definition
I. Definition of economics
Economics is a science that studies the laws of economic activities; In other words, economics is a discipline that systematically explores the law of wealth transformation and transmission, which refers to the process of wealth creation, wealth consumption and wealth transmission; The core of economics is economic law. This new definition comes from Liu De's book Fortune.
Second, the definition of economics
Economics is a science about the law of economic development. Symmetric economics is the end of political economics and the beginning of scientific economics. Political economics is an economics that studies the position and role of all classes in the process of economic development. Because political economics can't take the general law of economic development as the object (although some political economics also flaunt themselves taking the general law of economic development as the object), political economics as a paradigm is pre-economics. Symmetry is the deepest essence of the universe, the law of symmetry is the most fundamental law of society, and the principle of symmetry is the most basic principle of science and economics. Symmetry economics is an economics that uses symmetry method, five-dimensional method and system theory method to make a logical, historical and realistic analysis of various elements, structures and their relationships in human economic activities and reveal the general laws of human economic activities. Only symmetric economics, which is based on symmetric philosophy and takes the symmetric relationship of human social and economic activities as its own object, starting point and basic principle of building a system, is scientific economics.
The latest development of economics
First, the ability to create wealth reflects the ability of wealth.
People need various forms of wealth in their daily production and life. For example, people need clothes, food, houses, cars and other wealth to maintain their lives. Clothes have the ability to cover the body and keep out the cold; Food has the ability to provide heat and alleviate hunger; Houses can be isolated from the outside world to a certain extent in space, and have the ability to provide living rest and sports venues; Production needs electric lights, coal, motors and other wealth. Both electric lights and coal have the ability to emit light and heat. Coal combustion releases a lot of heat, which provides the ability to melt iron ore. Motor rotation has the ability to make the machine run. It can be seen that all substances with some form of ability are called wealth. This is people's advanced understanding of wealth. This new definition comes from Liu De's book Fortune. The existence of matter does not depend on human consciousness, but it can be perceived by human consciousness. Wealth exists objectively, while ability develops in a changing way. New era, new perspective, new concept. Almost all people in the world think: "What I can use is wealth." Therefore, wealth contains some abilities that people need, and wealth can satisfy some desires of people. People try their best to get wealth, in fact, they want to get some kind of ability; Ability is what wealth has in different forms and uses; Ability is the essence of wealth, and it is also the place where all wealth lies. In a word, the essence of wealth is ability, or ability is where all wealth lies. It can be seen that the material with ability is called wealth, which can be simply described as "ability is wealth". Ability and wealth are objective and real, and they are material in themselves. Therefore, there is no need to "what material is material".
To sum up, the ability to create wealth and the ability to embody wealth are the most clear and concise. This is a deepening from perceptual to rational, and it is an important and profound revolution in the field of cognition. The view that "ability is the essence of all wealth" comes from Liu De's On Wealth, which also deeply analyzes the relationship between wealth and ability.
Second, productivity is people's ability to create wealth.
Productivity is people's ability to create wealth. Productivity belongs to the concept of economics or sociology, and the new definition comes from Liu De's On Wealth. The release of the new definition is a milestone in our understanding of productivity.
The first milestone: the ability of human beings to transform nature is called productivity. From Marx's Das Kapital
The second milestone: science and technology are the primary productive forces. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping by Deng Xiaoping.
The third milestone: productivity is people's ability to create wealth; Capital is the primary productive force. Excerpt from Liu De's On Wealth
Third, capital is the primary productive force.
For a long time, people regard the labor force as the primary productive force, which artificially expands the subjective consciousness and leads to the prevalence of exaggeration. Later, Comrade Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of China's reform and opening up, was "the first person to eat crabs" and listed science and technology as productive forces, which can also be regarded as an important part of "Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory System". Comrade Xiaoping not only listed "science and technology" as productive forces, but also as the primary productive forces. Therefore, the concept of "science and technology are the primary productive forces" has moistened the north and south of the country, promoted the pace of reform and opening up in China, and achieved remarkable results. It can be seen that the proposition that "science and technology are the primary productive forces" is a milestone in objectively understanding productive forces. With the deepening of our research, we need to further understand the productive forces in order to solve practical problems.
(1) Capital is active and labor is passive.
In enterprises, capitalists correspond to capital; Hiring workers corresponds to labor. Capitalists possess the means of production, and although employees have personal freedom, they are deprived of the means of production. Only when laborers sell their labor as commodities and are bought by capitalists can labor and means of production be combined and production be carried out. In the whole process of enterprise production, the capitalists have finalized and seized the initiative; What an enterprise produces, how much it produces and how it produces are all decided by the capitalists; Employed workers are in a passive position in the process of production, circulation, distribution and consumption of products.
(2) Capital can change and improve the level of labor.
1. Labor force is a person's ability to work, and it is the sum of his physical strength and brain power. The labor force exists in a living and healthy human body, which is the eternal condition of social production. Ordinary laborers are called ordinary workers, or ordinary workers, and laborers with high skill level are called senior employees or engineers. It can be seen that engineer = labor force+technology+labor skills. Hired workers can "invest" themselves and change their labor skills, thus changing from ordinary workers to senior engineers. The money paid by this kind of self-investment is not capital, but a means of making a living for mental workers. We can also understand it this way: the capital mentioned here is capital in a broad sense; Capitalists pay to build factories, which is capital in a narrow sense.
2. With the rapid development of science and technology, in modern enterprises, the demand for labor level is getting higher and higher. Therefore, some enterprises invest a lot of capital to train employees. The purpose is to adapt to the successful career change of enterprises and the operation of advanced machinery and equipment. It can be seen that enterprises provide capital to train employees in order to improve their labor skills. The vast number of developing countries have introduced new policies to attract investment in order to improve the productivity level of the region.
(3) Capital includes science and technology, including labor skills and advanced machinery and equipment.
Science and technology (mainly natural science) is the primary productive force, which refers to the importance of science and technology to the development of productive forces. Science and technology should be applied to production practice to promote and promote the development of productive forces. After the Second World War, the rapid development of science and technology injected a strong impetus into the accelerated development of society. With the rapid development of science and technology in the world, the role of science and technology in social development is increasingly obvious. With the deepening of reform and opening up, "science and technology are the primary productive forces" is increasingly accepted by people. Deng Xiaoping's assertion that "science and technology are the primary productive forces" accurately points out the leading role and important position of science and technology in social production and social development for the first time. Science and technology are composed of labor skills, advanced machinery and equipment and inventions of mental workers. They are directly and indirectly transformed from capital, but the decisive inventions are the crystallization of human wisdom.
(d) Surplus value and excess surplus value require a lot of capital investment.
1. In the process of enterprise production, capital is not only active, but also the primary condition of the whole enterprise production and everything. In other words, capital is the primary condition for the generation of surplus value. Without capital, there is nothing. In socialized large-scale productive labor, capitalists hold a large amount of monetary capital in order to build factories, buy production tools, raw materials and labor, which is the primary condition for production and the necessary condition for the generation of surplus value. With this premise, the hired workers have a place to give full play to their talents and a place to produce products and generate surplus value.
2. The generation of excess surplus value needs sufficient capital. The condition of surplus value is that the labor time of the goods produced by oneself is lower than the socially necessary labor time. To achieve this effect, enterprises must constantly improve production technology, purchase advanced equipment and improve employees' skills. Excess surplus value is also relative surplus value in essence, which is based on the improvement of labor productivity and produced by shortening the necessary labor time and extending the surplus labor time accordingly. Visible, only when the labor productivity is improved, the necessary labor time is shortened, and the surplus labor time is correspondingly extended, can excess surplus value appear. Therefore, only by continuously investing capital, purchasing advanced equipment, improving production technology and improving labor productivity can we shorten the necessary labor time and prolong the surplus labor time, thus generating excess surplus value. Productivity is people's ability to create wealth.
Fourth, the theory of capital wealth.
The scientific propositions of "capital is the productive force" and "capital is the primary productive force" have developed Deng Xiaoping's theory that "science and technology are the primary productive force", which is a milestone for us to correctly understand the productive forces. Capital is the primary productive force, and productive forces create wealth. Therefore, capital creates wealth. Thus formed the "theory of capital wealth".
Five, the quantitative profit distribution system of productivity loss
Productivity is the most basic unit that constitutes an enterprise, that is to say, countless small productive forces are combined and gathered together to form an enterprise.
If labor, science and technology, capital and so on are regarded as productive forces, then the essence of an enterprise is the combination of countless tiny productive forces, and the process of enterprise production is the process of consumption of all tiny productive forces. Since labor, science and technology and capital are all productive forces and elements of production, the distribution of profits is determined by the loss of productive forces represented by labor, science and technology and capital. Engineers are composed of ordinary workers (laborers) and scientific and technical personnel. Then, the number of productivity units represented by engineers will be more than that of ordinary workers; Similarly, engineers spend more unit productivity than ordinary workers in the same month. So the salary (or profit) of engineers is higher than that of ordinary workers. All enterprises produce in pursuit of profit. Workers are paid, engineers are paid, and enterprises should also get corresponding profits. It can be seen that the principle that productivity losses represented by labor, science and technology and capital determine their respective profits is the quantitative profit distribution system of productivity losses. The profit obtained by an enterprise is determined by the loss of productivity represented by the enterprise, rather than what Marx said, "the profit obtained by an enterprise is the surplus value created by hiring workers." Therefore, the proposition that "capital is the primary productive force" plays down the sharpness of Marx's so-called political economy.
6. The law of wealth is the most advanced scientific theory in the world today.
The law of wealth belongs to the objective law of economics or sociology, which comes from Liu De's book On Wealth. The law of wealth is the third law in the history of human social thought after Marx's law of value and law of surplus value. The law of wealth is the greatest discovery of human society in 2 1 century and a milestone of human progress and social development.
The basic content of the law of wealth: in the process of transformation and transmission of ability, great ability means great ability; Small ability, small ability. As long as it is the transformation and transmission of existence ability, the law of wealth will inevitably play a role.
The most controversial field in economics.
Productivity is a very mysterious thing. On some issues, it is always said that there is public ownership, and women say that there is public ownership. Therefore, productivity is confusing. In Liu De's book On Wealth, some questions are raised, especially for those "scholars" who are interested in productivity.
"The relations of production must adapt to the development of productive forces" is an important content of Marxist political economy. However, this so-called classical theory is actually a fallacy full of loopholes. What is even more ridiculous is that this fallacy has always been regarded as a classic magic weapon by some loyal Marxists who are ignorant of knowledge, and its absurdity is self-evident. In almost all Marxist works, "relations of production must adapt to the development of productive forces" and "socialism replacing capitalism is an objective requirement for the development of productive forces". The following contents can hardly be found in all Marxist works.
So Adebayor couldn't help asking: (1) What is the productive force under the capitalist system? What is the productive forces under the socialist system? (2) Who is more productive, capitalism or socialism? (3) If "socialism replacing capitalism is an objective requirement for the development of productive forces", what is the specific expression of "development of productive forces" in this sentence? (4) To what extent have productivity developed, or from what level to what level? So socialism can replace capitalism. (5) To what extent is the productivity backward, or to what extent? So capitalism can replace socialism. (6) Since "socialism replacing capitalism is an objective requirement for the development of productive forces", it is the result of the development of productive forces that the socialist system replaces the capitalist system in China, that is to say, the socialist productive forces have developed much more than the capitalist productive forces. This raises a big question: in today's world, socialist countries generally lag behind developed capitalist countries, quite backward? Why should socialist China attract investment from capitalist countries, introduce advanced science and technology and advanced productive forces? For the above six questions, all Marxists can't answer them, and they can't find the answers in all Marxist works. This explains a problem, that is, "relations of production must adapt to the law of productivity development" is a fallacy full of loopholes. The disintegration of the former Soviet Union is a great irony to "the relations of production must adapt to the law of productivity development".
Internal relations of economic law
The core of economics is that economic law, value law, surplus value law and wealth law are all objective laws of economics. What are their close internal relations?
First, the law of wealth is the development of the law of value.
There is the law of wealth in the law of value, and the development of the law of value-the law of wealth. The process of commodity production and commodity exchange is essentially the process of transformation and transmission of capabilities, and capabilities are transformed from one form to another or from one commodity to another. In the process of ability transformation and transmission, ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability. As long as there is the ability to transform and transmit, the law of wealth will inevitably play a role.
1, according to the basic requirements of the law of value: the value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing goods. It takes more labor to produce a car than a bicycle, so as a commodity, the value of a car is greater than that of a bicycle. Raising an elephant requires more labor than raising a hen, so as a commodity, elephants are more valuable than hens. Therefore, the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities is more, and the human labor consumed is more, so the value of such commodities is greater; The socially necessary labor time for producing commodities is less, and less human labor is consumed, so the value of such commodities is less. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
2. According to the requirements of the law of value, commodity exchange should be based on value quantity and implement equivalent exchange. If an axe is exchanged for 15 kg of rice, then 10 can be exchanged for 150 kg of rice. If a ton of rice is exchanged for ten feet of cloth, then 10 ton of rice can be exchanged for 100 feet of cloth. Therefore, the greater the commodity value, the greater the exchange value; If the value of goods is small, then the exchange value is also small. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
3. According to the basic requirements of the law of value, money is the yardstick to measure the value of all other commodities. A dress is priced in 50 yuan, a table is priced at 100 yuan, and a kilogram of vegetables is priced in 3 yuan. Then, ten identical clothes are priced in 500 yuan, ten identical tables are priced at 1000 yuan, and ten kilograms of similar vegetables are priced at 30 yuan. Therefore, the value of the commodity itself is large, so the price is high; The commodity itself is of small value, so the price is low. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
4. Similarly, if 50 yuan can buy one dress, 100 yuan a table and 3 yuan a catty of vegetables, then 500 yuan can buy ten identical clothes, and 1000 yuan can buy ten identical tables, and 30 yuan can buy ten jins of similar vegetables. Therefore, the more money, the greater the ability to buy; When the amount of money is small, the purchasing power is small. This is the objective requirement and inevitable result of the law of value imbalance. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
The law of value is an objective law in the process of commodity production and commodity exchange. In the Law of Value, Marx deeply analyzed and expounded the transformation and transmission of the quality, quantity and expression of value, which provided a solid foundation for the establishment of the law of wealth.
5. The basic content of the law of wealth is: in the process of transformation and transmission of ability, great ability means great ability; Small ability, small ability. As long as there is the ability to transform and transmit, the law of wealth will inevitably play a role.
Second, the law of wealth is the development of the law of surplus value.
The law of surplus value includes the law of wealth and the development of the law of surplus value-the law of wealth. The process of surplus value production is essentially the process of ability transformation and transmission, and the ability is transformed from one form to another, or from one competition to another. In the process of ability transformation and transmission, ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability. As long as there is the ability to transform and transmit, the law of wealth will inevitably play a role.
1. Capitalists regard a certain amount of money as capital, use part of it to buy production materials such as factories, machines and raw materials, and use the other part to buy labor. It can be seen that capitalists have invested a lot of capital and huge investment. Secondly, after the capitalists have prepared all the production conditions for the workers, the hired workers don't need to carry any machines, tools or raw materials. They work alone in the factory. It can be seen that the investment in hiring workers is very small. Finally, the profits obtained by capitalists are the sum of the surplus values generated by all employed workers, which is relatively huge; The income of hired workers is only a meager personal salary, which is relatively small. This is the unchangeable relationship and law of all wage labor systems, and it is the objective requirement of the imbalance of surplus value. In short, in any wage labor production system, the capitalist's investment is large, and the income is large; The less the hired workers invest, the less they earn. It can be seen that the great ability reflects the great ability; Small ability, small ability.
2. The motive and purpose of wage labor production is to pursue surplus value. Capitalists' insatiable pursuit of surplus value makes the basic contradiction of capitalism increasingly acute. In the production relations of the wage labor production system, the opposition and struggle between the bourgeoisie and the working class have never stopped. As a powerful group, the bourgeoisie is very powerful, so it takes the initiative in the struggle and squeezes and exploits the working class as much as possible. As a vulnerable group, the working class is in a weak position, so it is passive in the struggle and always in the position of being slaughtered, injured and exploited. This is the essential and inevitable relationship and law between the bourgeoisie and the working class in employment relations and production relations. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
3. Surplus value, relative surplus value and excess surplus value are all produced under the high investment of capitalists. Capitalists are strong and invest a lot. If they buy advanced production machines and improve production technology, they can extract more surplus value. On the contrary, the capitalists are weak, with little investment, outdated equipment and low production technology, and the surplus value squeezed by the capitalists is less, and sometimes even unprofitable. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
4. Looking at countless enterprises and factories, are they all equally profitable? Of course not. Different industries, different production scales, different technical contents and different profits. If a textile worker is hired to extract the surplus value of 30 yuan in one day, then capitalist A has strong strength and large investment, and can hire 1000 workers to produce at the same time, so the surplus value that can be extracted in one day is 30,000 yuan; Capitalist B's strength is relatively weak, his investment is low, and he can only employ 100 workers for production, so the residual value that can be extracted in one day is 3000 yuan. It can be seen that the investment and benefit of enterprises are always linked. Generally speaking, if the investment is large, the profit will be large; Small investments lead to small profits. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
5, in the market competition, there is a fierce survival of the fittest among enterprises, the law of the jungle, the big fish eat small fish. On the one hand, not only make small commodity producers poor or bankrupt, but also the capital of small capitalists is constantly squeezed out and annexed by big capitalists; On the other hand, some capitalists have more and more abundant capital and finally develop into monopoly capital. Therefore, in the fierce market competition, powerful enterprises can be in an invincible position and develop and grow; Weak enterprises will fail or even be eliminated if they can't stand the cruel competition. It can be seen that in the process of ability transformation and transmission, the ability is great, and the ability reflected is also great; Small ability, small ability.
6. The basic content of the law of wealth is: in the process of transformation and transmission of ability, great ability means great ability; Small ability, small ability. As long as there is the ability to transform and transmit, the law of wealth will inevitably play a role. This is keen insight, this is strength, this is wisdom, from Liu De's book Wealth.
The Application of Wealth Law in Economics
There are various economic theories, but the theories that can solve practical problems are classical theories and advanced theories. In the long history of human civilization, countless thinkers and artists have emerged, leaving many immortal classics. These classics may be a book, a movie, a painting, a piece of music, or just a formula, or even several characters. They promoted the civilization and historical process of human society, thus forming a colorful and immortal milestone. The law of wealth is one of the dazzling milestones.