In the process of China's urbanization, along with the development of socialist market economy, large and medium-sized cities are getting bigger and bigger, urban communities gradually become different from the traditional sense of the urban community, an important symbol of the urban community of the public **** facilities are more and more, the public **** facilities and the public's relationship with the public is more and more close to the community's economic level is more and more relevant to the government of the public **** urban community **** facilities are more and more important. community public **** facilities are getting more and more attention from the public **** government. This paper tries to analyze the classification and development trend of public **** facilities in urban communities from the perspectives of urban sociology and urban economics, aiming to correctly formulate the development strategy of urban communities, so as to more reasonably plan and build public **** facilities
In the process of China's urbanization, along with the development of the socialist market economy, the scale of large and medium-sized cities is getting bigger and bigger, and the urban communities are gradually becoming a community of urban communities different from the traditional sense, whose importance is different from that of the traditional urban communities. The important symbol is that there are more and more public ****facilities in urban communities, the relationship between public ****facilities and citizens is getting closer and closer, more and more related to the economic level of the community, and the public ****government pays more and more attention to the public ****facilities in urban communities. This paper tries to analyze the classification and development trend of public **** facilities in urban communities from the perspectives of urban sociology and urban economics, aiming to correctly formulate urban community development strategies, so as to plan and build public **** facilities more rationally and make urban community management achieve the goal of people-oriented. I. The institutional background of the attention paid to the construction of public **** facilities in urban communities.
Urban community is a type of modern urban community, but is different from the general sense of the urban community, this paper defines urban community, urban community refers to a population density, social division of labor and its institutional organization of the more complex type of community, is the evolution of human life at a higher level. Urban communities exist in more economically developed cities or international metropolises, and as part of the urban community, they have many of their own characteristics: ① Geographically, there are large districts and small districts, large districts such as Shanghai's Huangpu and Jing'an districts, and small districts such as the streets of Xujiahui, etc., which are generally located in the central city limits rather than in newly built neighborhoods or suburban fringes of the city; ② From the point of view of the population, there is a high density of population and a large size of the community's population, with high population mobility, and community members have a strong sense of responsibility for their own community. population mobility, community members are not very loyal to the community; ③ although the community has obvious boundaries (administrative boundaries), but community members do not have a strong sense of boundaries, and many community members do not even know how wide their living area is; ④ community members are not very interested in public **** affairs of a political nature, and their participation is weaker, but they have a great interest in the affairs of the country and the world; ⑤ the community members' inter interpersonal relations between community members are not close enough to strictly divide and distinguish between private and public **** living space, and the demand for public **** space is getting higher and higher. The so-called public **** space is the stage where public **** life unfolds, and there are four kinds of needs: the need for comfort; the need for relaxation; the need for passive participation; and the need for active participation. These four needs are concentrated to a point is that people living in the urban community almost all have a desire to see other people's behavior and activities and exchange of information with others, *** with the motivation of the activity, to meet this desire and motivation, constitute the reason why the urban community of the public **** facilities by the people's needs of the psychological basis and interests of the basis. The larger the public *** space, the larger the stage of public *** life, the higher the quality of life of the people, it is in this sense, the urban community public *** facilities directly related to the urban community members of the immediate interests of the community, without a certain number of public *** facilities, it is not a market economy under the conditions of the modern urban community.
The issue of public **** facilities in urban communities has not received much attention in the past. In the planned economy, private space and public **** space almost merged into one, before the old society existed in the old hall, teahouse in 1949 almost all silenced, community public **** space in the atrophy, reduce the state of the community public **** facilities construction has been at a low level of the state. Of course, this pattern is also compatible with the closed society, because in a closed society, everything is done according to the rules and old procedures, people have fewer opportunities to communicate and participate in the public **** space requirements are lower. From 1979, China began to reform and open up, society from closed gradually into the open society, people require more opportunities for communication, interaction and participation, and hope that the public **** space can be bigger, more, and further change the pattern of the past public **** life and private life is not divided. Adapting to this requirement, during the reform process, the government has gradually clarified the positioning of its responsibilities and increased its investment in the provision of public **** products. After entering the new century, the construction of modern public **** government has become the main content and goal of the urban government administrative reform system, in this context, the urban community government has also undergone five major transformations: from a management-oriented government to a service-oriented government; from the interests of the government to the neutral government, from the all-powerful government to the limited government; from the mysterious government to the transparent government; from the power of the government to the responsibility of government Transformation. In the new government administration system, the urban community government, as a public **** management organization, one of the main tasks is to integrate the community public **** resources, use public **** financial money to invest in or provide community public **** products including public **** facilities, add new public **** facilities to meet the needs of the community members for public **** facilities, so that the urban community government really become a public **** administration type Government, so that the community government for the community, at the practical level to implement and meet the requirements of the three representations of the important ideas and people-oriented scientific concept of development. If this is not done well, the elected community leaders may be ousted. This point is the institutional context in which the public **** facilities in urban communities have come under scrutiny.
I. Urban community public **** facilities are mainly divided into two types: regional public **** facilities and neighborhood public **** facilities
In the process of modern urban community governance, the planning and implementation of urban community public **** facilities have become an important part of the process. The so-called public **** facilities, as the name suggests, are public **** goods or services provided by the public **** government for the enjoyment or use of the public belonging to the community. In economic terms, a public **** facility is a public **** product provided by a public **** government. Sociologically speaking, public **** facilities are facilities that satisfy people's public **** needs (e.g., convenience, safety, and participation) and public **** spatial choices, such as public **** administrative facilities, public **** information facilities, public **** sanitation facilities, public **** sports facilities, public **** cultural facilities, public **** transportation facilities, public **** educational facilities, public **** greening facilities, and public **** houses. Urban public ****facilities differ from rural public ****facilities, specifically, urban public ****facilities refer to urban sewage treatment systems, urban roads, urban bridges, harbors, municipal facilities for rescue and repair, urban squares, urban streetlights, road signs and road signs, urban air defense facilities, urban greening, urban scenic spots, urban parks and so on. Urban public **** facilities according to the charge or not, there are charges and no charges. From the spatial layout, there are citywide public **** facilities, regional public **** facilities, neighborhood public **** facilities of three kinds, this paper refers to the urban community public **** facilities by the latter two kinds of composition. Specifically:
(a) Regional public **** facilities are public **** facilities in a large area, with a wider spatial scope, which are enjoyed by members of the whole community ****. Major facilities include large regional libraries, information network centers, regional historical and cultural relics museums, international exhibition centers, specialized hospitals, regional sports venues, regional arts and culture centers, regional cultural centers, and tourist and sightseeing consultation and service centers.
(ii) Neighborhood public **** facilities are public **** facilities in the community, with a narrower spatial scope and close proximity to some community members. Major facilities include outdoor open plazas, neighborhood parks and greens or street parks, small sports facilities, community activity centers, children's playgrounds, stages for local traditional performances, middle schools, elementary school, kindergartens, child care centers, important bus stops, public **** toilets, fire stations, power substations, and garbage stations.
Metropolitan community public **** facilities are an important part of the overall metropolitan public **** facilities, which is an important public **** product provided by the government. Empirical analysis in economics shows that the public **** services provided by the community government, relying on the community public **** facilities, are only a part of the public **** services of the whole society, which are different from the personal services or private services of the citizens that have a social orientation (e.g., counseling and therapy, vocational counseling, housekeeping services, physical and mental health care, etc.). Whether they are regional public **** facilities or neighborhood public **** facilities, their main service targets are groups with public **** needs or **** the same preferences, such as the community's elderly groups, children's groups, women's groups, migrant populations and so on. From the point of view of classification items, in the composition of urban community public **** facilities, community public **** facilities run by the community itself, such as community universities, community hospitals, community libraries, community museums, community parks, community theaters, community green space, etc., will continue to increase with the socio-economic development and the overall progress of society. By virtue of and relying on the public **** resources of the urban community, the public **** services provided by the community will become more and more popular, and members of the community will be able to benefit from a wider range of services and a larger number of beneficiaries. Living in an urban community with complete public **** facilities, people's living conditions and quality of life, participation in public **** life, and the cultivation of harmonious interpersonal relationships will be fully guaranteed. It is in this sense that the development of an urban community that meets the community's need for public **** space will be an empty phrase without urban community public **** facilities as a means and carrier. Expansion of the quantity of urban community public **** facilities, improve the quality of urban community public **** facilities, in the future of community development occupies an increasingly important position.
Two, urban community public **** facilities in the long run should gradually realize the free use of
Generally speaking, most of the urban community public **** facilities by the community government deployment or investment in construction, there are many facilities by social groups, celebrities, business organizations funded the establishment. Unlike urban public **** facilities that charge a fee or are paid for use, people are not possessive or exclusive in their consumption, have no value, no market, and are not allowed to buy or sell freely by private entrepreneurs. For the urban community public **** facilities in the end should be free to use good, or charge for use? Online on this issue has been a heated discussion, so far there have been different views. The author believes that it is not appropriate to generalize, and should be specifically analyzed, the urban community public **** facilities can not be fully implemented charges for the use of all free open, from the long-term trend and the immediate reality of the two aspects to be analyzed.
Urban community public **** facilities in the world has been up to a hundred years, developed countries in the West has accumulated a lot of management experience, from the long-term trend to the urban community public **** facilities are certainly free to use or zero distance open, which is the result of the socio-economic development of the society is also a product of social progress and maturity. Specifically, the urban community public **** facilities free of charge can bring four major benefits:
One, you can get the maximum social benefits of the city, due to the free use of the good reputation and the city's humanistic care, is conducive to the establishment of shaping the modernization of a highly civilized image of the city, such a benefit to be far more than the charges made by the economic benefits of the large, fully demonstrates the modern urban community government all for the sake of community members, for the sake of each and every member of the community, and for the sake of the community, and for the sake of the community. Community members, in order to community the value of the concept of each person;
Secondly, it is easy and rapid cohesion of popularity, dissolve the pressure of the phenomenon of hollowing out the city, because the urban community public **** facilities relationship free of charge will greatly reduce the community's resident members of the living expenses, and at the same time to attract more high-level outsiders to live in the community to keep the community's land prices and housing prices high, increasing The community's tax revenue, enhance the community government's public **** financial capacity, this is a modern public **** government to provide free public **** products brought about by the results of benign interaction;
Thirdly, it helps to enhance the quality of people, people in the process of accepting the free service of the public **** facilities, feel most of the modern civilization of the city's coziness, strengthened by a modern public **** consciousness, and the development of a Good consumption habits, conducive to the construction of urban communities healthy spiritual home, to create a perfect city spirit, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of the community and the brand value;
Fourth, it is conducive to the reduction of social conflict or confrontation brought about by the gap between the rich and the poor in the city. In the sense of social product distribution, the more free public **** facilities means the more just the distribution of social wealth. People with low economic income will share the fruits of the city's rapid economic growth from free use, thus abandoning or alleviating the anti-rich mentality and promoting social and class harmony.
From a global perspective, the practice of free use of public **** facilities is indeed a major trend, of course, this practice to become a reality, but also depends on the economic development, urban management, great progress, the quality of people to improve the prerequisites. Without these conditions, or not yet fully available, the trend of free use of public **** facilities in urban communities will not come soon.
In the market economy, the private service market industry is more and more developed, and the public **** service industry is often mixed and woven together, free use of public **** facilities in urban areas, will have to go through a transitional process, this process is to be part of the first charge, part of the public **** facilities for the appropriate commercialization of the operation and the use of paid is indispensable, in the final analysis, this is determined by the reality of the primary stage of socialism in China. The reality of the primary stage of socialism is determined. At the present stage, although the financial capacity of urban community governments for public **** has improved greatly compared to the past, they are not yet in a position to fully bear the burden of free use of public **** facilities. Due to the limited financial resources of the community government, even in urban communities invested in the construction of a number of public **** facilities, but also often a good start can not be a good end, its follow-up management and services are often insufficient, a number of free of charge of the public **** facilities of the quality of service declined considerably, the follow-up processing efficiency and capacity is quite low, rather than so, rather than charging for the service to make people feel relieved and save heart. Practice has proved that appropriate charges will greatly improve the efficiency of the use of public **** facilities and service standards, a number of once free public **** facilities in the re-offering of the charging of fees after the service and management, but on the contrary, on a stage.
In addition, due to the limitations of the productivity level is not high, due to the traditional Chinese public **** consciousness, citizen norms and codes of concepts from the public **** facilities for free service behavioral requirements are still far away, the public **** facilities for free use of the management of the method is also very difficult to find all of a sudden, in such a situation, the public **** facilities for free use not only should be suspended, on the contrary, urban community public **** facilities for free use may be able to find a way to improve the efficiency and service level, the public **** facilities for free. *** facilities paid use may be more suitable for people's thinking and the current reality. In Beijing, for example, from 2002, Beijing, more than two types of standard public **** toilet all free open, although the relevant departments of the municipal government issued the corresponding management methods, but these management methods are not strong, and even after the free use of a number of headaches, due to too many people on the toilet, toilet water pressure is not enough, a long time can not be repaired, in order to save water, electricity, some public toilets on the day of darkness, closed, or even closed without darkness, the toilet is closed, the toilet is closed. In order to save water and electricity, some public toilets are closed when it gets dark, and even when it doesn't get dark, resulting in constant complaints from the public. Shanghai on the 10th of each month, the free opening of large parks to bring a lot of garbage, the problem of damage to the facilities is also a case in point. Of course, the pilot program for free use of public **** facilities in urban communities will continue.
Urban community public **** facilities is the problem of urban community development can not be avoided, more and more by the urban community government and even modern public **** government attention and attention, the past sociology, economics of the problem of this not much academic research, the relevant results are not common, but the news media from the perspective of real estate reports to give a greater part of the page. In fact, the urban community public **** facilities are the object of different interests gaming, standing in different positions will have different considerations and calculations. Community government leaders, to make political achievements, establish community brand, often want to engage in public **** facilities project on some image engineering, and even in order to fight for the recognition and loyalty of community members, but also often have to out of the community public **** facilities planning this card; community members, especially those who do not have a high economic income, from the point of view of their own interests, I hope that the community public **** facilities, more and more; business operators and real estate investors , depending on the winning public **** facilities as an opportunity to make money and profit, and strongly advocate more public **** facilities projects; from the national macro-policy point of view, to carry out large-scale construction of public **** facilities, can be said to be the most typical collective consumption, not only can provide jobs on a large scale, but also can strongly pull demand, attract investment from outside the country, and play a role in tourism, culture and other related industries, thus improving the comprehensive competitiveness of the whole community, the whole city. Comprehensive competitiveness of the whole community and the whole city. It is based on the above interests of the gaming thought, increase the investment in urban community public **** facilities has become the parties *** knowledge, in the new period of building a moderately prosperous society, planning and construction of urban community public **** facilities will become the key to the development of the metropolis, and perhaps China's urban economy will be a new growth point. In this regard, urban sociology and urban economics must be given sufficient attention and doctrinal analysis.
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