Shen Hong, Foreign Language Middle School affiliated to Shanghai Normal University.
Feedback is a physical, physiological and psychological regression phenomenon, also called regression. Its program is a continuous process of output and input. Feedback is like a monitor, which constantly adjusts and improves the feedback information according to the actual situation of the internal and external environment, so as to respond to the stimulation of the internal and external environment more accurately. The feedback principle is that any system can achieve effective control only through feedback information, so as to achieve the goal; In other words, it is impossible for a system without feedback information to achieve effective control and achieve goals.
The feedback principle has been widely used in modern science, which has important guiding significance in educational management and teaching methods. When the feedback principle is applied to physical education teaching activities, physical education teachers can know their own teaching effect in time and accurately with the help of certain feedback information, adjust and improve teaching methods in time, and make the physical education teaching effect reach the best; Students know the learning results in time through the evaluation of teachers, classmates and themselves, and improve their learning efficiency through internal feedback. In physical education teaching, both teachers and students can get feedback information. If teachers can use the feedback information reasonably, it will help to improve the teaching effect.
First, use feedback in preparing lessons.
Long-term practice has proved that physical education teaching is mainly conducted outdoors, which is not only complicated in teaching process, but also influenced by seasons, climate, venues, equipment and other environments. This puts forward specific requirements for various teaching organizations in physical education class, and negligence in any link may lead to the failure of a class. So it is very important to make full preparations before class. Only by fully preparing lessons and completing the feedforward based on feedback can we output the selected and coded information with high quality through physical education teaching, so as to achieve the teaching goal as soon as possible in the teaching process. So how can we make good use of feedback information in preparing lessons?
The level at which teachers record the contents of teaching materials constitutes the information stored by every physical education teacher. The information stored by physical education teachers is carefully prepared and output to students through physical education teaching. Therefore, physical education teachers should prepare teaching materials, tasks, students, teaching methods, safety measures, exercise load, venue equipment and so on. And on this basis, design the best class plan.
However, it is not easy to get students' feedback. Instead, we should rely on the professional spirit and sense of responsibility of physical education teachers, go deep into students, make targeted investigations, ask questions, look at them with eyes and think, and grasp their physical and mental characteristics, health status and hobbies as much as possible. In addition, we should also use students' existing knowledge, methods and skills of physical fitness, such as classroom questioning, extracurricular exercise, various forms of competitions and physical fitness tests, to get feedback information, so as to design the best physical education teaching plan as the actual basis for preparing lessons.
Second, the application of feedback in physical education teaching
For physical education teachers, it is a process of outputting codes to students according to the designed teaching plan and adjusting teaching methods according to the feedback information sent by students. For students, it is a process of achieving goals through internal feedback (feedback from proprioception officers when students complete their goals) and external feedback (evaluation by teachers and classmates). To sum up, physical education teaching is a process of information transmission. The principle of feedback runs through the whole process of information transmission.
1, the application of feedback in students. Students' internal feedback information from proprioceptors and visual receptors plays an important role in the formation and reproduction of fitness skills, and has the most direct influence on students. Therefore, in physical education teaching, teachers should consciously cultivate students' ability to use proprioception, emphasize students' awareness of recalling the completion of actions and strengthen self-feedback information. Let the students understand the reasons for the action and provide the basis for practice.
Teachers should give students evaluation information in time or guide students to evaluate each other in teaching, which plays an important role in achieving students' goals. Here, I quote the experiment introduced by Zhang Dexiu in the book "Research on Educational Psychology" to illustrate: In this experiment, Rossi and Henry divided a class of students into three groups and took a test after each major. For the first group, the learning results are notified every day, for the second group, the learning results are notified every week, and for the third group, there is no such report, that is, there is no feedback information. After 8 weeks, the difference in academic performance among the three groups is very obvious: the first group is the best, the second group is medium, and the third group is the worst. After 8 weeks, the method was changed. The first group didn't say the result, that is, there was no feedback. The second group still talked about the learning results every week, and the third group continued to talk about the learning results every day for 8 weeks. After these eight weeks, the academic performance of the first group changed greatly: the first group dropped from the best to the worst, the second group remained medium, and the third group rose from the worst to the best. Therefore, PE teachers should use the feedback principle flexibly according to their own teaching characteristics and students' physical and mental characteristics in the learning process. In the primary stage of learning, students often show disharmony and lack of control ability. Accordingly, teachers should make more use of visual feedback information, strengthen demonstration (direct demonstration by teachers and demonstration by using information technology), give students correct and vivid action representations, and make students continuously strengthen the connection between vision and proprioception. On this basis, in order to reduce the occurrence of wrong actions, teachers should also use suggestive language feedback to guide students. When students learn to a certain extent, teachers should gradually strengthen the role of language feedback and relatively reduce the control of visual feedback on sports. When students enter the final stage of learning, teachers should pay attention to the simplification of evaluation language and guide students to evaluate themselves and each other, so as to improve the learning effect.
2. Use the feedback principle to adjust teaching. In teaching, PE teachers should use the feedback principle if they want to complete certain teaching tasks within the specified time. The feedback principle is based on information transmission, and brain nerve cells can absorb, analyze, judge and store information only when they are in a certain energy state. When students' psychological activities are at a positive level, the nerve fiber channels related to learning in the brain can transmit information in the best state. Therefore, in order to make students' information transmission channels unimpeded, teachers should adopt various ways and methods. In teaching, teachers should find problems according to feedback information (performance, problems, etc.) and give further guidance. ) students' learning, and can not stick to the steps of the lesson plan, directly point to the purpose and task. When encountering accidental events in the teaching process, teachers should take decisive random control according to the feedback information at that time, change and adjust the information transmission procedures or means to ensure that the teaching effect will not be affected.
Therefore, in the teaching process of physical education class, no matter what actions and events, we should always implement the feedback principle and get feedback information circularly, so as to best adjust our physical education teaching, fully mobilize students' enthusiasm, make teaching always in the best state, and thus obtain the best teaching effect.
Third, the main points that should be paid attention to in the application of feedback principle in physical education teaching
1. According to different actual situations, scientifically apply the feedback principle to improve the teaching effect. Teachers should learn to create effective teaching methods under the guidance of feedback principle. 2. Pay attention to timeliness and two-way feedback. 3. Emphasize the combination with practice. Before each exercise, let the students recall the process and main points of the exercise, inspire their thinking, and thus understand the action more deeply. 4. Every PE teacher should do a good job of systematic accumulation and timely analysis of feedback information. 5. We should constantly strengthen our professional quality, constantly enrich new knowledge, sum up the right and wrong in teaching, and improve the control ability of feedback information through feedback and reinforcement. 6. Pay attention to the role of students' mutual evaluation and self-evaluation, encourage students to put forward their own opinions and requirements to teachers at any time, and feedback their feelings to teachers. 7. When completing an action, teachers should be good at inducing them to recall the successful completion of the action and give him joy and stimulation, thus generating feedback information and strengthening and stimulating learning motivation. 8. We should use the means and methods of modern information technology to make students compare and analyze their behaviors, give feedback and strengthen them, so as to correct their behaviors and achieve their original goals.
1From September 1998 to June 2002, I taught physical education class in the first junior middle school class of our school. After four years of joint efforts of teachers and students, with the support of leaders and the coordination of class teachers, the success rate of body forging is excellent 37%, good 85% and passing 99%. In the physical education test of the senior high school entrance examination, the full score rate of 4 points is 78%, and the rate of 3 points or above is 99%. In the district, the results are among the best. Why can you achieve the above effect? There are many reasons. One of the main reasons is the application of feedback principle, which links the cause with the result. A PE teacher has to go through countless cycles of teaching process in his PE teaching career. If the feedback information can be obtained timely and accurately in physical education teaching, and can flow smoothly among physical education teachers, then the physical education teaching effect will be better and better.