Dental disease is a disease that almost everyone will have. At present, many countries in the world attach great importance to the prevention and early treatment of dental diseases, and the World Health Organization lists dental caries as one of the three major diseases in the world. Oral and dental diseases are very common, especially dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and malocclusion. The health of mouth and teeth not only affects people's pronunciation, language, chewing and digestion, but also affects people's face, appearance and even physical and mental health. 1983 During the national census of urban children, the incidence of dental caries was over 95%, that is, 8 children in 10 suffered from dental caries, with an average of 4-5 dental caries per child. With the development of our national economy and the improvement of people's living standards, people pay more and more attention to dental diseases. If we pay attention to prevention and treatment from childhood or even infancy, the incidence of dental diseases will be greatly reduced. Here, our purpose is to help parents and young friends of infants master the prevention and health care of dental diseases and let them grow up healthily.
1. How many pairs of teeth can a person grow in his life?
A person should have two pairs of teeth in his life. The first pair is called deciduous teeth, and the second pair is called permanent teeth.
There are 20 deciduous teeth and 28-32 permanent teeth. Teeth grow on alveolar bone according to a certain position, forming dentition.
Different teeth have different functions, and their functions are the same: chewing, pronunciation and beauty.
Second, when does the baby teether?
Whether deciduous teeth grow out or permanent teeth are replaced, it is medically called tooth eruption. About 6 months after the baby was born, the mandibular central incisors began to erupt, then the maxillary central incisors, the first deciduous molars, the deciduous incisors, and finally the second deciduous molars. All the deciduous teeth erupted at about 2 years old.
Although the eruption time of baby's deciduous teeth has certain regularity, each baby's development and nutrition are different, some may be earlier and some may be later, as long as it erupts within 1 year, it is normal. If the baby 1 year-old or older still doesn't erupt, he should go to the hospital for examination to determine whether it is related to some systemic diseases. If the baby suffers from rickets (commonly known as rickets), calcium deficiency in the body will affect the calcification of teeth, and the eruption of deciduous teeth will be later.
3. What should I pay attention to during teething and tooth replacement?
The baby began to teether when he was six months old. At this time, the baby is drooling, so dry it with a soft cloth, otherwise it will easily cause skin diseases. Babies like to bite and suck their fingers because their gums are itchy. Some mothers suck their babies with pacifiers in order to calm them down. This is a bad habit and should be stopped. Because the rubber nipple is stuck in the baby's mouth for a long time, it will cause the upper jaw of the mouth to arch, so that the teeth that will erupt in the future will protrude forward, which will affect the chewing function and beauty. During teething, clean gauze and cotton swab should be dipped in soda solution to wipe the child's gums, which is helpful for teething.
A small number of children react greatly during teething, and there will be mental anxiety, loss of appetite, and elevated body temperature. These are temporary symptoms. They will get better in a few days. Don't worry. For teething babies, besides keeping their mouths clean, they should also be given nutritious and digestible food. If there is infection on the gum, it can be washed with normal saline and coated with 3% iodine glycerin.
After the child reaches the age of 6, the deciduous teeth will fall off one after another and be replaced by permanent teeth. 6- 12 years old is the tooth changing period, during which the following problems should be paid attention to:
1. Is it difficult for permanent teeth to erupt? When deciduous teeth fall off prematurely, children are used to chewing and licking their gums, which makes them tough and thick, making it difficult for permanent teeth to erupt. In this case, you need to go to the hospital for treatment, and some need to take X-rays to decide whether to cut the gums, so as to reduce the resistance and make the teeth grow smoothly.
2. Whether deciduous teeth are taken off late. When deciduous teeth fall off for a certain period, it is easy to prevent permanent teeth from erupting in the normal position if they should fall off without falling off. The most common is that the lower front teeth grow on the lingual side of deciduous teeth, and the upper front teeth grow on the inner side of deciduous teeth, which looks like double-layer teeth. At this time, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible and pull out the deciduous teeth that fall off late to make room for the growth of permanent teeth. Otherwise, the lower teeth are arranged irregularly, and the upper teeth are located at the back, so it is easy for the upper and lower teeth to form a "land-covering day".
3.6-year-old permanent molars are decayed. The 6-year-old permanent molar is called the first permanent molar, also known as the "six-year-old tooth". This tooth position and dentition play the most important chewing role in life, so special attention should be paid to protection. Because they grow up early, they have structural defects (such as many and deep ditches, which are easy to retain food), and because they don't pay attention to brushing their teeth when they are young, they like to eat sweets, so they are prone to dental caries. Once it decays, it should be treated in time.
4. Whether the last deciduous molar falls off prematurely. The second deciduous molar is the last deciduous tooth, which should fall off around 12 years old, and the second bicuspid tooth (permanent tooth) should grow in this position. The second deciduous molars often fall off prematurely due to caries, and the first permanent molars (at the age of 6) that grow later may move forward, making the gap smaller, and the bicuspids that grow later cannot erupt in the normal position, resulting in uneven tooth arrangement. First, protect the second deciduous molar. Once they rot and are lost early, they should be treated in time.
4. Why do some newborn babies have teeth?
Generally, newborn babies can't see teeth in their mouths, because tooth germs are still developing, growing and calcifying in the alveoli. The crown of the anterior teeth of deciduous teeth will not be fully developed until delivery, while the crown of deciduous molars will not be formed until after birth 1 year. A few newborns have seen normal deciduous teeth at birth. The reason is that these tooth germs are on the surface of alveolar bone, close to gingival mucosa, and have completed their development before delivery, and have begun to erupt in the mother. This is called "congenital gingival tooth" in medicine. This phenomenon is just like shallow sowing seeds only scattered on the surface of the soil, and when they germinate, they break out of the soil, and their shapes are exactly the same as those of normal deciduous teeth. As long as it does not affect breast pumping, don't treat these teeth as "abnormal" and pull them out easily.
5. Why do some babies delay teething?
Some infants have been more than 8 months, even more than 1 year old, and the deciduous teeth have not erupted yet, which is medically called delayed eruption of deciduous teeth. Delayed eruption of deciduous teeth may be related to some systemic or local factors. Systemic factors refer to nutritional deficiency, especially vitamin D deficiency, pituitary or thyroid dysfunction, measles, etc. Local factors refer to gingival fibroma and eruption of some cysts. In addition to timely medical treatment for pathological conditions, pregnant women, lactating mothers and babies should ensure that there are enough protein, vitamins and various minerals in their diets to promote the normal growth and development of baby teeth.
6. Why don't some deciduous teeth fall off? Permanent teeth are not cute?
Children began to change their teeth at the age of 6-7, and their deciduous teeth gradually fell off, and their permanent teeth erupted one after another. However, some deciduous teeth still occupy the corresponding eruption position after the age of tooth replacement, which is called "deciduous teeth retention".
There is a close relationship between deciduous teeth loss and permanent teeth eruption in children during tooth replacement. Because under the root of each deciduous tooth, there is a permanent tooth eruption, and it is very close. Because there is a permanent tooth embryo growing under each deciduous tooth root, the permanent tooth embryo will gradually press the deciduous tooth root in the process of growing and erupting towards the oral cavity, and the bone absorption will be thinned through the action of osteoclasts; At the same time, the root of deciduous teeth is gradually absorbed because of the stimulation of oppression, and the root becomes shorter and shorter until it disappears, so the deciduous teeth are loose, and finally only the crown of deciduous teeth is attached to the mucosa. At this time, as long as you encounter a little hard food, the deciduous teeth will fall off. So we can see that the fallen deciduous teeth have no roots. The outcrop of permanent teeth can be seen where the deciduous teeth fall off.
There are three reasons why deciduous teeth do not fall off:
1. The embryo of the permanent tooth is dislocated, that is, it does not grow under the deciduous tooth, so that the permanent tooth cannot touch the root of the deciduous tooth. Because the root of deciduous teeth can't be stimulated by permanent teeth, the root doesn't absorb, so it won't loosen on the gums, so it won't fall off.
2. Periodontal infection secondary to deciduous tooth diseases leads to permanent tooth germ necrosis. Or the root of deciduous teeth is attached to alveolar bone due to inflammation, so that the root of deciduous teeth can not be absorbed completely or at all, so that deciduous teeth can not fall off.
3. Congenital absence of permanent teeth and undeveloped tooth germs of permanent teeth. The root of deciduous teeth can't be absorbed by oppression and stimulation, and naturally stays on the gums for a long time. Sometimes the residual deciduous teeth have not fallen off in their thirties, and they still have a certain chewing function.
Whether deciduous teeth that have not fallen off for a long time need to be pulled out depends on the actual situation. If the X-ray photos show that there are no permanent teeth under the deciduous teeth, and the deciduous teeth are arranged neatly and can also chew, they should be kept. If the permanent teeth are dislocated and erupt due to the occupation of the deciduous teeth, the deciduous teeth should be pulled out. Orthodontic treatment was performed on the dislocated permanent teeth to correct them to their normal positions.
There are four reasons why permanent teeth don't erupt for a long time:
1. The child is malnourished. For example, lack of vitamins a and d, etc. , resulting in children's calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder, permanent teeth often can not erupt on time at the age of tooth replacement.
2. Endocrine and metabolic disorders. For example, hypothyroidism and anterior pituitary dysfunction directly affect the normal development of various organs of the body, and permanent teeth often fail to erupt on time.
3. The deciduous teeth are injured, and the root of the deciduous teeth adheres to the alveolar bone, which hinders the eruption of permanent teeth.
4. Early extraction of deciduous teeth, frequent friction between soft tissue and food at the missing teeth makes the mucosa on the gums thicken and the texture becomes tough, thus increasing the resistance of permanent teeth.
7. Why does calcium deficiency affect children's germination?
Calcium deficiency is the most common cause of tooth eruption in children. During the teething period (before children are 8 years old), calcium deficiency of any reason in the body will affect the formation and calcification of tooth germs, resulting in poor calcification of teeth, slowing down or even stopping the deposition of calcium salts in teeth and jaws. Excessive consumption of food containing alkaline phosphate and oxalate, such as spinach, will affect the absorption of calcium, because it can combine with calcium to form insoluble compounds. Intestinal peristalsis is too fast, and the food stays in the intestine for too short, which also hinders the absorption of calcium. Therefore, children with diarrhea are prone to calcium deficiency.
According to the measurement, an adult only needs to absorb 17% calcium from the diet every day, while11-6-year-old children need to absorb 37% calcium from the diet, while breastfeeding infants need to absorb 60% calcium from the diet. Obviously, the younger the age, the higher the demand for calcium, and the easier it is to lack calcium. Human calcium is mainly absorbed in the upper part of small intestine. Vitamin D can help intestinal mucosa absorb calcium in food and promote renal tubules to recover calcium in urine, thus maintaining the calcium concentration in blood and ensuring the normal calcification of tooth germs and bones. Therefore, while supplementing calcium for children, pregnant women and lactating mothers, don't forget to supplement vitamin D.
8. Why do some babies have "horse teeth"?
Some babies are just born or shortly after birth, and there are white round particles on their gums, which look like small teeth, but when they touch them with their hands, they feel loose and tough. If they move a little, they will stagger. This is what people often call "horse teeth", also called "dead teeth".
"Horse tooth" is keratin formed by residual epithelium of ameloblast that is not absorbed during the development of deciduous teeth, not teeth. When a baby sucks milk, the gums rub against the nipples, and after a period of time, the "horse teeth" will fall off on their own. So parents don't have to worry or deal with it. Some parents use needles to pick or wipe with cloth, which is extremely wrong. Because the baby's gingival mucosa is very tender and thin, there are bacteria in the baby's mouth at ordinary times, and the saliva secretion is small (equivalent to 1/20-1/30 of adults), and the antibacterial and oral cleaning effects of saliva are poor. Once "horse teeth" are picked or scraped, it is easy to cause infection. In severe cases, children have high fever, sudden redness and swelling of the face, suppuration of gums, and even acute osteomyelitis of the jaw. Some babies with weak physical resistance may also have sepsis, which will bring great pain to the baby and even endanger life. Therefore, we must pay attention to oral cleaning and protect oral mucosa.
9. Why is there "enamel hypoplasia"?
During the development of teeth, due to serious systemic diseases, nutritional disorders or local infections, enamel formers are degenerated and necrotic, which hinders the development and mineralization of enamel and causes enamel defects, which is called "enamel hypoplasia".
There are many factors that cause enamel hypoplasia: rubella and toxemia during pregnancy can affect the development of fetal jaw deciduous teeth and first permanent molars; Infantile pneumonia, measles, scarlet fever and other high fever diseases; Nutritional disorders, such as vitamin A.D and calcium and phosphorus deficiency, severe indigestion and rickets, will affect the development of mandibular deciduous teeth and permanent teeth in children. The common local factors causing enamel hypoplasia are infection and trauma at the apical part of deciduous teeth, which can directly affect the development of permanent tooth germs below.
Light enamel is underdeveloped, and the enamel is dark white and opaque chalk enamel. This kind of enamel has high permeability, and its color can change from dark white to yellowish brown with external pigmentation. The enamel hypoplasia is serious, the tooth surface has substantial defects, and the enamel surface has brown band-shaped or dimple-shaped depressions, which are seriously honeycomb-shaped, even without enamel coverage. The width of the banded depression can reflect the length of developmental disorder. If there are repeated developmental disorders, several banded depressions will appear on the tooth surface. Teeth with hypoplastic enamel are not strong and easy to wear and rot.
Because enamel hypoplasia is the damage that tooth germ has formed in the jaw, it can only be found after eruption, and once it is found, it cannot be saved by supplementing nutrition. Therefore, early prevention is very important for the cause. Pay attention to maternal and child nutrition and health from embryonic period to 7-8 years after birth.
X. why can't eating calcium tablets treat tooth development defects?
Many parents think that their children's teeth are defective, and giving them some calcium tablets can make their children's teeth grow better. It is true that tissues in all parts of teeth are highly calcified substances. There are 96% inorganic salts in tooth enamel, 90% of which are calcium phosphate, so calcium is an important element in tooth development. It is beneficial to take enough calcium at the stage of tooth calcification.
But once the teeth erupt, calcification has already been completed, and eating calcium tablets will not make the teeth better. Teeth are the organs that people eat, and teeth will be further calcified by external influences, but the degree is extremely limited.
To make children's teeth develop well, it is necessary to pay attention to diet, nutrition and oral hygiene during the tooth development stage (that is, from embryonic stage to preschool stage), strengthen exercise, spend more time in the sun, get in touch with the air and water in nature, and enhance physical fitness. The baby did not use tetracycline drugs (tetracycline, strychnine and chlortetracycline).
XI。 What is dentofacial deformity?
Dentofacial deformities, such as irregular or crowded teeth arranged on the dental arch, narrow tooth surface, disordered occlusion when the upper and lower dental arches meet, unbalanced position or size of the upper and lower jaws, and uncoordinated proportional relationship between the upper and lower dental arches and the upper and lower jaws and the head and face (such as the front teeth "covering the sky"), are collectively called dentofacial deformities.
Twelve, what is the reason for uneven teeth?
6- 12 years old is the exchange period between deciduous teeth and permanent teeth, and jagged teeth grow at this stage. There are many reasons for uneven teeth, including congenital reasons and acquired reasons, but acquired reasons are more important.
Congenital causes: the growth and development of teeth are influenced by internal and external factors. When the fetus is stimulated in the mother's body, or the mother is ill and malnourished during pregnancy, it will affect the normal development of the fetus's teeth and jaws, making the teeth arranged unevenly after eruption. Parents with irregular teeth should also be passed on to their children.
Acquired reason:
(1) The nipple is not used correctly. When feeding a child, if the position of the bottle is too high in front or the baby is lying down to feed, the mandible will suck forward, the mandible and lower dental arch will move forward for a long time, and the upper dental arch will be compressed, forming a front tooth deformity.
(2) Early or late deciduous teeth loss will cause uneven teeth. If the deciduous teeth are not treated in time or fall off due to trauma, the teeth on both sides will shift to the gap, so that the gap will become smaller, and the permanent teeth that erupt in the future will be uneven because there is not enough position.
(3) tonsil hypertrophy or nasal cavity disease, nasal breathing is not smooth, people often switch to oral breathing. When sleeping, they should open their mouths. Because the airflow passes through the mouth, the upper jaw bulges upward, and the left and right sides of the upper arch also narrow. The front end of the upper dental arch protrudes forward, and the erupted incisors not only lean forward, but also are arranged in disorder, forming a face with exposed lips.
(4) Bad habits have the following effects on teeth:
1. Spit out and bite your tongue: When the front teeth are about to erupt, there is slight discomfort or itching on the gums. Some children like to spit out their tongues, lick their teeth and gums or bite their tongues. After a long time, the erupted teeth were blocked, and the upper and lower incisors could not be contacted, resulting in the opening of the incisors.
2. Bite fingers and pencils: Some children like to bite their fingers or put a pencil between their upper and lower teeth. The upper and lower incisors protrude forward, the lower incisors move backward, and the teeth become shorter, showing microcephaly.
Thirteen, how to prevent uneven tooth growth?
During pregnancy, it is very important to strengthen nutrition and do a good job in prenatal care, so that the parturient will not get sick, will not be harmed, live a regular life and feel comfortable. These are very important to ensure the normal development of the fetus in the mother. After the baby is born, it is best to breastfeed during the baby. When a child sucks breast milk, the mandible should stretch forward and cooperate with the muscles of the tongue, lips and cheeks to make the muscles of the maxillofacial region develop in harmony. If the child has systemic diseases (such as rickets), it should be treated in time to make the child's body and maxilla and mandible develop well. If children are found to have dental caries, they should be treated as soon as possible. If the supernumerary teeth or replacement deciduous teeth do not fall off and there are permanent teeth below, they must be pulled out, otherwise it will affect the normal eruption of permanent teeth and cause dislocation and deformity. Children's bad oral habits (such as tongue sticking, tongue licking, finger sucking, pencil biting, mandibular protrusion, etc.). ) should be corrected in time. Childhood is a period of growth. In addition to giving them nutritious food, the food should also have proper hardness, so that children can exercise chewing function. At the same time, let children chew food on both sides to promote the normal development of teeth, periodontal, jaw and muscles. Once you find that your child's teeth are uneven, you should go to the hospital for correction in time. The purpose of correcting uneven teeth is to restore chewing function, reduce dental diseases and maintain beauty.
Fourteen, what is dental caries?
Dental caries, commonly known as "worm teeth", is a disease that destroys teeth, causing severe pain and possibly affecting general health. The incidence of dental caries is high. According to the survey of 198 1 5-year-old students in 9 primary and secondary schools in Beijing, the incidence of dental caries is 58%-75%, with an average of more than 2 dental caries per child.
Dental caries is decalcification, softening and destruction of hard tissues of teeth, which eventually forms cavities. Dental caries have no symptoms in the early stage and are not easy to be found. It is often when the teeth are stimulated and feel pain that they will attract the attention of patients. Eating sweets, drinking cold water and taking a chill will all cause pain, and the pain will disappear immediately after the stimulation is eliminated. It is very important to find early dental caries in time, because an early dental caries can be cured at one time. If the initial dental caries are not found and treated in time, they will continue to develop into intermediate dental caries, deep holes will appear in teeth, and food residues will often be left behind. Dental caries continue to develop to the depth of dentin, and the tooth tissue is destroyed more and more. The closer it is to the pulp cavity, the deeper it becomes. In addition to heat, deep holes in teeth are particularly sensitive to cold stimuli, so that they dare not rinse their mouths with water or eat popsicles and fruits. When dental caries develop into terminal caries, it is not only troublesome and painful to treat, but sometimes it may have to be removed because it cannot be cured. Therefore, we should pay attention to dental caries, early detection and early treatment.
15. Why is eating sugar easy to cause dental caries?
Why does the incidence of dental caries increase with the development of society? This is closely related to the increase of sugar content in people's food. People often say that eating too much sugar can easily damage teeth, which makes sense. The sugar and lactose we usually eat are sucrose. Some bacteria in the mouth can use sucrose to synthesize some polysaccharides, which can form a viscous liquid to protect dental plaque. Bacteria in dental plaque can ferment sucrose to produce acid. The important component of teeth is apatite, which will dissolve after being affected by acid, so eating sugar is easy to cause dental caries.
There are two effective ways to reduce dental caries: one is to clean the tooth surface after meals, and it is best to brush your teeth immediately after meals, or at least rinse your mouth after meals. If you can't brush your teeth, you can eat some fruits or vegetables (such as pears, radishes, celery, etc. ) After a meal, it contains crude fiber, which can remove most of the food residues stuck to the teeth, and the other is to correct the habit of eating snacks. Snacks often contain more refined carbohydrates. When eating snacks, food stays in the mouth for a long time, and few people brush their teeth after each snack. Therefore, the impact of snacks on teeth is far greater than the refined carbohydrates in three meals a day.
16. How many times do you brush your teeth a day?
Regarding the frequency of brushing teeth, it is necessary and practical. At present, many people have developed the habit of brushing their teeth in the morning and evening. Brushing your teeth before going to bed is more important, because when you sleep, all kinds of oral activities almost stop, the amount of saliva secretion is greatly reduced, and the self-cleaning effect on bacteria and food residues is greatly weakened, so that bacteria proliferate and produce a large number of metabolites. The acids in these metabolites are corrosive to teeth for a long time and prone to dental caries. If you can brush your teeth before going to bed, you can greatly reduce the dirt and bacteria in your mouth, which is of great significance for keeping your mouth clean and preventing dental diseases. This is not to say that brushing your teeth in the morning is not important, but to emphasize brushing your teeth before going to bed. When people get up in the morning, there are many bacteria in their mouths, and there is an unpleasant smell in their mouths after their metabolites and food residues are decomposed. Some people have done experiments, and brushing your teeth in the morning can reduce oral microbes by 60%.
After eating, a lot of food residues will remain in the mouth, which will stimulate the gums and provide good conditions for the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to advocate brushing your teeth after meals. Although it is not easy to do in fact, at least you can rinse your mouth after eating, because the food crumbs just eaten are not tightly attached to your teeth, and careful rinsing can remove a lot. It is necessary to educate children to develop the habit of brushing their teeth in the morning and evening and gargling after meals.
Seventeen, why should we pay attention to the regular examination of children's teeth?
Children's regular oral health examination can achieve the purpose of early treatment and prevention of diseases, especially oral health examination is of great significance. Because oral diseases are mostly chronic diseases, most of them lack conscious symptoms in the early stage and are easily overlooked. Once the symptoms such as pain and swelling appear, they are often serious and harmful to health. Regular oral health examination is needed to achieve the purpose of early detection. The specific time limit standard should be decided according to the needs and objective conditions. Generally, children aged 0 ~ 5 should be examined every 2 ~ 3 months, children aged 6 ~ 12 should be examined once every six months, and children aged 12 should be examined once a year.
Regular dental examinations for children depend on both parents and society. Parents should regularly take their children to the hospital for examination. Hospitals can go deep into kindergartens and schools to check children's dental diseases regularly, and make forms to register the results of the general survey as the basis for formulating dental disease prevention and treatment.
With the continuous improvement of the oral health care system, the incidence of various dental diseases will be controlled in childhood, which is of great significance to the health of children with vigorous growth and development.