① People are the object of nursing service, and the understanding of people is the core and foundation of nursing theory and practice. Man is a whole and an open system. People have different levels of basic needs at different stages of development, have the ability to take care of themselves and be responsible for their health.
② Environment includes internal environment and external environment. Internal environment refers to human physiology, thinking, thinking, psychology and society. The external environment includes natural environment and social and cultural environment. People's internal environment and external environment are constantly exchanging and interacting, and the environment is dynamic and constantly changing.
③ Health 1947 The definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) is that health is not just the absence of diseases or defects, but a state of good physical, mental and social adaptation. Health is a dynamic and continuous process. Health is a whole concept; Personal health concept is influenced by many factors.
④ The development of nursing has gone through three stages: disease-centered, patient-centered and health-centered. Nursing is a process of providing services for people's health, and nursing activities are a combination of science, art and humanitarianism. Nursing is a purposeful, organized and creative activity, and nursing procedure is the basic working method of nursing.
nurse
Nursing is a comprehensive applied science based on the theory of natural science and social science, which studies the nursing theory, knowledge, skills and its development law of maintaining, promoting and restoring human health. It is an independent subject in medicine. Nursing science includes natural sciences such as biology, physics, chemistry, anatomy and physiology.
Nursing is a highly skilled subject, which requires practice and good hands-on ability. The most important thing is to work hard and serve the patients.
Open classification: major
Business training objectives: This major trains senior professionals with basic knowledge and skills of humanities and social sciences, medicine, preventive health care and basic theory of nursing, who can engage in clinical nursing, preventive health care, nursing management, nursing teaching and nursing research in the nursing field.
Professional training requirements: Students in this major mainly study related humanities and social sciences, basic medical knowledge, basic theoretical knowledge of prevention and health care, receive basic training in basic theory, basic nursing knowledge and clinical nursing skills, and have the basic ability to implement holistic nursing and community health services for clients.
Main subjects: ethics, psychology, nursing.
Main courses: human anatomy, physiology, medical ethics, psychology, etiology, pharmacotherapy, basic diagnosis, basic nursing, acute and severe nursing, internal and surgical nursing, gynecological and pediatric nursing, mental nursing, preventive medicine, nursing management, etc.
Development of nursing concept
Nursing: Originated from Latin, it means to care for children, and later extended to nurture, protect, avoid harm, and take care of the elderly, the sick or the weak.
Nurse: One who feeds, supports and protects the sick, the wounded and the elderly.
Different nursing theorists and nursing organizations have different definitions of nursing.
Disease-centered
(1860-1950s)
Healthy and disease-free
Etiology-damage and dysfunction caused by bacteria or trauma.
Nursing-assisting doctors in diagnosis and treatment, eliminating physical diseases and restoring normal functions.
Nurse-the doctor's assistant
Nursing methods-carrying out doctor's advice, routine nursing and technical operation.
Nursing education-culture, basic medicine and clinical medicine do not highlight nursing content.
Nightingale's definition-by changing the environment, the patient is in the best state and waits for his natural recovery.
Features:
Division of labor and cooperation between doctors and nurses
Practices and techniques for forming specifications
Ignoring the wholeness of human beings.
The limitations in the field of nursing research restrict the development.
Patient-centered
(1950s to 1970s)
With the rapid development of science and technology, the concepts of disease and health have also changed.
Health: 1948 WHO puts forward that health is not only the absence of diseases or defects, but a perfect state of physical, mental and social adaptation.
Nursing: 1955, L.Hall of the United States put forward the concept of responsible nursing; Nurses put forward nursing procedures according to system theory, which provided scientific methods for nursing practice.
Nursing is a combination of art and science, including taking care of all patients and improving their intellectual, mental and physical health.
Medical model: 1977, American physician G.L.Engel put forward a new medical model of "biology-physiology-society".
Nursing education-enriching humanistic knowledge
Features:
Healthcare Relationship-Partners
Nurse-patient relationship-patients participate in a comprehensive understanding of the overall situation of patients.
Nursing mode-nursing is patient-centered, comprehensive, systematic and holistic nursing for patients, and applying nursing procedures.
Management concept-from emphasizing consistency to institutional measures starting from patients
Work place-in the hospital, limited to health recovery.
In 1943, Olivier believes that nursing is a combination of art and science, including taking care of all patients and improving their intellectual, mental and physical health.
In 1957, Francis Reiter Kreuter proposed that nursing is to protect and teach patients to meet their basic needs that they can't take care of themselves and make them comfortable.
In 1960s, Dorothy Johnson believed that nursing was that some people could not meet their own needs under certain stress or pressure, and nurses provided them with technical requirements to relieve their stress and restore their original internal balance.
Take health as the center
(1970s to present)
Nursing specialty-from a technical occupation attached to medical treatment to a more independent specialty serving human health.
1978 who put forward that "health care for all in 2000" has become the guiding direction for the development of nursing specialty.
Nursing concept
1966, Virginia Henderson put forward that nursing is to help healthy people or patients keep healthy or recover (or be stressed before dying; Ning) activities, until patients or healthy people can live independently.
Rogers put forward in 1970 that "nursing is to help people reach the best health potential, and the service object of nursing is all people. As long as there are people, there is nursing service".
1973, the International Association of Nurses (ICN) put forward that "nursing is to help healthy people or sick people maintain or recover their health (or die peacefully).
1980 the American college of nursing (ANA) put forward that "nursing is to diagnose and deal with human responses to existing and potential health problems."
Health center stage
Features:
1 is no longer a technical occupation subordinate to medical treatment.
2. Nursing method is a nursing procedure based on system theory, and nurses should have the ability of "diagnosis" and "treatment".
3. Nursing is centered on the health of the whole person;
4. The nursing task has gone beyond the original care for patients, and the service scope has expanded to the whole process from health to disease care; The nursing object is from individual to group; From hospitals to families and communities.
5. Modern nursing is a comprehensive applied subject that serves human health and combines natural science with social science. It is a combination of science, art and humanism.