"Mental health", also known as mental health, refers to maintaining and reforming people's mental state with active and excellent education and effective measures to adapt to the current and developing social environment.
Mental health is a relative concept. The understanding of mental health can be divided into three levels: the lowest level: overcoming mental illness; Intermediate: beyond sub-health state; Ideal level: self-realization. Therefore, mental health is not a fixed state, but a relatively elastic state. Generally speaking, psychologists advocate that normal cognition, perfect personality, stable mood and adaptability of individual behavior are the criteria for identifying mental health, rather than the basis for the existence of an individual's symptoms. So mental health is a state concept, not a personality concept.
China scholars' mental health indicators mainly include the following eight standards:
1, know yourself and accept yourself.
2. Accept others and be kind to others.
3. Face up to the reality and accept it.
4. Love life and enjoy working.
5. Be able to coordinate and control emotions and be happy.
6. Complete and harmonious personality
7, normal intelligence, IQ of 80 points or more.
8. Psychological behavior conforms to age characteristics.
But for our college students of this age, we will mainly encounter the following 1 1 problems: sexual psychology, love psychology, jealousy psychology, inferiority complex psychology, loneliness psychology, rebellious psychology, frustration psychology, adolescent anxiety, hysteria, neurasthenia, social phobia, smoking and drinking psychology, suicide psychology and criminal psychology.
These problems are caused by many different reasons, but due to time, today we will simply talk about how the above problems of 1 1 are caused from the aspect of frustration. Because when we know how a problem arises, we can control it from the root.
Second, the concept of frustration.
What is frustration?
People's behavior always starts from a certain motive and reaches a certain day. If there are obstacles on the way to the goal, there will be three situations: changing behavior, bypassing obstacles and achieving the goal; If the obstacle is insurmountable, it may change the goal and thus change the direction of behavior; There is no way to go in front of obstacles and you can't achieve your goals. Only in the latter case will people have setbacks.
Thus, frustration refers to people's nervous reaction when they encounter insurmountable and unchangeable obstacles on the way to their goals. This concept should include three meanings: frustration situation, frustration cognition and frustration coping.
1, frustration situation
Frustration situation refers to the internal and external obstacles or interference that people's needs can't be met, such as failing the exam, failing to get the ideal ranking in the competition, being satirized and hit.
2. Frustration cognition
Frustration cognition refers to people's perception, understanding and evaluation of frustration situations. Frustration cognition can be not only the cognition of actual frustration situation, but also the cognition of possible frustration situation in imagination. For example, some people always suspect that others are talking about themselves. Although this is not the case, they are psychologically unhappy with others. In addition, different people have different subjective psychological pressures on the same frustration situation, and personal knowledge structure will also affect their perception and judgment of frustration situation.
3. Frustration reaction
Frustration reaction refers to people's emotional and behavioral reactions when they can't meet their own needs with frustration cognition, such as anxiety, tension, anger, avoidance or attack.
From the above analysis, we can see that when frustration situation, frustration cognition and frustration reaction coexist, it constitutes a typical psychological frustration. But if there is no frustration situation, only two factors, frustration cognition and frustration reaction, can also constitute psychological frustration, which is due to improper cognition of the subject. Therefore, among the three elements of frustration, frustration cognition is the most important factor. There is no direct connection between frustration situation and frustration response, and its relationship should be determined through frustration cognition. Therefore, the nature and degree of frustration reaction mainly depends on frustration cognition.
(B) the conditions of setbacks
The formation of frustration must have certain conditions, needs, motives, goals, actual behaviors to achieve these goals, frustration situations and people's perception and experience of frustration.
1, with necessary needs, motivations and goals.
Demand is determined by human nature, demand is the premise of setting goals, and motivation is the condition of achieving goals. If you only have strong motivation and no effective plan, you are most likely to encounter setbacks. But if a person has neither necessary needs nor clear goals, it is impossible to have strong motivation, and of course there will be no obvious frustration.
2. There must be practical behaviors to satisfy the motivation and achieve the goal.
No matter how high the goal is, no matter how strong the motivation is, if it just stays in fantasy, even if there is frustration, it is imaginary. Only when the actual behavior of satisfying motivation and achieving goals is hindered will there be real frustration.
3. There must be setbacks.
When you encounter insurmountable obstacles on the way to your goal, you will feel frustrated. Generally speaking, this obstacle should be real and practical. For some people, it may also be the frustration caused by imaginary difficulties and obstacles.
4. Frustration must be perceived
When an individual's behavior to achieve his goal is hindered and frustrated, he must be aware of it, that is, he must be recognized. If there are obstacles objectively, but there is no consciousness subjectively, of course, there will be no tension and frustration.
5. Be nervous and emotional about setbacks.
Once setbacks are recognized, there will generally be corresponding reactions, but the forms and degrees of expression are different. If there is no response, it is difficult to determine whether you have suffered setbacks.
(c) Common types of setbacks
The types of setbacks are very complicated and can generally be divided into the following categories.
1, substantial cognitive frustration and imaginative cognitive frustration
According to whether setbacks actually exist, they can be divided into substantive cognitive setbacks and imaginative cognitive setbacks.
Substantial cognitive frustration refers to the individual's cognition of the actual frustration facts and situations, which is an actual frustration. Imaginative cognitive frustration refers to the individual's prediction and cognition of possible frustration situations in the future. Obviously, there are actual situational manifestations of substantial cognitive setbacks, which can be effectively handled by the parties and effectively helped by others; However, there is no frustration fact in imaginative cognitive frustration, but the cognition of the parties to the frustration situation and consequences, so it is difficult to make concrete and effective treatment. Imaginary cognitive setbacks are often not understood by others, and it is generally difficult to get effective help from others.
2. General setbacks and serious setbacks
According to the severity of setbacks, they can be divided into general setbacks and serious setbacks.
General frustration refers to minor setbacks encountered in some common and unimportant things in daily life, such as occasional quarrels between classmates, traffic jams in urban areas by car, and closing doors when shopping. Although these daily chores can also cause unhappiness, they will soon pass and generally have little impact on people. Serious setbacks refer to the setbacks suffered on some issues that are closely related to oneself or of great significance, such as failing in the college entrance examination, the death of relatives, and breaking the criminal law. These events will have a great shock to people's minds and cause strong emotional reactions.
At the same time, we should also see that a person's psychological tolerance for setbacks is limited in a certain period of time. Sometimes, although setbacks are not serious, they will come one after another or appear at the same time, which will also constitute serious setbacks.
3. Unexpected setbacks and unexpected setbacks
According to whether you are psychologically prepared for setbacks, they can be divided into unexpected setbacks and unexpected setbacks.
Unexpected setbacks refer to the setbacks that the parties have encountered after they have realized or taken precautions, such as the death of relatives after a long illness and the divorce after a long-term "cold war". Unexpected frustration refers to the frustration that the parties suddenly suffer without psychological preparation, such as a car accident. Generally speaking, unexpected setbacks hit people more than unexpected setbacks.
4. Career setbacks and life setbacks
Career setbacks can be divided into work setbacks, study setbacks and ideal setbacks. Work frustration mainly refers to the setbacks encountered in the working environment or work process, such as the sudden deterioration of the working environment, the sudden change of working conditions, the failure to recognize work achievements, and the suppression of promotion and salary increase. Learning frustration refers to the setbacks encountered in learning and intellectual activities, such as not understanding the teacher's lectures in class, memory decline, failing in exams, etc. Ideal frustration refers to the frustration that although the parties themselves have worked hard, they have not achieved their original goals, such as not being admitted to graduate schools.
Life setbacks can be divided into family setbacks, marriage setbacks, communication setbacks and so on. Family frustration mainly refers to family misfortune, which has serious consequences, such as neighborhood disputes and parents' divorce. The frustration of marriage and love mainly refers to the changes in marriage and love, which make the normal marriage and love life appear obstacles, such as lovelorn, divorce, third party intervention, family interference in marriage and love, etc. Communication frustration mainly refers to the frustration caused by the blocked needs and motives of the parties in interpersonal communication, such as good friends breaking up because of misunderstanding, being slandered, jealous and suspicious.
5. Short-term setbacks and persistent setbacks
According to the duration of setbacks, they can be divided into transient setbacks and persistent setbacks.
A short-lived setback means that the setback lasts for a short time and is temporary. Even if it is serious, it will disappear naturally with the passage of time. For example, if you fail to get a good ranking in an exam, you will die naturally when you are very old.
Persistent frustration is a long-term state of frustration, which may be persistent or one after another. Because the conditions and situations that lead to setbacks are relatively stable, people tend to be in a state of tension and depression for a long time. The emotional reaction caused by persistent frustration often changes people's personality, which is mostly manifested as anxiety, depression, escape, depression, and sometimes aggression and rudeness.
In addition, we can also divide setbacks into internal setbacks and external setbacks, host setbacks and objective setbacks, natural setbacks and social setbacks from the reasons for their formation.
(D), the role of setbacks
Frustration has both positive and negative effects on college students' psychology, and its positive effects are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First, it helps to hone the character and will of college students.
Second, it is conducive to enhancing college students' emotional response ability and ability to solve practical problems.
Third, it helps college students to know themselves correctly and improve their adaptability to life.
The negative impact of setbacks on college students is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First of all, it may reduce the learning efficiency of college students.
Second, it may reduce college students' thinking ability and life ability.
Third, it may damage the physical and mental health of college students.
Fourth, it may prompt college students to change their personality and appear behavioral deviation.
(D), the role of setbacks
Frustration has both positive and negative effects on college students' psychology, and its positive effects are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First, it helps to hone the character and will of college students.
Second, it is conducive to enhancing college students' emotional response ability and ability to solve practical problems.
Third, it helps college students to know themselves correctly and improve their adaptability to life.
The negative impact of setbacks on college students is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First of all, it may reduce the learning efficiency of college students.
Second, it may reduce college students' thinking ability and life ability.
Third, it may damage the physical and mental health of college students.
Fourth, it may prompt college students to change their personality and appear behavioral deviation.
Three. Psychological defense mechanism
In the face of setbacks, people's psychological balance is often destroyed. In most cases, people will feel troubled, uncomfortable and even experience painful torture. Out of people's self-protection instinct, people will consciously or unconsciously eliminate or alleviate the tendency of this state, and will consciously or unconsciously take some way to restore psychological balance, that is, people have a self-protection mechanism to get rid of pain, relieve anxiety, restore emotions and balance psychology, which is usually called psychological defense mechanism or psychological self-defense mechanism.
1, correctly understand the psychological defense mechanism
In a world full of contradictions, conflicts, disputes, twists and turns, right and wrong, the psychological defense mechanism has penetrated into everyone's life. It is hard to imagine that a person without psychological defense mechanism can live well in this world. If a person is faced with a serious or lasting psychological conflict, and the psychological defense mechanism can not play its role in time and effectively, or the psychological defense mechanism collapses, it is likely to cause mental illness.
Frustration will break the balance between body and mind, thus spontaneously stimulating the psychological defense mechanism to play a role. However, the psychological defense mechanism is always associated with distorting reality and self-deception to varying degrees. Therefore, how to use the psychological defense mechanism correctly not only affects the adaptation to setbacks, but also affects a person's mental health.
Psychological defense mechanism can often play a role in buffering psychological setbacks and reducing anxiety, and can provide people with opportunities to find ways to overcome setbacks. This is very important to everyone. However, not every psychological defense mechanism can play a positive role in resisting setbacks.
There are usually positive and negative psychological defense mechanisms. Generally speaking, positive psychological defense mechanism tends to show a self-confidence, cheerful and enterprising tendency while buffering psychological setbacks, which helps individuals to overcome setbacks actively. However, the negative psychological defense mechanism is mostly manifested as withdrawal, escape and self-deception. Although it can also temporarily alleviate psychological contradictions and conflicts, it often hinders individuals from facing reality and making positive progress. Excessive use may also lead to mental illness. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately grasp and properly use it.
2. Positive psychological defense mechanism
Positive psychological defense mechanism can help college students to reduce their psychological pressure after setbacks, adjust their psychological state and win the opportunity to overcome setbacks. Common positive psychological defense mechanisms of college students are: