Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), the world's most famous German musician since the latter part of the 18th century, was born on December 26, 1770 in the German city of Bonn on the Rhine. His grandfather was a Dutch national who moved to Germany and served as the local court musician. His father was a tenor singer and his mother was the daughter of a court chef. Beethoven grew up during the "enlightened dictatorship" of Joseph II, and the rulers of Bonn also introduced some reforms. Bonn became one of the centers of the German Enlightenment. Beethoven grew up in such an environment. However, Beethoven's childhood was very unhappy. His alcoholic father corrupted the family business and tried to turn the four-year-old Beethoven into a money-spinner, wanting his son to become a Mozart-like prodigy. He not only forced his child to practise the piano, but also dragged the child out of sleep to play the violin after coming home from his drinking spree in the middle of the night. At the age of eleven, Beethoven began working in the theater orchestra. This harsh childhood life led Beethoven to embark on an independent path of earning a living through music at an early age, and at the same time developed his resolute and stubborn character.
From 1781, while working in the theater, Beethoven studied Bach's Piano Pieces in Mean Time and composition with the orchestra conductor Nervo. Neffer was a highly educated, Enlightenment-oriented composer and conductor who was interested in the development of German music. He contributed to the development of German national opera and oratorio. Beethoven realized the importance of learning the German folk music tradition from this teacher, and under Nervo's guidance, he also embraced the influence of the Enlightenment and became interested in the progressive literature of the time in Germany.
After 1787, Beethoven took on the financial burden of his family's life. But Beethoven was not overcome by the hardships of his situation, and he managed to attend philosophy classes at the University of Bonn, where he was fascinated by ancient myths, the Greek and Latin classics, and the works of Shakespeare, Schiller, Goethe, and others. Although he did not have Mozart's precocious talent or superior learning conditions, his tireless self-study achieved more than any of his predecessors.
The French bourgeois revolution of 1789 and the progressive anti-feudal movement in the Rhine valley played a great role in Beethoven's ideological growth, and he gradually took the pursuit of "liberty, equality and fraternity" as his own. In 1790, he composed the chorus "The Death of Joseph II", praising Joseph II as the savior of the people, which showed his pursuit of *** and ideals, and at the same time reflected Beethoven's unrealistic fantasies about reformism in his early years. This work was also Beethoven's earliest attempt to integrate vocal music with symphonic music.
Beethoven came to Vienna in 1792, encouraged and supported by Haydn. At first, Beethoven was a talented young pianist who traveled in and out of the Viennese aristocracy, where he was warmly received and protected by the nobility, and where he had visions of high society for a time. However, Beethoven lived in an era different from that of Haydn and Mozart, which gave Beethoven a more mature bourgeois self-consciousness and personal self-confidence and self-respect. Therefore, Beethoven was not willing to be a slave of the aristocracy, but wanted to be on an equal footing with the aristocrats. Later, Beethoven gradually realized that his bourgeois ideals were in great conflict with the feudal society of the time, and the threat of deafness that he began to face in 1796 made Beethoven quickly grow a sense of dissatisfaction with the reality, and a sense of revolt against his personal destiny.
After 1797, Beethoven became deaf, and his condition worsened year by year. There could be no heavier blow to a musician! The demon restricted the composer's contact with the outside world and prevented him from playing the piano, and he had to give up his performances and live in seclusion in the Viennese countryside for a long time.
From 1800 onwards, Beethoven naturally moved away from the influences of Haydn and Mozart in his compositions, striving to create his own artistic style and pursuing new ideals. His Third Symphony (Heroic Symphony), completed in 1803, marked the beginning of a new stage in his creative development - the period of maturity. He was extremely creative in this period, showing a titanic ability to work and producing many outstanding works. The basic ideological logic of Beethoven's mature works - "victory through struggle" - was gradually established during this period, and a new style of heroic, mass symphonic music was formed, with revolutionary content, dramatic symphonic development, and a variety of major formal innovations, all further developed during this period. Beethoven's most outstanding works, the most important of which are the Beethoven's works, are the Beethoven's works. Almost all of Beethoven's most outstanding works were composed during the last thirty years of his life, when he was deaf.
1815-1819 was a period of four years of crisis for Beethoven. At that time, Europe was plunged into a period of reactionary feudal restoration, the revolutionary forces of the bourgeoisie were stifled, and darkness enveloped the continent. During this period, Beethoven's thoughts were more complicated, his confidence and firmness were disturbed by disappointment and faltering; his heroic style of composition changed to a lyrical style; he produced few works, and most of his time was spent on collecting, exploring and adapting the folk songs of various European countries. This fully demonstrates that the bourgeois ascendant **** and theists had their own historical limitations. However, Beethoven finally broke out of his silence and passed his crisis period. From 1819 onwards, Beethoven again focused his attention on the struggle against feudalism. His five piano sonatas, five string quartets and his greatest work, the Ninth Symphony (Choral Symphony), are all of profound significance. But Beethoven's final years were the most tragic and painful of his life. Threatened by loneliness and poverty, Beethoven was left destitute and alone, and on March 26, 1827, he died in Vienna. It is said that at the moment of his death, in the midst of a rainstorm and thunderstorm, Beethoven raised his parched arms to the sky for a final fight. This spirit of unceasing life and unceasing fight is all infused in his immortal masterpieces.
Beethoven is one of the greatest creators of human art. On the one hand, he had an outstanding musical talent, a fiery rebellious temperament and a titanic strength of character; on the other hand, his indomitable will and a sense of responsibility to the community, resulting in lofty ideas, forming his special qualities as a musician. Through his compositions, especially his nine symphonies, he reflected the great popular movements and the most progressive ideas of his time. He wrote a series of symphonies on the theme of the times and the destiny of the individual, combining profound philosophy with touching artistic images, expressing the spiritual journey of the bourgeoisie in its ascent from struggle to triumph, from darkness to light, from suffering to joy, and his nine symphonies will always shine like a pearl.
Through the study and analysis of Beethoven's nine symphonies, especially four of them (i.e., the Third, Fifth, Sixth and Ninth), Beethoven's nine symphonies have been analyzed. Through the study and analysis of Beethoven's nine symphonies, especially four of them (i.e., the Third, Fifth, Sixth, and Ninth), the analysis of the title symphonies, we can not only understand the basic outlook of Beethoven's entire creation and his great and innocent thoughts, but also understand the major innovations in symphonic creation, and can see how symphonies transitioned from the era of Haydn and Mozart to the new development period represented by Schubert and Mendelssohn. Beethoven was already recognized as a musician of world significance when he was alive, both as a great classical composer and as a pioneer of the Romantic School.
Biographical Works
Symphony No. 1 in C major Symphony No. 2 in D major Symphony No. 3 in E flat major (Heroes) Symphony No. 4 in B flat major Symphony No. 5 in C minor (Destiny) Symphony No. 6 in F major (Fields) Symphony No. 7 in A major Symphony No. 8 in F major Symphony No. 8 in F major Symphony No. 8 in A major Symphony No. 8 in F major Symphony No. 8 in F major Symphony No. 8 in F major Symphony No. 8 in F major Symphony No. 8 in F major Symphony No. 9 in D minor (Chorus) Choral)
Orchestral music Romance for violin in G minor Romance for violin in F major
String quartet No. 12 in E flat A minor No. 15 in B flat (Great Fugue) No. 13 in B flat C minor No. 14 in F major No. 16 The great escapade
Religious music No. D major (Solemn Mass)
Piano works for Alice <
Opera Fidelio
Chorales Choral Fantasy
Sonata for Violin and Piano in F Major (Spring) Sonata in C Minor G Major (Croce)
Concertos Piano Concerto No. 1 in C Major, B-flat Major, Piano Concerto No. 2, C Minor, Piano Concerto No. 3, Piano Concerto in C Major, Sextet in C Major, G Major, Piano Concerto No. 4, D Major Violin Concerto No. 1 in E flat major Piano Concerto No. 5 (Emperor)
Overture Leonora Overture Coriolan Overture Egmont Overture Ruins of Athens Overture Stephenson Overture Overture to the Naming Day Celebration
Sonatas Sonatas Variations Sonata for Piano in C Minor (Pathétique) Ascending Sonata for Piano in C Minor (Moonshine) Sonata for Piano in D Major (Idylls) Heroic Variations in E flat major D Piano Sonata in C minor Piano Sonata in C major (Waldstein) Piano Sonata in E flat major (Farewell) Piano Sonata in E minor Piano Sonata in B flat major Piano Sonata in B flat major (Hammacklavia) Diabelli Variations
Moonlight
Composed in 1801. Although there are many examples in the past of a piece of music becoming very popular because of its common name, never has a piece of music become so famous because of the common name "Moonlight" as this sonata. The name "Moonlight" is said to have come from the poet Reilstab (1799-1860), who commented that the first movement reminds one of "a light boat swinging on the moonlit surface of Lake Lucerne in Switzerland". Given Reilstab's year of birth, it would seem that the common name 'moonlight' became generalized quite some time after publication. However, the reason why this piece seems to have gained considerable fame from the outset, and to have distracted Beethoven a little, cannot be denied, not only because it contains such strong elements of literary reverie that it has become famous, but also because, in addition to "moonlight," it has been the subject of a variety of original interpretations and far-fetched legends. The Sonata Beethoven is in fact a sonata that Beethoven has been able to explain to the public. In fact, Beethoven himself named this sonata "Sonata in the style of a Fantasia" as well as Op. 27, No. 1. In the first movement, the same is all for the abandonment of the sonata form of fantasy, improvisation and soft lyricism, to the second movement that is to change the atmosphere, and then arrived in the third movement belonging to the center of gravity of this sonata. The third movement is a torrent of passion, not only rare in all the sonatas of the period for its intensity, but also a sonata form of remarkable structure. It seems plausible that the contemplative nature of the first movement and the passionate nature of the third movement are inextricably linked to Beethoven's love affairs, his ear infections, and the tragedy of the Heiligenstadt suicide note of 1802, but unfortunately there is no concrete information to confirm these links. Playing time: about fifteen minutes.
Heroic Symphony
Beethoven aspired to the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and was an ardent advocate of the French bourgeois revolution of 1789.In 1798, General Bernadotte (1763-1844) became the French ambassador to Vienna, and Beethoven was a frequent visitor to his home, and had a close association with the people around him. In 1902, Beethoven was authorized by Bernadotte to write the Third Symphony, dedicated to Napoleon. In his mind, Napoleon was the hero who destroyed the autocracy and realized his ideals. 1904, Beethoven finished the Third Symphony, and he was ready to dedicate it to Napoleon. It was at this time that the news of Napoleon's claim to the throne reached Vienna. When Beethoven learned the news from his student Lis (1784-1838), he shouted angrily, "He is no more than a mere mortal. Now he too will trample on human rights in order to fulfill his personal ambitions. He will ride on the heads of all and become a tyrant." With that, he walked towards the table, tore the dedication to Napoleon in two, and threw it on the floor, not allowing anyone else to pick it up.
After many days, Beethoven's anger subsided and he allowed the work to be released to the public. the symphony was first performed in December 1804 at the court of Prince Lobkowitz in Vienna. the first public performance at the Theater an der Wien in April 1805 was conducted by Beethoven himself, with a program that read: "A new grand symphony, in D flat. Grand Symphony, in ascending D major, by Herr Ludwig van Beethoven, dedicated to His Royal Highness Prince Lobkowitz." Strangely, Beethoven didn't say E-flat major, but D-flat major, and when the score was published in October 1806, the title page read: "Symphony of Heroes, in honor of a great man", and from then on, Symphony No. 3 became known as the "Symphony of Heroes".
The Symphony of Fate
The opening four notes of Beethoven's Symphony in C minor (Op. 67) are strong and heavy, as if fate were knocking at the door. The work is thus called the Symphony of Fate.
The Symphony of Fate was composed between 1805 and 1808. Beethoven had already stated in a letter to his friend Wegler (1765-1848) in November 1808, "I will jam the throat of fate, and it must not overwhelm me completely." The "voice of fate knocking at the door" had already appeared in the third movement of the Piano Sonata in C minor (Op. 10, No. 1), composed in 1798, and later in the third movement of the String Quartet in D major (Op. 18, No. 3), the first movement of the Passionate Sonata (Op. 57), the Overture to the Third Leonora (Op. 72), the Overture in E-flat major (Op. 73), and the Overture to the Third Leonora (Op. 74), which was written in 1798. Op. 72), String Quartet in E-flat Major (Op. 74) and other works, it is evident that overcoming destiny through struggle is Beethoven's consistent creative thought.
The Symphony of Fate shows the passion of struggle in full swing, which has a strong infectious force. The Spanish contralto Mariboran listened to the "Symphony of Fate" for the first time and was so frightened that she had to leave the concert. One of Napoleon's old guards, listening to the opening theme of the fourth movement, could not help but jump up and shout, "This is the Emperor!"
Berlioz saw the image of the thrilling struggle in the Symphony of Fate as "Othello's terrible fury when he listened to Egou's slander and mistook Desdemona for an illicit affair."
Schumann argued, "Though you hear this symphony from time to time, it will always have an unchanging power over you; just as the phenomena of nature, though they occur from time to time, are always a source of horror."
Mendelssohn stayed in Weimar for two weeks in May and June of 1830, meeting with Goethe for the last time and playing for him at the piano famous works of the past and present. Goethe was thrilled to hear the first movement of the Symphony of Fate, and said, "It is magnificently grand and thrilling, and would literally shake the house down. I don't know what would have happened if many people had played it together."
In March 1841, Engels heard a performance of the Symphony of Fate. He praised the work in a letter to his sister, saying, "If you do not know this marvelous thing, then you have heard nothing in your life, if anything." He heard in the first movement "that utter despair of grief, that anguish of sorrow"; in the second "that tender melancholy of love"; and in the third and fourth "the powerful, youthful, and free expression of the trumpet, which is the most beautiful of all. In the third and fourth movements, "the powerful, youthful, free joy expressed by the trumpets" is so inspiring. In just a few words, Engels summarized the Symphony of Fate very pertinently.
Symphony No. 7
Wagner called Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Op. 92 "the ultimate of dance," "the highest form of dance," and "the most wonderful expression of physical movement according to the ideal form. the most marvelous embodiment of movement." At one point he is said to have wanted to perform the Seventh Symphony as a dance accompanied by Liszt's piano. Wagner's vision was later realized by the Russian choreographer Marcin, who in 1938 choreographed the symphony as a ballet expressing an allegorical storyline - the creation and destruction of the world:
Movement 1: Creation - In the the spirit of creation, the chaotic world is transformed into an orderly abode for plants and animals. Men and women appeared, as well as dangerous serpents.
The Second Movement: the Earth - Abominations and rapes appear on the Earth. A group of men and women mourn a murdered teenager.
The third movement: the sky - the gods and goddesses in the sky are indifferent to the turmoil on the earth and still rejoice.
Fourth Movement: Drinking and Destruction - The people are addicted to drinking and sex. God sees their egregious imitation of the pleasures of the upper world and, out of anger, destroys the world with fire. The first performance of this piece was given by Basil's Ballets Russes in May 1938 in Monte Carlo, Monaco.
Beethoven Timeline
1770 On December 17, 1770, Ludwig - the second child of court singer Johann van Beethoven and his wife, Maria Magdalena - was baptized in the church of St. Remigius in Bonn.
1778 On March 26, 1778, the "Six Year Old Children's Star" made its debut.
1779 In October, Christian Gottlobneft arrives in Bonn as Beethoven's teacher.
1782 Through Franz Gebhard Wegler, he meets the von Broyning family. Nine variations based on one of Dreisler's marches are published in Mannheim.
1784 On February 15, Maximilian Friedrich, Archbishop and Elector of Cologne, dies; Maximilian Franz, the youngest son of the Empress Maria Theresia, assumes the throne. 27.6.1784 Becomes a full member of the Porth Court Band.
1787 First trip to Vienna, March-April, to meet Mozart; on July 17, his mother dies of tuberculosis.
1788 Beethoven's later friend and patron, Count Wahlstein, arrives in Quienne. on Dec. 14, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach dies in Hamburg.
1789 On July 14, the French Revolution breaks out.
1790 On February 20, Austrian Emperor Joseph II died. See Dauphin suffers from lower abdominal pain. December 25, Joseph Haydn passes through Bonn on his travels.
1791 March 6, performance of a score for a chivalric ballet. ?On December 5, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in Vienna. 1792 On November 2, begins his second trip to Vienna. From that year to the end of 1793, studied under Haydn. on December 18, his father died in Bonn.
1793? At the end of the year or in early 1794, he gave the first performance of the three trios at a family party organized by Prince Lichnovsky.
1794 Resides in Prince Lichnowsky's home.
1795 On March 29, 1795, the first public performance is given in Schoena.
1796 From February to June, travels to Prague, Dresden, Leipzig and the Prussian royal palace in Berlin. Bonaparte's army attacks Italy.
1797 On January 31, Franz Schubert is born in Lichtenthal, near Vienna.On April 6, makes his debut in a quintet (Op. 16) at a concert given by violinist and friend Schuppanzelich.In May, begins to make the acquaintance of Therese and Josefine Fein-Brunschwick.
1798 First symptoms of ear trouble appear.
1800 On April 2, 1800, he gave his first solo concert at the Palace Theater in Hufburg, debuting his Symphony No. 1 and Septet for Orchestra.
1801 Love Giulietta Guichardi.6 years 1 and November L6, successive letters to the friends Amanda and Wegler to disclose the fact that the day to day re-listening.
October 6 and 10, 1802, wrote his will in Heiligenstadt.
1803 April 5, 1803, concert at the Vienna Opera House, the first performance of the Second Symphony and the Third Piano Concerto. In the summer, composes the Heroic Symphony in Baden and Deplin. Begins teaching piano playing techniques and music theory to the Archduke Rudolf of Austria.
1804? Fall to late 1807, falls in love with Josefine Fon Demme; her maiden name was Brunswick. on May 20, Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor and proclaimed Napoleon I. On August 11 Franz I is inaugurated as Emperor of Austria.
1805 On April 7, the first public performance of Symphony No. 3 (Heroes) was given. November 13, the French occupied Vienna. November 20, the first performance of Fidelio.
1806 March 29, the first salivation nettle bucket paint anti osmium ron return wit? On December 23, 1806, the first performance of the Violin Concerto (Op. 61) was given.
1807 March, at the Gerber Put? The first performance of the "Violin Concerto" (Op. 61) was held in March 1807 at the Geschichte. The firm's firm ǔ∫衾只幔? The first time I saw the song, I was in the middle of a big group of people who were in the middle of a big group of people. IIⅰ calf evaluation osmium Lu clip earth? The pan-tin tu tu visit mother Zhuo Nuo? What's the reason for this? I'm not sure if I'm a good person or a good person.
October 1808, the royal family of Guillaume Bonaparte hired Beethoven to go to Kassel. December 22, in the Vienna Opera House concert, the first performance of the "Fifth Symphony," "Symphony No. 6" and "Choral Fantasy
February 26, 1809, the Grand Duke of Rudolf, Prince Lobkowitz and Prince Kinski promised to pay Beethoven annuity
Beethoven, the first time in the history of the world's most famous opera singer, was the first time in the history of the world's most famous opera singer, the first time in the history of the world's most famous opera singer. gold. On April 9, Austria declared war on France. On May 10, the French occupied Vienna again. On .5.31, Joseph Haydon died. A movement against Napoleon broke out in the Austrian Tyrol and Germany.
1810 Spring, fell in love with Therese Feng-Malfatti.
1811 March 15, "Financial Patent Pen Drum Light Bustard Roach. August 1, arrives in Teplitz and makes the acquaintance of Amaryllis Theobald. November 28, the first performance of the Fifth Piano Concerto in Leipzig.
1812 On June 24, Napoleon raises an army to attack Russia. July 6 and 7, wrote a letter to the "Eternal Lover". On July 19-23, he met with Goethe in Teplitz, and on October 19, the French army began its retreat.
Summer 1813, stayed in Baden. On June 21, Wellington defeated the French army at Victoria. The war of national liberation against French rule was in full swing. On December 8, he gave a concert in the auditorium of the University of Vienna, premiering the Seventh Symphony and the War Symphony.
On February 27, 1814, the Eighth Symphony was performed for the first time. On April 6, Napoleon abdicated at Fontainebleau; in April, he met Anton Schindler; on April 15, Prince Karl Lichnowsky died; on May 23, he died. The first of a series of meetings of the Congress of Vienna was held in Fontaine. September 18: Opening of the Congress of Vienna. November 29: Gala Concert for the participants of the Congress of Vienna.
1815 On January 25, 1815, he performed for the last time as a pianist. March 1, Napoleon left exile on the island of Djerba to return to the mainland. Summer, stays in Baden and Deplin. November 15, his brother Karl died, Beethoven became the guardian of his nephew Karl.
On February 2, 1816, nephew Karl is enrolled in the Schuppanzig Quartet, a reformatory for young people run by Giannattasio Del Rio, which is disbanded. Summer, stays in Baden. Since October, various illnesses caused by colds are not cured. 16 December, Prince Joseph Franz Lobkowitz dies.
1817 Summer, stay in Heiligenstadt and Nudorf.
Summer 1818, stay in Meidling.
1819 Anton Schendler becomes Beethoven's assistant. Begins to talk to people with the "Talking Book".
1820 On April 8, 1820, Anton Schendler becomes sole guardian of his nephew Karl. Summer, stays in Merdelein.
Summer 1821, stays in D?ppling and Baden. Suffers from jaundice.
Summer 1822, stays in D?ppling and Baden. on November 9, Prince Nikolaus Galecin of Russia asks Beethoven to write three string quartets.
1823 On May 4, Schuppanzelig returns from Russia. Summer, stays in Herzendorf and Baden.
1824 In February, Viennese art lovers write to Beethoven asking him to perform his new works in Vienna; on April 18, the Solemn Mass is performed for the first time in Petersburg, and on May 7, the Ninth Symphony is performed for the first time in a concert at the Theater of the Kirstendor. In the summer, stays in Penzing and Gutenbrunn near Vienna.
1825 On March 6, the first performance of the Op. 127 quartet by the Schuppanzsee Quartet. In May, suffers from severe enteritis. In summer, stays in Guttenbrunn. in October, moves into a Spanish-style apartment.
1826 Physically and mentally devastated. March 21, the first public performance of the Op. 130 Quartet, the final movement of which was then the Grand Fugue. July 30, nephew Karl attempted suicide. On September 29, he left for his brother Johann's place of residence in Gneixendorf. On December 2, returned to Vienna, Beethoven was in serious condition, suffering from pneumonia, cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. On December 20, the first abdominal puncture was performed.
1827 January 3, writes his will. January 8, second puncture. February 2, third puncture. Late February, Beethoven is critically ill. February 27, fourth puncture of the abdomen. march 24, unconsciousness. March 26, 5:45 pm, Beethoven died. At that time the wind roared, lightning and thunder.