Question 2: Briefly describe the research object, purpose and significance of pharmacoepidemiology 1. The research object of pharmacoepidemiology.
(1) The research object of pharmacoepidemiology is the population.
(2) Research category
① drug utilization research;
② Study on the beneficial effects of drugs;
③ Pharmacoeconomic research;
④ Analysis of drug-related events and determinants;
⑤ Drug safety research, etc.
2, the purpose of drug epidemiology:
Describe, explain, verify and control the use, distribution and determinants of a drug in a certain time, space and population, and formulate corresponding countermeasures accordingly, so as to achieve the purpose of rational drug use and reduce the incidence of diseases.
3. Using the principles and methods of epidemiology to study the applied science of drugs and its role in the population. In recent 20 years, pharmacoepidemiology has developed rapidly, and gradually formed different research branches such as pharmacoeconomics, pharmacodynamics and drug utilization research.
Compared with clinical pharmacy, pharmacoepidemiology focuses on the application effect of drugs in the population, that is, the safety and effectiveness of drugs, especially adverse drug reactions.
Question 3: Talk about the purpose, significance and existing problems of the national drug policy in combination with my own work practice. Drugs bring great benefits to people in the process of diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases or regulating physiological functions, but sometimes they also cause drug harm. There were 16 major drug accidents abroad in the last century, with more than 20,000 deaths and 1 10,000 injuries. With the rapid development of medicine, drug damage is becoming a serious problem threatening human life and health. Lazaro Mehta Al. A meta-analysis was made of 39 prospective studies from 1966 to 1996 in the United States. The results showed that the proportion of serious adverse reactions in hospitalized patients was 6.7%, of which fatal adverse reactions were 0.32%. From this, it is estimated that 2.2 million hospitalized patients in the United States suffer from severe ADR every year, with a death rate of 106000, accounting for 4-6 of the hospitalized deaths. According to statistics, there are about 50-80 million disabled people in China, 1/3 of whom are hearing disabled. 60%-80% of deafness is related to the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Therefore, it is urgent to prevent and control phytotoxicity. Pharmacoepidemiology is an applied discipline developed in the process of fighting against drug hazards, and will play an important role in more drug-related research fields in the future. Pharmacoepidemiology is a new field of medical research and a new branch of epidemiology, which is developed by the mutual penetration and extension of clinical pharmacology and epidemiology in recent years. Clinical pharmacology studies the law and mechanism of interaction between drugs and human body, and its main task is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs in human body. In order to achieve the best effect of drug therapy, a central principle of clinical pharmacology is the individualization of treatment, that is, to determine the treatment plan according to the specific situation of each patient. This requires clinicians to understand the risk/benefit ratio of drugs and the influence of patients' own clinical characteristics on treatment, and carefully weigh the benefits and risks that drugs may bring to patients before prescribing drugs. This information needs to be obtained through a large number of population surveys. The harm of drugs mainly involves adverse drug reactions (ADR) and side effects caused by irrational drug use. ADR refers to "the harmful reactions of qualified drugs that have nothing to do with the purpose of drug use under normal usage and dosage", which are generally divided into Class A reactions and Class B reactions according to whether they are dose-related. Class A reactions are dose-related, so they can be expected, including over-effect, side effects, toxic reactions, first-dose reactions, side effects and withdrawal syndrome. Class B reactions have nothing to do with conventional pharmacological effects, and the occurrence of reactions has nothing to do with dosage, and may involve genetic susceptibility, allergic reactions and other mechanisms, so it is difficult to predict. When an adverse reaction leads to functional or organic damage of an organ or local tissue, and a series of clinical symptoms and signs appear, it becomes a drug-induced disease (DID). DID includes not only adverse reactions caused by normal usage and dosage of drugs, but also diseases caused by drug overdose, misuse, misuse and abnormal use. In fact, a considerable part of the dangers brought by drugs, such as improper drug use, drug quality problems and some known side effects, can be reduced and prevented by careful selection of drugs and uses. What really causes injury and death are some unexpected side effects, long-term effects, undeveloped uses and/or use in undeveloped people. The common method to study ADR is to collect and analyze spontaneous reports of drug-related morbidity and mortality, but it is difficult to determine the causal relationship based on uncontrolled case reports. This led researchers, pharmaceutical companies and drug management departments to turn to the field of epidemiology to find methods, and further extended ADR research to the study of adverse events, that is, by setting up a control group, to compare whether drug-exposed people are more likely to have adverse outcomes than unexposed people, so as to evaluate the causal relationship. Undoubtedly, the correct evaluation depends on the research design ...
Question 4: The significance of drug clinical trials For drugs, clinical trials are far more important than preclinical experimental research (but preclinical research is also very important because they are all indispensable links in the research and development of new drugs), because the most basic attributes of drugs-effectiveness and safety are ultimately tested by it. According to statistics, it generally takes more than 10 years for a foreign class I new drug to be approved for production. The average research and development cost of each new drug is about1200 million dollars, of which more than 70% of the cost and time are spent on clinical research, which shows the importance of clinical trials. Clinical research on new drugs is very important. On the one hand, the evaluation of the efficacy of new drugs varies with different experimental animals; Animals react differently from humans. On the other hand, animals and humans have different toxic reactions. It can be said that clinical trials are very important in terms of effectiveness, safety and capital investment. The determination of a new drug ultimately depends on people doing experiments. Therefore, clinical trials must be more cautious, not only to prevent serious side effects, but also to prevent ineffective or even harmful drugs.
Question 5: What is the significance of the factors that affect the drug action? As we all know, the information on the action, intensity and time of various drugs contained in the literature is based on the average value or other comprehensive values of laboratory or clinical research results. Many phenomena in medical research are normally distributed. The role of drugs is no exception, and individual performance will be different. Secondly, any experimental research or clinical research is carried out under certain conditions (drug preparation, medication scheme, body state and environment, etc. ). If these conditions change, individual differences will be more obvious. For example, due to genetic or other reasons (such as age, illness, etc. ), some patients are particularly sensitive to certain drugs (high sensitivity), some patients can tolerate large doses (tolerance), and even some people can have special reactions to certain drugs (specificity). Therefore, clinical medication must consider various factors that may affect the drug effect! Only by studying the individualization of medication can we achieve good results.
The main factors affecting the action of drugs are divided into three aspects: drugs, body state and environmental conditions.
Question 6: How to write the research significance, research contents, research methods and expected goals in the opening report of the paper, 1. This story is very old-fashioned.
To write a teacher, we must light a lamp to correct our homework and send us home in rainy days; Writing about parents always braves the heavy snow to drive us to see a doctor; Writing friends is always good at first, then misunderstanding, and finally getting better. Dear students, this is a modern society. Don't let the 80' s fashion rule our 2 1 century thinking. The steamed buns chewed by others have become tasteless, and the first person to eat crabs is great. Later imitators often fall into the suspicion of "learning from the East".
Second, the characters are too rigid.
Chinese is a great and beautiful language, and there are countless adjectives in Chinese vocabulary to describe people. Unfortunately, when most of our students write people, they write perfectly and lack true feelings. Mothers are always kind, fathers are always strict, teachers are always caring, and people without shortcomings are incomplete.
Question 7: What is the significance of investigating the use of cold medicine? We can find the therapeutic effects of various drugs after people use cold medicine at present. We will control the second medicine and distribute the good medicine vigorously. ,
Question 8: Where can I buy a lot of pearl curtain omnipotent treasures like those in Qiong Yao's TV series "A Curtain of Dreams"?
Question 9: 1. What is the significance of studying the effects of drugs at the cellular level? When studying the effects of the two drugs on cells, should they be added at the same time or successively?
① human hepatocellular carcinoma cells cultured in suspension were divided into three groups: a, b and C. ② A group was given a proper amount of Z reagent as control, while B and C groups were given the same amount of X and Y pharmaceutical preparations.
③ Cultured in the same suitable environment for a period of time, and measured telomerase activity, apoptosis rate and cell number at different times.
Analysis and discussion:
(1) It can be inferred from the experimental results that telomerase activity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells is positively correlated with cell growth and proliferation.
(2) Telomerase activity in Y drug group is the same as that in control group, and the histogram is as follows.
(3) According to the above results, it can be concluded that the effects of drugs X and Y on liver cancer cells are as follows: ① Drug X can increase the apoptosis rate of human liver cancer cells and inhibit their proliferation by inhibiting telomerase activity; ② Drug Y does not inhibit the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in this way.