Now we have been talking about newborn babies, so we all know when a baby is a newborn baby. A newborn baby is called a newborn baby from birth to full moon.
Because the newborn has just left its mother, it is still delicate and has poor anti-infection ability, which requires careful care. This is an important process for babies to gradually adapt to the outside life after leaving their mothers.
The functional development of tissues and organs of newborns is not perfect, and their adaptability to the external environment is low. Therefore, good family care is the key to promote the healthy growth of newborns.
First, the care of newborn babies.
1, umbilical nursing
The umbilical cord of a newborn baby will fall off within a week of birth. Pay attention to the safety and health of the baby's navel before the baby's umbilical cord falls off.
After the umbilical cord falls off, if there is blood or pus in the umbilical fossa, 75% alcohol can be used to smear the exudate and keep it dry so as to go to the hospital for treatment in time.
2, heat preservation
Because the newborn's function of regulating body temperature is poor, it is easy to get pneumonia, colds and other diseases because of catching cold, so it is necessary to maintain an ideal room temperature. Generally, 20-24 degrees Celsius is appropriate. The lower the weight of premature infants, the more attention should be paid to keeping warm. You can use a hot water bottle, and if possible, you can use air conditioning equipment to keep warm.
3. Oral hygiene
The oral mucosa of newborns is soft, rich in blood vessels and dry. Yellow and white spots are often seen on both sides of the maxillary midline and the gingival margin, which are caused by accumulation of epithelial cells or retention and swelling of mucous glands. This small spot is called epithelial bead, commonly known as horse tooth. Don't pick, don't rub. Picking and rubbing can cause local ulceration, and severe sepsis can occur.
4, respiratory care
The newborn baby's breathing is uneven, and it will be shallow, deep and irregular. Mothers should pay attention to the baby's normal breathing.
If there is mucus in the nasal cavity, you can gently wipe it off with sterile cotton. When catching a cold, it often causes serious nasal congestion, which affects breastfeeding. You can use 0.5% ephedrine solution one drop at a time before breastfeeding. Adult nasal drops are strictly prohibited to avoid poisoning.
Step 5 take a bath
Newborns have a strong metabolism, so taking a bath often can clean the skin and improve blood circulation. Take a bath, wash your face and neck, and then wash your whole body. Pay attention to the cleanliness of the folds behind the ear, neck, armpit, elbow and groin.
Wash the vulva of the baby girl from front to back to prevent the feces around the anus from polluting the vagina and urethra. After taking a bath, dry your body with a dry towel and apply baby powder to the wrinkles on your skin.
Matters needing attention
Sucking and swallowing reflexes are present at birth, but the digestive system of the gastrointestinal tract is not yet mature, so we can only feed our mother milk and water.
Second, the basic common sense
"Neonatal period" mainly refers to the adaptation period of the fetus from delivery in the mother's womb to external life. Because the functional development of various organs of the newborn's body system is not yet mature during this period, newborns are generally divided into three categories in clinic:
(1) Full-term infants
Newborns with gestational age from 37 weeks to 42 weeks.
② Premature infants
Newborns with gestational age from 28 weeks to 37 weeks.
(3) Late delivery
Newborns over 42 weeks of gestation.
Newborns have low immune function, poor thermoregulation function and are easy to be infected. Nursing must be meticulous, scientific and reasonable. Experts focus on the following aspects to give specific guidance.
1, temperature and light
Newborns are somewhat uncomfortable with the change of external temperature difference. The suitable indoor temperature should be kept at 25℃ ~ 28℃, and the temperature should be reduced appropriately in midsummer, but it should be kept warm in winter. But when ventilating, pay attention to having a heater next to it.
But indoor light should not be too dark or too bright. Some parents think that newborns are less sensitive to light and are afraid of irritating their eyes. They often like to hang heavy curtains. In fact, this is not appropriate. Babies should learn to adapt to natural indoor light and avoid direct sunlight.
2. Clothes and diapers
Neonatal underwear (including diapers) should be soft and easy to absorb water, and it is best not to use chemical fiber or printing and dyeing fabrics; Clothes should be light in color, which is easy to find dirt and prevent dyes from irritating newborn skin;
Clothes should be as loose as possible, which does not hinder physical activities and is convenient to put on and take off; Due to the large amount of heat dissipation in the newborn's head, a small hat should be worn when the climate is cold or the room temperature is low, and it should be soft and comfortable.
Diapers are made of soft cotton fabric, which has good water absorption and should be washed and changed frequently. Usually change it more than 4 times during the day and more than 2 times at night. Every time you change it, you should clean it with little ass and apply proper amount of skin care oil.
Choose diapers with good quality and air permeability, try to use diapers at home, and use "diapers" when going out or sleeping; Note that diapers or diapers should not be wrapped too tightly, so that the limbs can stretch freely.
Step 3 sleep position
Sleeping posture affects breathing, and the newborn's head is soft. Good sleeping posture is beneficial to the development of the head. It is recommended to have a comfortable pillow with a thickness of 1 ~ 2 cm, slightly concave in the middle and slightly raised at both ends.
The best sleeping position is lying on your back or side to avoid pressing your chest and lungs. It is recommended to sleep on your side after feeding to avoid suffocation caused by overflowing or choking milk. When taking the supine position, always change your posture; Due to strong activity, full-term babies can lie prone in the first few days after birth to facilitate the outflow of respiratory secretions and prevent vomit from flowing back into the trachea. But when they lie prone, they must take a pillow and put their heads aside. At this time, parents should be watching.
Newborns generally sleep 18 ~ 20 hours a day, but babies under the full moon should not sleep for a long time. Parents should wake up every 2 ~ 3 hours to facilitate breastfeeding.
It is especially important to note that you should not always lean to the left or right, and sleep on your side alternately to prevent the phenomenon of crooked neck.
4. Skin care
Newborns should try not to take a bath before the umbilical cord falls off, but should wipe their bodies with dry cleaning. After the umbilical cord falls off, you can bathe it. It is recommended to use non-irritating baby soap. After bathing, use a dry and soft towel to absorb the moisture on your body and apply a little powder to the wrinkles on your skin.
Always wipe your ass with a warm towel after changing diapers. Sometimes, the buttocks skin will turn red due to urine stimulation. At this time, you can apply a little sterile vegetable oil. When the buttocks are obviously red in cold season, you can also use a hair dryer to bake locally, 3 ~ 4 times a day, 5 ~ 10 minutes each time (the hair dryer should not be too close to the skin to prevent burns).
5, facial features nursing
Pay attention to the cleanness of face, mouth of external auditory canal and nostrils, but don't dig external auditory canal and nasal cavity. Because the oral mucosa is delicate and rich in blood vessels, it is easy to scratch and cause infection, so it is not allowed to scrub the oral cavity frequently, and it is not allowed to pick and grind the small white spots on the gums-epithelial beads (commonly known as "horse teeth" or "dead teeth") with needles, especially unclean needles, to prevent bacteria from entering the body from here and causing sepsis.