Section 1 Overview of Mental Health
First, the significance and standards of mental health
Health should include physical, psychological and social adaptation.
Mental health is a good and continuous mental state and process, which shows that individuals have vitality, positive inner experience and good social adaptability, and can effectively play their physical and mental potential and positive social functions as members of society.
Six criteria of mental health: ① Effective perception of reality; ② Self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-acceptance; ⑧ Self-regulation ability; ④ The ability to establish close relationship with others; ⑤ Stability and coordination of personality structure; ⑤ Love life and work efficiently.
Second, middle school students are prone to mental health problems.
The psychological barriers that middle school students are prone to have listed below all belong to the application scope of psychological counseling and treatment.
Anxiety disorders
Anxiety disorder is a kind of neurosis characterized by anxious reaction that is not suitable for objective threats, that is, anxiety is treated as an independent neurosis.
The common anxiety reaction among students is exam anxiety.
Some people have a personality foundation that is prone to anxiety, and these personality tendencies are called anxiety qualities.
Using muscle relaxation, systematic desensitization and self-help cognitive correction procedures to guide students to use positive self-dialogue in exams has a good effect on alleviating students' test anxiety.
(2) Depression
Depression is a neurosis characterized by persistent depression. Anxiety is an individual's first reaction to a tense situation.
The manifestations of depression are negative emotions, sadness, decadence, indifference, loss of satisfaction and joy in life. The second is negative cognitive tendency. The third is lack of motivation. Fourth, physical fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite and so on.
(3) obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder includes obsessive-compulsive concept and obsessive-compulsive behavior. The concept of compulsion means that the party concerned can't help thinking about things that he doesn't want to think about, and the compulsive behavior means that the party concerned repeatedly does actions that he doesn't want to perform.
Morita therapy adopts the attitude of "enduring pain and letting nature take its course";
Another effective method to treat obsessive-compulsive behavior is "exposure and prevention of reaction".
(4) Phobia
Phobia is an irrational fear of certain things and scenes that are not really harmful. It can be divided into simple phobia, agoraphobia and social phobia. Social phobia is more common among middle school students.
Systematic desensitization is a common method to treat phobia, and it is best to use this method in time.
(5) Personality disorder and personality defect
Personality disorder is a long-term fixed maladaptive behavior pattern, which consists of some immature and inappropriate stress coping or problem solving methods.
(6) Sexual deviation
Sexual deviation refers to the bad adaptation of teenagers in the process of sexual development, such as excessive masturbation, infatuation with pornographic books and periodicals, puppy love, improper sexual games, mild gender identity difficulties and so on. Generally, it is not a psychosexual disorder.
(7) Eating disorders
Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia and pica, among which anorexia nervosa is a serious weight disorder caused by improper diet. It can be corrected by behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy.
(8) Sleep disorder
Sleep disorders include insomnia, oversleeping, sleepwalking, night terrors and nightmares. Muscle relaxation can be used to treat insomnia.
Third, the significance of mental health education
(A) the need to prevent mental illness and protect students' mental health
(2) Improve students' psychological quality and promote the sound development of their personality.
(c) Cooperate with and supplement the daily education and teaching work of the school.
The second quarter psychological evaluation
I. Psychological evaluation and its significance
(A) the meaning of psychological assessment
Psychological evaluation refers to the process of evaluating students' psychological characteristics and behaviors according to the data collected by psychological methods and techniques, so as to determine their nature and level and make classified diagnosis. Psychological evaluation can adopt standardized methods, such as various psychological tests; Non-standardized methods can also be used, such as evaluation conversation, observation and self-report.
(B) Two reference frames of psychological assessment
The object of mental health education should be normal students (including normal students with mild and moderate mental health problems).
The function of psychological evaluation should not only be the diagnosis of psychological symptoms or the classification of psychopathology, but also attach importance to the positive evaluation of students' development potential and self-realization.
The existing assessment methods are based on two reference frames: health model and disease model.
(C) the significance of psychological assessment
1. The basis of targeted mental health education.
2. Means to test the effect of mental health education.
Second, psychological test.
Psychological test is a common tool to collect quantitative data for psychological evaluation. According to the characteristics to be measured, psychological tests can generally be divided into cognitive tests and personality tests.
Third, evaluate the talks.
Meeting is the basic method of psychological consultation and counseling.
(1) Listen
(2) Encourage
(3) Ask more open questions.
(d) Reflect the comprehensive arrangement of students' expression and speak in the teacher's language.
(5) Clarification, to help students sort out vague ideas.
(6) When the behavior and words of noodle students are inconsistent, ask them questions to help them understand the problem.
Fourth, other methods.
(A) observation method
1. Project list
2. Scale
3. Anecdotal records
(2) Self-report method
Section 3 Psychological Counseling
First, psychological counseling and its objectives
There are several ways to carry out mental health education in schools: ① Offering courses related to mental health education. ② Offering psychological counseling activity classes. ⑧ Infiltrate the content of mental health education in subject teaching. ④ Carry out mental health education in combination with class and team activities. ⑤ Individual psychological consultation or consultation. ⑥ Group consultation.
Psychological counseling refers to that in a new type of constructive interpersonal relationship, school tutors use their professional knowledge and skills to provide students with help and services that meet their needs, help students correctly understand themselves and the environment, establish life goals that are conducive to social progress and personal development according to their own conditions, overcome obstacles in growth, enhance and maintain students' mental health, and make them adapt well in all aspects of study, work and interpersonal relationships.
The general goal of psychological counseling,
Learning to adjust, including adjustment and adaptation, is the basic goal, and psychological counseling with this as the main goal can be called adaptation counseling;
2 Seek development. Learning to adjust and seek development is an advanced goal, and psychological counseling with this as the main goal can be called developmental counseling.
Second, ways to influence students' behavior changes
To do a good job in psychological counseling, we must follow the following basic principles: facing all students, combining prevention with development, respecting and understanding students, students' subjectivity, individualized treatment and overall development.
(A) the basic methods of behavior change
The basic methods of behavior change include reinforcement method, token reward method, behavior shaping method, demonstration method, punishment method and self-control method.
1. Strengthening method
Reinforcement method is used to cultivate new adaptive behavior.
2. Token reward method
Token is a symbolic reinforcement, and chips, small red stars, printed cards and special plastic coins can all be used as tokens.
3. Behavior modeling methods
Behavior shaping refers to the formation of some complex behavior by constantly strengthening the reaction of approaching the goal.
4. Model law
Observing and imitating the examples shown by teachers is an important way for students to learn social behavior.
Step 5 punish the law
The function of punishment is to eliminate bad behavior.
6. Self-control method
(B) the basic methods of behavior drills
1. Total body relaxation training
Total relaxation, or relaxation training, is to change the degree of muscle tension and relieve the pain caused by muscle tension in order to cope with emotional tension, anxiety and anger.
2. The system is insensitive to favor parks.
System desensitization means that when some people are sensitive to something or an environment (fear, anxiety, anxiety), we can produce an incompatible reaction to the parties, so that we can no longer produce sensitive reactions to things that might have caused sensitive reactions.
3. Affirmative training
1) Ask others to do something for themselves to meet their reasonable needs.
2) Reject other people's unreasonable demands without hurting each other.
3) Express your opinions and feelings truly.
Also called self-confidence training and brave training.
(C) methods to improve students' cognition
Ellis's rational emotional counseling method, he believes that people's emotions are determined by his thoughts, reasonable thoughts lead to healthy emotions, and unreasonable thoughts lead to negative and unstable emotions. He put forward an ABC theory to explain human behavior.
A fact
personal opinion
Emotional consequences caused by facts
Change b
The above is the relevant sharing about the key points of the 2020 teacher qualification examination. I hope it will help everyone. More teacher qualification examination skills, preparation guide and other content, you are welcome to pay attention to this platform in time!