The Qinghai-Tibet Railway runs from Xining City, Qinghai Province to Lhasa City, Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1956 km. Among them, 8 14km, 1979 and 1984 from Xining to Golmud were paved and put into operation. The Golmud-Lhasa section under construction starts from Golmud City, Qinghai Province, and goes south along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway to Lhasa City, the capital of Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1 142 km, of which the existing line from Golmud to Nanshankou is newly built112 km, with a reconstruction of 32 km. The construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway is facing severe challenges of frozen soil, cold and lack of oxygen and ecological fragility. This project is arduous, demanding and difficult.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway started construction on June 29th, 20001year. In that year, the investment was11.80 billion yuan, and the reconstruction of the existing line from Golmud to Nanshankou was completed. The subgrade from Nanshankou to Wang Kun was basically formed, and the frozen soil test section was started, which won the first victory. In 2002, it invested 5.32 billion yuan; The main project under Golmud-Wangkun line was completed, the main project under Wangkun-Chumar River line was basically completed, and the main project under Chumar River-Buqiangge line was completed by more than 80%; Track laying began on June 29th, and it reached Kunlun Mountain smoothly at the end of the year. This year is a comprehensive year for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, with a planned investment of 5.6 billion yuan. By the end of July, the total investment was 2.39 billion yuan and the total construction started was 8.89 billion yuan. At present, the frozen soil project in the northern part of Tanggula Mountain is taking intensive measures, laying tracks and erecting beams to advance to the hinterland of the plateau, and key projects such as Tanggula ridge-crossing section and Donnan section have been started, and the all-round battle has reached its climax.
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as "the roof of the world" and "the roof of the earth", and it is the source of rivers in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, built in this primitive, unique, fragile and sensitive geographical and ecological environment, is the railway with the highest altitude and the longest route in the world. The highest point of the railway crossing Tanggula Mountain is 5072 meters above sea level, 960 kilometers above sea level, and more than 550 kilometers in frozen soil area. Effective protection of ecological environment in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway is an important task of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and it is also the focus of attention at home and abroad. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the ecological environment protection of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. Comrade Zhu Rongji demanded that the State Council's spirit of strengthening the ecological environment protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau should be conscientiously implemented, and that the ecological environment of Qinghai-Tibet should be well cared for and every grass and tree in Qinghai-Tibet should be well protected. It points out the direction for the ecological environment protection of Qinghai-Tibet railway construction.
China Broadcasting Network, Beijing, May 2, 2007 1 The Ministry of Construction told reporters that with the joint efforts of all construction workers of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, all stations and auxiliary lines of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have been laid. At this point, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been fully laid.
According to Xinhua News Agency, the main line1142km of the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was fully laid last year. Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a landmark project in the development of western China. The project started construction in June 2000 1 year, and will be put into trial operation in July this year1day.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the highest railway in the world at present. The average annual temperature along the railway is below zero degrees Celsius, and the oxygen content in the air is only half that of the plain area. The railway crosses 960 kilometers above 4000 meters above sea level, with the highest point crossing Tanggula Mountain at 5072 meters above sea level. For the early opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, tens of thousands of builders along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have given up holidays and other rest time and are busy with the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Experts said that the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will further accelerate the economic development of Tibet and Qinghai provinces, and the history of "going abroad is easier than entering Tibet" will never return, and railway transportation will greatly reduce the cost of passenger and cargo transportation in and out of Tibet.
The opening of "Tianlu" makes the "roof of the world" not far away.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the highest plateau railway in the world, began trial operation on June 5438+0. The opening of this railway will change the lifestyle of 2.7 million Tibetan residents, including their cooking methods.
In front of a herder's tent in Dangxiong County, Xizang Autonomous Region, Sang Zhuo Ma, a Tibetan girl aged 16, smiled and told reporters: "As soon as the train passes, our family can cook without cow dung."
In the vast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, cold winters occupy most of the year. In the long eight months, due to the lack of coal resources, cow dung is the main fuel for plateau herders. However, the long-term burning of cow dung deprived the grassland of the ideal fertilizer.
After the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, 75% of the materials entering and leaving Tibet will be borne by the railway, which has changed the shortcomings of long road transportation distance, high freight rate and great loss in the past.
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the roof of the world, is famous for its high altitude, thin air, low oxygen content, strong ultraviolet rays, perennial snow and complex climate. Paul taylor, an American modern train traveler, wrote in his book Traveling in China: "With Kunlun Mountain, the railway will never reach Lhasa."
After four years of hard work, many rare scientific and technological problems have been overcome. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway was completed last year and will be put into trial operation on July 1 this year. Because it crosses the highest plateau in the world, this railway is also called "Heavenly Road".
In the eyes of Tibetans who have lived on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for generations, this magical railway can not only bring in the scarce coal on the plateau, but also transport the skins out. Perhaps one day, herders who have been grazing for generations can take the train to see the outside, and their distance from the world will be shortened.
Soko, a 52-year-old Tibetan, is the owner of a small restaurant in Lhasa. He said: "After the railway is opened to traffic, the first thing I want to do is to take my wife to the capital Beijing by train-a private day trip from home, and then visit more places!"
Tourism experts believe that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will become a "golden tourist route" with unlimited business opportunities.
Huang, commander of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Command, said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency that the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will connect the Silk Road and the Potala Palace and become a new golden tourist hotline in western China. Today, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces and regions have held consultations with Tibet on the development of tourism.
Soko said: "When tourists from all over the world come in, my small restaurant will be more prosperous!" "
According to the research forecast of Tibet Academy of Social Sciences and Institute of Industrial Economics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the number of tourists in Tibet is expected to reach 5,282,400 in 20 10, and the direct income from tourism will reach 5.8 billion yuan. In 2005, Tibet received10.8 million domestic and foreign tourists, and its tourism revenue was10.93 billion yuan.
Huang also told reporters that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company plans to open a luxury tourist train, passing through world-famous scenic spots such as Qinghai Lake, Kunlun Mountain, Hoh Xil, Sanjiangyuan, Northern Tibet Grassland and Potala Palace.
In order to help tourists cope with possible altitude sickness, there will be special oxygen supply equipment in the carriage. After completion, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will also adopt an infrared monitoring system to make the plateau unattended and open to traffic all day.
In addition, the company will also start a garbage collection system and a garbage collection train to transport the domestic garbage generated along the way to Lhasa or Golmud for treatment.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts from Xining, Qinghai Province in the east and ends in Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region in the west, with a total length of nearly 2,000 kilometers. After opening, the train speed in general sections will reach 120km, and the travel time from Golmud to Lhasa will not exceed 12 hours.
The trial operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in July 2006 provided two sets of oxygen supply modes.
On April 23, 2006, according to the introduction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, the Golmud-Lhasa train of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which was put into trial operation on July 1 2006, will provide passengers with two ways of oxygen supply by dispersion and oxygen mask to minimize the lack of oxygen in the train.
Ma Baocheng, deputy general manager of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, said that according to the lack of oxygen along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company will do its utmost to create a comfortable "internal environment" in the train compartment, and two sets of oxygen supply methods are set up in the train compartment. One is decentralized protection, similar to "central air conditioning", which will make the oxygen content of the whole carriage reach more than 80% in plain areas; Another method of oxygen supply is to set an oxygen mask next to the passenger seat. If passengers feel that there is still lack of oxygen in the carriage, they can take off their oxygen masks and take oxygen directly.
In addition, every train after operation will be equipped with a doctor and a nurse to take emergency measures on board.
The first passenger train to Tibet "Qing 1" departed from Golmud Railway Station in Qinghai at 9: 00 a.m. on July 1 2006 for Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region. This is the first passenger train to Lhasa, marking the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
The plateau "Tianlu" was opened to traffic on July 1 2006, which is a day destined to be written into history. On this day, the history of no passenger trains in Tibet was rewritten. 1 day, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Celebrations "Qing 1" and "Zang 2" departed from Golmud and Lhasa respectively, and the train boarded the Qinghai-Tibet Railway for the first time. At 0: 00 on the 2nd, the "Zang-2" passenger train from Lhasa to Lanzhou on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway passed the journey of 13 hour 0 1 minute and arrived in Golmud safely. This marks the opening of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the plateau railway with the highest altitude and the longest route mileage in the world.
At 0: 03 1 on the 2nd, the "Qing1"train from Golmud to Lhasa arrived in Lhasa safely. From 1, 1 1: 05 to Lhasa, the "Qing 1" train passed 45 stations along the way, lasting 13 hours and 26 minutes.
Trains entering and leaving Tibet started one after another.
1 7:20, Golmud Railway Station. Hundreds of passengers with tickets for the first passenger train to Tibet-"Qing 1" began to board the train one after another. At 8: 30, the passengers basically got on the bus. At 9 o'clock, the door closed. Xinhua News Agency and CCTV 12 reporters are allowed to board the first train to Tibet for real-time reporting.
1 1 1:05, the train "Qing 1" started for Lhasa with a long whistle.
Seven minutes later-110/2: 00, the Tibetan Railway "Zang 2" passenger train from Lhasa to Lanzhou also started slowly, leaving the Lhasa Railway Station platform1,with more than 700 passengers on board.
Gayang, a herder of Naqu in northern Tibet, who watched the train whistle slowly away, said: "From riding a horse, taking a car to taking a train, the dream of our ancestors for thousands of years has never been realized in our generation!"
The plateau scenery is very beautiful.
1 day 12: 40, the first train "Qing 1" entered Tibet and passed through Kunlun Mountain Tunnel. 13: 20, passing by qingshui river bridge. The reporter saw at the scene that the terrain around qingshui river bridge is flat and the vision is wide, so it is difficult to see the end of the bridge at a glance. When the train arrived, several mountain patrol members, such as Wenga and Gama from Sonan Dajie Protection Station of Hoh Xil Reserve Administration, paid attention to the train.
Since then, the "Qing 1" train has passed the stations of Jade Everest, Unfreezing Spring, Chuma River, Wudaoliang, Riaqiqu, Tuotuo River, Tongtianhe, Yanshiping and Buqiangge ... just like a long dragon crossing the vast plateau, it broke the tranquility of the ancient wasteland.
The train keeps going south. Sometimes it rains, sometimes it snows, and sometimes a rainbow appears outside the window. People really experienced the weather of "ten miles in different days" on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The snow-capped mountains are endless, and the unique scenery on the plateau attracts people's attention, "occupying" the storage space of many digital camera memory cards.
The train set a new record in the history of railways.
The "Tibet No.2" train leaving Tibet also "transited" all the way to the north.
1, 14: 5 1, after more than 3 10 kilometers, the train passed by Naqu Railway Station, an important town in northern Tibet.
1, 17: 35, the "Tibet 2" passenger train slowly passed Tanggula Station at an altitude of 5068 meters. This is the first time that a passenger train has passed the highest railway station in the world.
1, 17: 38, the train successfully crossed the highest point of the world railway at an altitude of 5072 meters at a speed of 84 kilometers per hour. More than 700 people on board were fortunate to be the first passengers to pass the highest point of the world railway and take the passenger train to the highest railway station in the world.
Zabawanda, a Tibetan tourist, said: "It is a miracle that the train can pass through Tanggula, a place where even animals can't survive." Passenger Zhou Jun said with deep feelings: "I stand at the highest point of the world railway and feel extremely proud."
1 day 18: 05, the first train into Tibet "Qing 1" and the first train out of Tibet "Zang 2" passed smoothly at Buqiangge Station. People cheered because it meant that the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway had undergone a comprehensive inspection of passenger trains.
There are no more railways and trains in Tibet.
After passing by, the two trains ran to their respective destinations on the inspected railway.
1, 19: 3 1, the "Tibet No.2" passenger train leaving Tibet went like lightning, and successfully passed the first bridge at the source of the Yangtze River-Tuotuo River Yangtze River Source Bridge and Tuotuo River Station. At 20: 23, the train arrived at Fenghuoshan Tunnel. At 20: 46, the train passed through Chumar River Station. 2 1: 45, arriving in qingshui river bridge. At 22: 20, we passed the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, which is the longest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world.
2 1, 18, the train "Qing 1" passes Naqu Station, crosses the northern Tibetan Plateau and goes straight to Lhasa. In Lhasa, salute sounded, fireworks bloomed and people were waiting for the train. ...
The opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway ended the history that there were no railways and trains in Xizang Autonomous Region. Liu Zhijun, Minister of Railways, said that this will certainly provide strong support for the development of the western region and promote comprehensive and coordinated economic and social development.
Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the best.
■ The railway with the highest altitude and the longest route in the world.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts in Xining City, Qinghai Province and ends in Lhasa City, the capital of Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1956 km.
The Golmud-Lhasa section of the second phase of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway under construction, with a total length of118km, is a landmark project for China's western development. The Jiela section starts from Golmud, a new industrial city in the Qaidam Basin in western Qinghai, passes through Nachitai, Kunlun Mountain, Wudaoliang, Tuotuo River and Yanshiping, passes through Tanggula Mountain, and then passes through Amdo, Naqu, Dangxiong and Yangbajing in the northern Tibet Plateau, all the way south to Lhasa. It will cross more than 550 kilometers of permafrost, with an average elevation of more than 4,500 meters, and the highest track will cross the Tanggula Pass at an altitude of 5,072 meters. The total investment of this steel artery is 262 1 100 million yuan. It is planned to be paved in 2006 and the whole line will be completed and opened to traffic on July 1 2007.
Towering peaks, snow-covered areas, vast Gobi ... the ancient and mysterious Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been silent and lonely for thousands of years. Although it is vast, beautiful and rich, in the past, due to the restrictions of economic, social and natural conditions, traffic congestion and poor logistics, people in the plateau could only adhere to the self-sufficient manor economy for a long time. Until 1949, there were only 1 km sidewalks for cars in Tibet, and the only water vehicles were cable bridges, cowhide boats and canoes.
In order to promote the economic development in the plateau area, as early as 1950s, the Party and the state made great efforts to study and solve the railway construction problem in Tibet. The Xining-Golmud section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway started at 1958, stopped at 1960, and was rebuilt at 1974, and was completed and opened to traffic at 1984.
No railway in the world can give people such shock and excitement. In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the most mysterious place except the moon, a world-famous steel dragon meanders forward, which will break through the forbidden zone of life, cross the Gobi Kunlun and fly over the rift valley ... It tells the world with indisputable facts that it is the plateau railway with the highest altitude and the longest line in the world!
■ Wind-volcano tunnel, the highest plateau permafrost tunnel in the world.
The Fenghuoshan Tunnel is located on the Fenghuoshan at an altitude of 50 10 meters, with a total length of 1338 meters and an elevation of 4905 meters, all of which are located in permafrost on the plateau. It is the highest altitude tunnel in the world and the longest tunnel across permafrost regions, and is known as the "highest tunnel in the world".
When I came to the Fenghuoshan tunnel, I was first attracted by the huge couplet in front of the tunnel entrance: "Take the white clouds to caress the blue sky, fight against the snow and bind the black dragon, and step on the breeze to invite the bright moon to pass through the world's highest tunnel." The climatic environment in windy and volcanic areas is extremely harsh, with an average annual temperature of minus 7 degrees Celsius and a minimum temperature of around minus 40 degrees Celsius, with severe cold and lack of oxygen.
More than 300 builders from China Railway 20th Bureau, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province took part in this tough battle to get through the wind and volcano tunnel. In order to solve the problem of plateau hypoxia, they built the highest oxygen station in the world. During tunnel construction, diffuse oxygen supply is carried out in the tunnel to increase the oxygen content in the tunnel, which fundamentally solves the problem of hypoxia in plateau construction. At the same time, China Railway 20th Bureau also equipped each dormitory with oxygen inhalation equipment and provided anti-hypoxia drugs to ensure that every employee can get enough oxygen. Thanks to scientific measures, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was built. Although the construction conditions here are the worst, the incidence of altitude sickness among workers is the lowest in the whole line.
200 1 10 18, the first shot was fired in Huo Feng Tunnel, which caused shocking spoil. The soil content of these abandoned soils is about 15% to 20%, and the geological structure of the tunnel is mainly soil-bearing ice layer, saturated frozen soil, primitive glacier, fissure ice, sandstone, mudstone and sediment interbedded. Fenghuoshan Tunnel is listed as the first key project of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and is known as "Tian Zi No.1 Project".
In order to ensure the construction quality, China Railway 20th Bureau invested more than 52 million yuan to purchase domestic first-class tunnel construction equipment, realized rail transportation in the tunnel, built a high-pressure steam boiler, heating station and heat preservation and cooling system in the tunnel, and solved a series of problems such as temperature control in concrete construction in the tunnel. On June 65438+1October 65438+September, 2002, Huo Feng Tunnel, the highest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world, passed through.
■ Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, the longest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world.
It snows in June at the entrance of Kunlun Mountain Tunnel at an altitude of 4,648 meters. It is cold and oxygen-deficient all the year round, the oxygen content is only half that of the inland plain, and the lowest temperature reaches MINUS 30 degrees Celsius.
The builders of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway who fought here braved the harsh natural environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to build the longest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world. Tunnel construction in frozen soil area is much more difficult than that in plain area. Every summer, the temperature in the tunnel will rise, sometimes reaching about 7 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, frozen soil is easy to melt, and ice slag sometimes falls in the tunnel, which brings great difficulties to the construction. In order to prevent and reduce the influence of frozen soil diseases on tunnel stability, the construction of Kunlun Mountain Tunnel is twice that of plain area. Tunnel construction in plain area only needs to add a layer of concrete after bolting and shotcreting support, while tunnel construction in frozen soil area needs to set up two layers of waterproof layer and an insulation board to play a waterproof and thermal insulation role, and finally line with a layer of concrete. This is equivalent to putting waterproof and warm clothes on the tunnel, which effectively solves the construction problem of frozen soil tunnel.
In order to ensure the physical and mental health of construction workers, China Railway No.5 Bureau and No.4 Company has stipulated a four-hour shift operation system, which provides sufficient oxygen for the workers in the tunnel every day and regularly checks the air quality in the tunnel. At the entrance of Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, a yellow ventilation pipe runs through the tunnel like a ribbon, which continuously sends fresh air into the tunnel from outside the tunnel, ensuring the oxygen content in the tunnel construction. They also set up an emergency center at the tunnel entrance, a hyperbaric oxygen chamber at the construction site, and oxygen cylinders in the staff quarters. At the same time, employees are given a physical examination every quarter, and those who feel unwell are immediately sent to Golmud for treatment.
Kunlun Mountain Tunnel was completed on September 25th, 2002.
■ Tanggula Station, the highest railway station in the world.
On June 29th this year, Tanggula Station, the highest railway station along the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, broke ground, which is also the highest railway station in the world at present.
Tanggula Station is located in the permafrost region of Tanggula Pass at an altitude of 5,068 meters, covering an area of about 77,000 square meters and designed as a three-lane highway. After the completion of Tanggula Station, it will mainly meet the needs of train transfer. The station was built by the Sixth Project Department under the 18th Bureau. According to the geographical location and geological characteristics of the station, flaky ventilation subgrade is adopted in the engineering design. This design can keep the frozen soil temperature relatively stable, thus reducing the disturbance to the frozen soil and achieving the purpose of effectively protecting the frozen soil.
When Tanggula Station was completed in August 2004, it will become a major scenic spot on the Li Qian-Qinghai-Tibet line.
■ China's largest plateau railway bridge base-Nanshankou Bridge Base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
About 30 kilometers south from Golmud City, the starting point of Golmud section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, you will come to the China Railway Construction History's largest and highest-ranking plateau Pujia Base-Nanshankou Pujia Base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway at an altitude of 3,050 meters.
The bridge-laying and bridge-erection base at Nanshankou of Qinghai-Tibet Railway ranks first in the history of railway construction in China with its large scale and high technical content. At the beginning of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, there was still yellow sand flying, inaccessible and desolate. Since the clarion call for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway sounded on June 29th, 20001year, more than 500 employees of China Railway No.1 Bureau have fought against anoxia, sandstorm and camping in this barren land, and launched a tough battle between man and nature, railway construction technology and management level, overcoming many difficulties and raising the banner of "leading" for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
The installation and debugging of machinery and equipment began in March last year, and the trial production of nailing production line began in April. Guo Xiuchun said that the Nanshankou Bridge Base undertakes the task of laying tracks and bridging the Nanshankou-Amdo section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway passes through the "roof of the world", which is characterized by cold, lack of oxygen and low pressure, as well as unfavorable factors such as large slope, large temperature difference, many sandstorms and lightning, which brings great difficulties to construction and transportation. At present, the power of domestic track-laying machines, bridge-erecting machines and diesel locomotives on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an average elevation of 4,000 meters is reduced by nearly half, and the general maximum slope adaptability is 12 ‰. Moreover, due to lack of oxygen, insufficient fuel combustion produces a large amount of waste gas, causing environmental pollution. However, the maximum design gradient of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is 20 ‰, and the harsh climatic conditions and special geographical environment have become the "obstacles" for railway track laying. To this end, China Railway No.1 Bureau mobilized experts with rich experience in track-laying and bridge-building, reformed domestic track-laying and bridge-building machinery and diesel locomotives, and put forward a series of specific solutions and measures, such as developing oxygen-supplementing and pressurizing equipment, reforming machinery and rolling stock equipment, and preventing severe cold, sandstorm and lightning. After the transformation, the track-laying bridge-erecting machine and diesel locomotive work on the slope of 22/ 1000, with good dynamic performance, normal equipment operation and little environmental pollution. This scientific research achievement fills the gap of domestic plateau bridge technology and provides equipment support for Qinghai-Tibet railway bridge.
Since the track laying of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway began on June 29th last year, China Railway No.1 Bureau has been pushing the Steel Avenue to Lhasa at the speed of laying 3,000 meters and bridging 3.5 holes every day. They set a record of 6,575 meters of track laying and 6.5 holes of bridge construction every day, which is basically equivalent to the speed of track laying and bridge construction in plain areas, and ensured safety and quality.
■ The longest "replacing road with bridge" project of Qinghai-Tibet Railway-qingshui river bridge.
Qingshui river bridge is located in no man's land at an altitude of more than 4,500 meters in Hoh Xil, with a total length of 1 1.7 km. It is the longest "replacing road with bridge" bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and it is also the key control project of the whole Qinghai-Tibet railway construction.
The Qingshuihe super-large railway bridge, like a beautiful "rainbow", flies in the core area of Hoh Xil National Nature Reserve with an average elevation of more than 4,600 meters. Here, Hoh Xil is cold and anoxic, with sparse vegetation and fragile ecology. At the same time, it is located in the plateau frozen soil area, with a frozen soil thickness of more than 20 meters and high ice content, which adds a lot of difficulties to the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In order to solve the construction problems in plateau permafrost regions and protect nature reserves, experts in the survey and design of Qinghai-Tibet Railway adopted the measure of "replacing roads with bridges".
The seasonal temperature difference in Qingshuihe area is obvious, with the highest temperature reaching 38 degrees Celsius in summer and the lowest temperature reaching MINUS 40 degrees Celsius in winter. Under such climatic conditions, there will be hot-melt lakes, underground rivers, frost heaving and other phenomena in permafrost regions. In addition to hot-melt lakes and ponds visible on the surface, when the temperature rises in summer and the frozen soil melts, an underground river will be formed between 20 meters and 30 meters underground; In winter, hot melt lakes and underground rivers will form frozen balls protruding from the surface due to the sudden drop of temperature. If the frozen soil problem is not handled well, the railway will become a bumpy washboard road, leaving hidden dangers for operation. Due to the bad weather conditions, turtle lines appear on individual piers due to the cold weather. In order to ensure the quality of piers, the headquarters of China Railway 12th Bureau bombed three such piers.
Last year1October 29th 10, the main project of qingshui river bridge was completed. Under the Dragon Bridge, there are more than 1300 bridge opening between piers for the free migration of wild animals such as Tibetan antelopes. Now, the railway track has been successfully laid and passed through this bridge. In the mysterious and beautiful no man's land of Hoh Xil, the Qingshuihe Railway Bridge has become a charming landscape.
■ First Gao Qiao of Qinghai-Tibet Railway-Sanchahe Bridge
Walking15km from Nachitai on the northern edge of Kunlun Mountain, a magnificent bridge rises like a giant's arm holding up a speeding train. This bridge is the highest bridge along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway-Sanchahe Bridge. The total length of Sanchahe Bridge is 690. 19 m, and the bridge deck is 54. 1 m away from the valley bottom. It is the highest railway bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. It has 20 piers, of which 17 is a circular thin-walled hollow pier, and the thinnest part of the top wall of the pier body is only 30 cm.
Sanchahe Bridge is located in an alpine canyon with an altitude of more than 3,800 meters. The canyon formed by alluvial strata here is like a sharp axe splitting a high mountain from it, and the two ends of Sanchahe Bridge are suspended from a steep cliff.
The Third Company of China Railway 14th Bureau undertook the construction task of Sanchahe Bridge. In the mainland, it takes two years to build a bridge of similar size. However, this bridge is the key control project of Golmud-Lhasa section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which undertakes the task of laying tracks and erecting beams ahead, so the control period of bridge construction is only one year. In order to ensure the completion of the news, they have to hurry, even in the cold winter. 1 In February, the local temperature was as low as-30 degrees Celsius, so the problem of heat preservation must be solved first when pouring concrete for piers. After repeated experiments, they adopted the methods of steam insulation inside the formwork, cooking stoves outside the formwork, quilts and tarpaulins outside the formwork, and created a relatively warm environment in the ice world.
After the tenacious struggle of the builders, the Sanchahe Bridge started construction on August 22nd, 20001year, and was completed as scheduled on August 30th last year.
■ The first railway bridge at the source of the Yangtze River-Yangtze River Source Bridge
Standing in front of the environmental protection monument at the source of the Yangtze River, I saw a pier standing quietly in the river. Clear water flows downstream around the wharf. This is the first bridge at the source of the Yangtze River-the Yangtze River Source Bridge.
The Yangtze River Source Bridge is1389.6m long, with 42 holes in total, and spans a wide riverbed of about1300m. Tuotuo watershed where the bridge site is located is a big river melting zone in the abdomen of permafrost region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has the dual characteristics of frozen soil and melting zone, which brings certain difficulties to the construction. Since the start of construction on 200 1,11October 24th, the construction of the Yangtze River Source Bridge has progressed very smoothly. The main project was completed on September 25 last year, more than 300 days ahead of the required date. At present, the bored piles of the whole bridge have passed nondestructive testing, and the qualified rate reaches 100%.
In the construction of the source of the Yangtze River, environmental protection is the most concerned. China Railway Third Bureau has taken various measures to protect the environment here from pollution. The mud produced in the construction of bored pile should be treated by secondary sedimentation, and it is strictly forbidden to directly discharge the non-precipitated mud into the river. The water separated from the sedimentation tank is used for subgrade construction and pavement sprinkling. Other wastes, waste residues, etc. should also be concentrated in the construction spoil ground for leveling. As for caring for local vegetation and not disturbing wild animals, it is the principle that all employees follow.