(1) pathogen antigen and antibody. Like hepatitis B? Two and a half? (HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBc), anti-HBc IgM, anti-HAV IgM, anti-HCV antibody, anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody (anti-HIV), anti-syphilis antibody, anti-rubella virus antibody (IgM, IgG), anti-Toxoplasma antibody (IgM).
(2) tumor markers. Such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate specific antigen (PSA), CA19, CA 125, CA 15-3, CA50, CA72-4, CA242, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC).
(3) Specific protein. Such as C- reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin and its subclasses, complements C3 and C4, anti-streptolysin O(ASO), rheumatoid factor (RF), prealbumin, albumin and trace albumin? 2 microglobulin (? 2 microglobulin),? 1 Antitrypsin (? 1AT), globin, haptoglobin, transferrin, apolipoprotein A(APO-A 1), apolipoprotein B(APO-B), etc.
(4) hormones. T3, T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Cortisol (Cortisol), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, prolactin (PRL), testosterone, estradiol, C-peptide, insulin, adrenal hormone, etc.
(5) autoantibodies. Such as rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, antinuclear antibody, anti-double stranded DNA antibody, anti-ENA antibody, anti-histone antibody, anti-nucleosome antibody, anti-mitochondrial antibody, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (cANCA/pANCA), anti-thyroglobulin antibody, etc. Others include monitoring of therapeutic drugs (digoxin, phenytoin, theophylline, valproic acid, carbamazepine, etc. ) and troponin.
In clinical sense, the detection of pathogen antigen and antibody is mainly used to judge the infection state of the corresponding pathogen (acute or chronic infection, pathogen carrying, etc.). ), and some such as anti -HBs can be used to judge the immune effect of the vaccine. Tumor markers are mainly used to monitor the curative effect and recurrence of malignant tumors because they have no good organ specificity. Usually, they cannot be used for tumor screening and diagnosis in health examination. Only a few items such as AFP and PSA can be used for health examination of high-risk groups.
Specific protein is a protein with multiple functions in blood, such as carrier protein, immunoglobulin (antibody), enzyme and coagulation factor. The change of its content is usually closely related to many diseases. For example, CRP is an extremely sensitive acute reaction index. During acute myocardial infarction, trauma, infection, surgery and tumor infiltration, the plasma CRP concentration rises rapidly and significantly, reaching 2000 times the normal level. Combined with clinical history, it is helpful to follow up the course of disease. Some studies believe that CRP is the strongest risk factor for heart disease, and its risk is twice as high as blood cholesterol. People with high CRP content have a higher risk of hypertension 1 times than those with high cholesterol. If inflammation and high cholesterol occur at the same time, the risk of heart disease and stroke is nine times higher than that of normal people.
It can be seen that the high CRP content is positively correlated with heart disease. In addition, some studies have found that high concentration of CRP in blood is a risk factor for colon cancer, and CRP may be an early marker of colon cancer. The concentrations of immunoglobulin and its subclasses are different at different ages. In some diseases, such as chronic liver disease, subacute or chronic infection, connective tissue disease, IgG myeloma, asymptomatic monoclonal IgG disease, hereditary or acquired antibody deficiency, mixed immunodeficiency syndrome, selective IgG deficiency, protein-lost enteropathy, nephrotic syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, immunosuppressants are used to treat common symptoms of children, such as recurrent respiratory infections, frequent diarrhea, developmental retardation, and many frequently occurring respiratory diseases. And the concentration of these indicators will increase or decrease, which has the value of disease diagnosis.
The decrease of complement content does not necessarily represent immune dysfunction or immune deficiency, because in ischemia, coagulation necrosis and toxic necrosis, tissues can release more proteolytic enzymes, resulting in the decrease of complement hemolytic activity and complement components; The increase of blood complement concentration is common in various inflammatory diseases and obstructive jaundice, acute myocardial infarction, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, acute gout, subacute and acute thyroiditis, acute rheumatic fever, dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Mixed connective tissue disease; Nodular periarteritis, etc. For the clinical significance of other specific proteins, please refer to the corresponding professional books. Different hormone indexes in hormone determination are used for auxiliary diagnosis of various endocrine diseases. Such as T3, T4 and TSH, for the auxiliary diagnosis of thyroid function; LH, FSH and TSH are used to judge the function of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. The increase of prolactin is related to pituitary prolactinoma, pituitary growth hormone adenoma, primary hypothyroidism and liver disease, while the decrease is related to the decrease of anterior pituitary function. Please refer to the corresponding professional books for the clinical significance of other hormone determination. Autoantibody detection is mainly used for the diagnosis, condition judgment and curative effect monitoring of autoimmune diseases.