the range of 40% ~ 72% has no obvious effect on chickens. At high temperature, if the humidity is high, it will hinder the evaporation and heat dissipation of chickens and cause thermal stress. When the temperature is low and the humidity is high, chickens lose a lot of calories, feed intake is high, feed consumption increases, and production performance decreases. In the process of feeding management, reducing water consumption as much as possible, removing feces in time, changing dry padding frequently and keeping good ventilation in the house can reduce the humidity in the house.
(3) Ventilation can keep the air in the henhouse fresh and the temperature appropriate, supplement oxygen, and discharge moisture and harmful gases. Strengthen ventilation in hot season and reduce ventilation in cold season.
lamplight
The process of egg formation is restricted by light-nerve-body fluid comprehensive factors. Appropriate increase of light can strengthen the function of hen's reproductive system, promote egg maturity and increase egg production. In laying period, the illumination is generally not more than 17 hours/day, and it is generally extended by 0.5 ~ 1 hour every week from the age of 20 weeks, so that the illumination time in laying period is gradually increased to 14 ~ 16 hours/day, and the illumination intensity is 10 le, and then it is stabilized at this level.
Adopt natural lighting, if natural lighting is insufficient, it can be supplemented manually. The lighting time is from 4 am to 20 ~ 2 pm1,and the lights are turned on at 4 am, turned off after sunrise and turned on at 2 1 before sunset. For chickens completely irradiated with artificial light, the illumination can start at 4 am and end at 20 ~ 2 1.
4. Harmful gas
Harmful gases include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
(1) Ammonia gas is mainly produced by the decomposition of nitrogen-containing substances such as feces, feed and bedding by anaerobic bacteria. High temperature and high humidity environment will accelerate the production of ammonia gas; Poor management and poor ventilation will greatly increase the ammonia content in the house. If ventilation is stopped at night in winter, the concentration of ammonia can be as high as 80 ~ 90 mg/L. Ammonia has strong water solubility and pungent smell, so it is easy to dissolve and adsorb on wet ground, moisture and dust in the air, and mucous membranes and conjunctiva of people and chickens. The lowest sensible concentration of human and animals is 5.3 mg/L. Although the proportion of ammonia is small, it is mainly distributed in the accessible range of chickens because it is produced on the ground. The concentration of ammonia in the house should not exceed 20 mg/L.
(2) Hydrogen Sulfide The hydrogen sulfide in the air of chicken coops is generated by the decomposition of sulfur-containing organic substances, and a large amount of hydrogen sulfide can be generated when eggs are broken or chickens are indigestion. Hydrogen sulfide gas has a strong smell of rotten eggs, and the lowest concentration of odor is 0.1.6 mg/l; Its specific gravity is very large, so the concentration near the ground is very high. The allowable concentration of hydrogen sulfide in chicken coops should not exceed10mg/l.
(3) Carbon dioxide contains 0.03% ~ 0.04% of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the indoor concentration can reach 0. 15%, and sometimes even 0.5%, which is mainly exhaled by chickens. The caged hens weighing 1.5 ~ 1.7 kg can exhale carbon dioxide 1.7 m3 per hour, while the flat chickens can exhale 2 m3. The allowable concentration of carbon dioxide in chicken coops is 0. 15%, which generally does not reach such a degree of harm. It is generally believed that if the indoor carbon dioxide concentration does not exceed 0.2%, indoor harmful gases will not exceed the requirements of health standards.
At present, some small chicken farms and specialized chicken farms in northern China pay more attention to ventilation in cold winter because of poor thermal insulation performance, which leads to humidity in the house, some ceilings dripping downwards, and the content of harmful gases and odors increases, which has adverse effects on the growth and production of chickens. In order to reverse this situation, it is necessary to strengthen the thermal insulation facilities, increase the heat source, provide heating and organize ventilation in the henhouse.