1. The city's independence is inseparable from the "garden", "garden", "The ideological basis and actual formation process of the "unity of opposites" structure of the city and the "unity of opposites" structure of the house are the same as those of the "unity of opposites" structure of the house.
The ideological basis and actual formation process of the city's "dualistic unity" structure and the "dualistic unity" structure of the house have a strong comparability.
Like the family under the conditions of the small peasant economy, the traditional Chinese city was born with relative independence and self-containedness - that is, the ability to survive within a certain area. The main reason for this closed independence is that the city, as a place to live under the natural economic conditions of an agrarian society, requires and is able to realize self-sufficiency.
On the other hand, the instrumental nature of the city, both political and military, further reinforces this requirement and capacity for self-sufficiency. It is well known that the city arose with the division of classes and the creation of the state, as a stronghold of domination and a bastion of military confrontation. In an environment of brutal struggle, its solidity and integrity are of great importance. This solidity and integrity is not only reflected in the strong soldiers and horses, the city is high and deep, but also reflected in the abundance of food and sustenance, so the ancients listed food, soldiers, and the city together as the three major elements of war defense. For example, "Mozi - seven problems," said: "food of the country's treasure, soldiers of the country's claws, the city so that the self-defense also. These three are the tools of the state." Another example is "Guan Zi - Quan Xiu" which says, "The defense of the land is in the city, the defense of the city is in the soldiers, and the defense of the soldiers is in the corn." They are all where the life of a city and a country is sustained.
The abundance of food requires the right amount of land, and there is also a structural problem that meat, as well as fruits and vegetables, are as indispensable as rice and flour. In a situation of fragmentation, limited land area, and a small economic hinterland, the "garden", "囿" and "nursery", which were inherited and developed from the early agricultural settlements, where animals were kept in captivity and fruits and vegetables were cultivated, were used as the basis for the development of the "garden", "囿" and "圃". ", "囿", "圃", "苑", and so on, were the important sources of meat, fruits and vegetables in each city. At this time, their ornamental fun function is secondary, the nature of its production is undoubtedly the first.
Generally speaking, "nursery", "garden" is planted vegetables, flowers and fruits, grass and trees. For example, "Shuowen Jiezi" said: "planting vegetables said nursery", and said: "garden, so planting trees also". Another example is "Poetry - Zheng Feng - will be Zhongzi" Mao Chuan: "Garden so planting trees also." As for the difference between the two, it lies only in the fact that the "nursery" is often surrounded by no wall, while the "garden" is often surrounded by a wall. The terms "囿" and "苑" are generally interpreted in the ancient texts as the raising of animals and fowls. Regarding "囿", "周礼-地官-囿人" says: "掌囿游的兽禁，牧牧百兽。" The Guangshi Ming (廣釋名) says: "囿者，畜魚鳖之处，囿犹'有'也。" Regarding "Yuan", "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Yuan, so to raise birds and animals." The difference between the two, some believe that lies in the size of the area, such as "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals - Shen small" Gao allure note: "animals and beasts, large said the court, small said 囿"；Also believe that the difference lies in the existence of walls, such as the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "囿, the court has a wall," the "parallelism sub-paper ":" there is a fence is said to be the garden, there is a wall is said to be caught ".
"Garden", "囿", "圃", "苑", and other concepts, although there are certain boundaries. And often common with each other, the interpretation of the historical canonical books are not exactly the same. But planting livestock "production nature" is recognized, and it is its "production nature" so that it is not dispensable things, but the city is an indispensable part. Western Zhou feudalism, the provisions of the "son of heaven 100 miles, the vassals 40 miles", the court as a project, and camping system *** with the implementation, can be considered that there is some kind of inevitable link between them?
2 The aesthetic value of "garden", "nursery", "garden", "囿"
Nowadays, most garden historians believe that "garden", "nursery", "garden", "囿" is the beginning of Chinese classical gardens. The beginning of Chinese classical gardens. Mr. Tong Jie said: "China's earliest records of gardens, beginning in Yin, Zhou, '囿', and 'Poetry' by the 'garden', both in three thousand years ago. At that time, the garden was a unit for planting fruits and vegetables, hunting birds and animals, and related life." However, "garden," "garden," "garden," "court," and "囿" cannot be regarded as purely vegetable gardens and feedlots. So simple, otherwise it is difficult to explain in their transmutation of the brilliant Chinese classical garden art.
At that time, "Yuan" and "囿" more both for the emperor hunting function, and "garden" and "nursery" should be ornamental role. "should have the role of ornamental, that is, they have aesthetic value.
"Yuan" and "囿" both for the emperor hunting function, which in the "martial arts" as the spirit of the times of the pre-Qin period has a special significance --The practice of military drill and martial arts in the midst of hunting and hunting was accompanied by great spiritual satisfaction, which was of the nature of enjoyment in the field of spiritual life. Some people believe that in the pre-Qin period, from the perspective of garden aesthetics, the historical status of "garden" and "囿" is much more important than "nursery" and "garden". "In terms of the characteristics of the two, the former is mainly to satisfy the material needs of human life, i.e. mainly for food, and its material utilitarian value is the first form of value produced in human society, while the value of the latter has been transformed from the material utilitarian to the spiritual and aesthetic, ... ...Strictly speaking, the 'nursery' and 'garden' of the pre-Qin stage cannot be regarded as gardens belonging to the category of art, for it has only practical material utilitarian value, while the '囿 ', 'garden' can be said to be the indiscriminate use of classical garden art, because it at least at the same time has aesthetic value, in a certain sense free from material needs and embodies a certain freedom of spiritual life."
The above quotation points out the aesthetic value of "garden" and "囿" outside the production, but excludes the aesthetic value of "garden" and "nursery" outside the production. But excluding the aesthetic value of "garden" and "nursery" outside the production, and then denying its origin as the Chinese classical garden seems to be debatable. Plant viewing is not also an aesthetic activity? And ornamental trees and flowers in the Yin, Zhou period of various written records have been a lot, people not only appreciate the beauty of its image, but also give its symbolic meaning, to send a message. "People are endowed with seven emotions, responding to things, feeling things, Yin Zhi, nothing but nature", "Poetry" in the three hundred those from the heart of the flow of emotions, all responding to the heart of the nature of grass and trees of the celestial resonance. It is hard to imagine that the ancestors, whose blood is saturated with the sense of nature, would be indifferent in front of the beautiful plants. According to Mr. Zhou Weiquan, at least during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, garden cultivation was popularized among the people and gradually penetrated into people's aesthetic field from purely economic activities. Accordingly, many edible and medicinal plants were cultivated into flowers for ornamental purposes. People in front of and behind the house to create a garden, both economic activities, but also for ornamental purposes, trees and plants are increasingly focused on ornamental purposes. The "garden" should be the third source of the classical Chinese gardens except for the catch and the platform. We believe that not only the practical needs of material production and military maneuvers, but also the spiritual enjoyment of hunting and viewing, that is, the aesthetic value, further strengthened the "garden", "nursery", "court further strengthened the "garden", "nursery", "garden", "囿" became the inevitable building blocks of the city. In the subsequent historical process, especially after the Great Unification, social and economic development, from the capital to the state, prefectures and counties, the city's economic hinterland is generally increased, the "garden", "nursery", "court ", "garden", "nursery", "garden", "囿 "production of the nature of the degree of dependence has been reduced, until almost zero, it is their aesthetic, recreational functions, so that they continue to accompany the city, the development of the art of gardening, so that the city has become a livable and swimmable beautiful human environment.
3 Spirit Catch in Feng-ho
As early as 3,000 years ago, the earliest palace gardens - Spirit Catch, Spirit Terrace, and Spirit Swamp - became an integral part of Feng-ho, the capital city of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Ling Cai is located 42 miles west of Chang'an, spanning the borders of Chang'an and Tuxian County, with a square of 70 miles, and has basically maintained its original natural ecological environment.
Inside the city, there are Lingtai (灵台) and Lingnuma (灵沼).
4 Western Han Chang'an Shanglin Yuan
Han Dynasty Emperor Wu Di Jianyuan three years (138 BC), on the basis of the Qin wide Shanglin Yuan, is the Chinese calendar of a royal garden.
The old Han rituals: "Shanglin Yuan square three hundred miles, the garden to raise a hundred beasts, the son of heaven in the fall and winter shooting and hunting to take it." Shanglin Yuan was originally built by Emperor Wu for hunting trips, but in practice it played a role far beyond that.
First of all, still retains a strong production nature. First, fruit and wood production. Second, animal husbandry and fish farming. Third, the workshop. Mining Shanglinyuan has rich deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron, jade, etc., Dinghu Palace near the copper mine was mined for casting money. In addition, may also manufacture metal utensils and metal parts of buildings to supply the court. Han Dynasty people sat on the ground, the indoor floor are to pave mats, the palace of thousands of houses, the required mats are supplied by the Shanglin Yuan, four, farming.
In addition, we can also see from the Shanglinyuan management institutions and officials set up, the nature of its production base is very prominent.
Secondly, pools and marshes such as Kunming Pond played the role of reservoirs, supplying water and storing flood water for the city, and used for irrigation. Kunming Pond is equivalent to a medium-sized reservoir. Other pools and marshes, such as Haochi, Taiyi pond, Cangchi, Chuchi, Niushou pool, etc., all have the role of flood water storage.
Third, the performance of martial arts and cantonment.
In addition, Shanglinyuan is also used for religious activities, also used for astronomical activities,; also used to receive foreign guests.
In short, "Shanglinyuan is a multi-functional royal garden, with all the functions of classical gardens in the period of generation - recreation, residence, pilgrimage, entertainment, hunting, shentong, seeking immortality, production, military training, etc."
East Han Dynasty (25~220 AD) Luo Yang
1. The construction of the city of Luo Yang
Liu Xiu relied on the Nanyang group of powerful people, * Wang Mang new dynasty. In June 25 A.D., he claimed the title of emperor in Ancient China (hao, now the north of Hebei Baxiang County), and moved the capital to Luoyang in October. It is known as the Eastern Han or Later Han. In 220 AD, Cao Pi claimed the title of Emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty died. ***The Eastern Han Dynasty lasted twelve emperors, and Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty for about 195 years.
The reasons why the Eastern Han Dynasty gave up Chang'an and made it the capital of Luoyang:
1) After the wars of the last years of the Western Han Dynasty, Chang'an was severely damaged, the population was drastically reduced, and the city withered.
2) The situation of the vassals - Gongsun Shu is based in Shu, Kui (wei) ware based in Tianshui, looking at the center of Guanzhong; Xiong Nu tribe took advantage of the chaos in the last years of the Western Han Dynasty to move south, threatening Chang'an.
3) Luo Yang is closer to Nanyang, Liu Xiu's birthplace and hometown.
4) Luoyang was operated by the Zhou Dynasty for 500 years; it was built by Lu Buwei, who was appointed as the Marquis of Luoyang in the Qin Dynasty; Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, was located in Chengzhou three months before he became the emperor; and Liu Xuan, the first emperor of Xinmang at the end of the New Mang Dynasty (23 A.D.), moved the capital of Chengzhou about five months before he became the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. Luo Yang has the conditions to build the capital.
Nonetheless, there are still people who advocate moving the capital to Chang'an, the debate has been going on for half a century, that is, from the Han Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu built the middle of the martial arts to the Zhang Emperor built the junior high school to Ban Gu's Two Capitals Fugue published and ended.
2. Urban form
Luo Yang relative to the Western Han's Chang'an also known as Tokyo. It was built on the basis of Lu Buwei's expansion into a Zhou city. Archaeological exploration shows that its site is 15 kilometers east of Luoyang in present-day Henan Province. With Mang Mountain to the north and the Luo River to the south, the terrain is high in the north and low in the south, which is both a natural barrier and convenient for transportation. The city was built in about 20 years. During the reign of Emperor Guangwu, he repaired the temple, built the Jikji, repaired the south palace, built the city wall and gate, built the Mingtang, the Lingtai and the Piyong; Emperor Liuzhuang of the Ming Dynasty, repaired the north palace and all the governmental mansions and gardens, and built the market outside the city. Archaeology shows that the city wall of luoyang city is built entirely of rammed earth, with a thickness of 14~25 meters at the base. The east wall is about 38,662.7 meters long; the west wall is about 3,811 meters long; the north wall is about 2,600 meters long; the south wall is washed away because of the diversion of the water of Luoyang. The circumference of the city is about 13,000 meters, which is about 31 miles in Han Dynasty. The total area of the city is about 9.5 square kilometers. Plane for the north-south length of about 9 miles, east-west width of about 6 miles of rectangular, so the people also called "six nine city". There are 12 gates in the city of Luoyang, but not 3 gates on each side, 3 on the east and west, 4 on the south and 2 on the north. The gates are all equipped with pavilions. The gates all have 3 doorways with the royal road in the center. The southern Pingcheng Gate is the most prominent, leading directly to the palace, the emperor to the countryside sacrifices from this door in and out. Out of the Pingcheng Gate south, there are Mingtang, Lingtai, Piyong. Hall - the ancient son of heaven to declare the place of government and religion. All the great ceremonies, such as court meetings, sacrifices, celebrations and rewards, selection of scholars, pensions, teaching, etc., were held here. Mengzi - Liang Huiwangxia (《孟子-梁惠王下》)："Fu Mingtang is the hall of the king." Three Kingdoms - Wei Shu - The Chronicles of Emperor Wu: "In the first month of spring of the second year, the countryside sacrificed to heaven and earth and Mingtang." Lingtai - the name of a platform in the Zhou Dynasty. Three Kingdoms Zhi-Wei Shu-Wang Lang Zhuan: "The Hall of Fame is used to worship God, and the Lingtai is used to observe astronomy." The Lingtai west of Mingtang in Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty was the place where Zhang Heng observed astronomy. According to archaeological detection, the Lingtai range of about 44,000 square meters, surrounded by rammed earth walls, the central building is a square rammed earth platform, the residual height of more than 8 meters. The platform is surrounded by two layers of platforms, building corridors around.
3. Palace
Luo Yang City, South Palace, North Palace two major palaces. The Western Han Dynasty has been, the Eastern Han Dynasty large-scale expansion of the construction. South Palace covers an area of about 1.3 square kilometers, about 1,300 meters long from north to south and about 1,000 meters wide from east to west. Liu Xiu mainly built the front hall here, "Later Han Book - Emperor Wu Di Ji": "In the first month of the spring of the 14th year, the front hall of the South Palace was raised". Nangong was the place where the emperor discussed politics and was honored by his ministers. Its ruins are in the northwest of the present Longhutan Village, where the terrain rises and is called "Xigang" by the local people. The North Palace was located in the north of the city of Luo Yang, slightly to the west. Its northern wall was very close to the northern wall of the city of Luo Yang. The Beigong is about 1,500 meters long from north to south and 1,200 meters wide from east to west, with an area of about 1.8 square kilometers, larger than the Nangong. Later Han Book - Ming Di Ji: Yongping three years (AD 60) up the North Palace and the government offices, eight years in the winter of October into. The main hall of the North Palace is called Deyang Hall. North and south seven feet, east and west thirty-seven four feet long, the hall is two feet high. Around the square can accommodate ten thousand people. North Palace beautiful scenery, is the emperor and concubines bedding place north and south of the two palaces are set up four doors, the south door are called Zhu Bird door, the north door called Xuan Wu door, the east door for the Dragon Cang door, the west door for the White Tiger door. The two palaces are connected to the complex road. North Palace of the northeast there is a palace, called Yongan Palace, around 698 zhang, for the departure of the Palace.
4. Gardens
Fanglin Yuan, located in the northern part of the city, connected to the palace. Liu Hong, Emperor Lingdi of Han Dynasty built in the palace, "* Tourist Pavilion", green moss by the steps, the introduction of canals around the flow, take a boat to swim. Western Garden.
5. Streets and markets
According to records, the Eastern Han Dynasty Luo Yang City, there are 24 avenues, long streets and alleys, all the way. The longest street up to 3000 meters, the width is generally about 40 meters. Inside the city, there are many trees, peaches and plums on the roadside, flowers from relative, leaves from quite. Luo Yang has three cities: South City, located outside the city's east; Horse City, located outside the city's south; Gold City, located in the West City, this city.
6. political, economic, social, cultural
6.1. the center of the centralized system of power
Liu Xiu to Luo Yang as the center of the implementation of the policy, so that the pre-Eastern Han Dynasty appeared to be the momentum of great governance.
6. 2. Crafts, commerce, culture
Cai Lun invented Cai Hou paper. Commercial development, the residents abandoned agriculture and business. Wang Fu said: "Today, the Luo Yang, the capital of the end of the industry than farmers, hypocritical hands of the end of the industry." The goods are mostly luxury consumer goods.
"Houhan Book - Zhong Changtong Liezhuan": "Ship car Jia peddlers, week in the four directions, the waste of poly storage, full of the city. Qi celluloid treasure goods, huge room can not accommodate; horses, cattle, sheep and boars (shi, pigs), the valley can not be accepted."
Liu Xiu as the head of the East Han monarchs and ministers have "Confucian image", Luo Yang cultural prosperity, education flourished. Liu Xiu attaches importance to education, love of the scriptures, courtesy of intellectuals. So that "the Confucian cloud will be the capital". Jianwu five years (29 AD), the establishment of the Imperial College. The Imperial College is located in Piyong.
Piyong - the name of the Imperial College. Originally set up by the son of Zhou for the children of the aristocracy. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there have been successive generations. The school site round, surrounded by water on all sides, such as Bijie, the front door outside the bridge to pass. Rituals - the king's system ":" University in the suburbs, the son of heaven is said to Pai Yong, the vassal is said to 頖 (pan) Palace." The Han book - rites and music ":" Liu Xiang because it is said on: 'It is desirable to Xing Pai Yong, set up Ziang (xiang) order, Chen rites and music, Long YaSong voice, Sheng 揖攘之容, to wind up the world." "Three auxiliary yellow map" Volume 5: "Zhou Wen Wang Pai Yong, forty miles northwest of Chang'an,......, such as the round of the Bik, Yong with water, like the popularity of education and culture." Pai Yong is also the name of music. Zhuangzi - the world ":" King Wen has the music of Pai Yong." Shun emperor to descend, is the most prosperous period of taixue, students as many as 30,000 people. The emperor sometimes personally went to the Imperial College to give lectures. After Buddhism was introduced to China, the first Buddhist temple in China, the White Horse Temple, was established in Luoyang. This can be said to be the birthplace of Buddhism in China, so it is also known as the "source", "Ancestral Court" and so on. White Horse Temple is located in the west of Yongmen, now 25 miles east of the old city of Luoyang, north of the Longhai Railway. Founded in the Han Mingdi Yongping 11 years (68 AD).
Characters: Ban Biao, Ban Gu, father and son. Ban Gu has a masterpiece of history, the Book of Han, and also the Two Capitals Fugue. The great thinker Wang Chong. In his youth, he went to the Imperial College in Luoyang to take Ban Biao as his teacher. Outstanding scientist Zhang Heng.
Three Kingdoms and Sui and Tang dynasties
The capitals of the three Kingdoms were Chengdu in Shu Han, Jianye in Wu, and Yecheng in Cao Wei. Of these, special attention should be paid to Yecheng of the Cao Wei Dynasty, whose planning had a great influence on later generations. Chang'an of the Sui and Tang dynasties is a splendid monument of Chinese urban planning.
Yecheng, Cao Wei
(also on the laying of ancient Chinese city form characteristics)
Yecheng, Cao Wei is located in today's Hebei Linzhang County, southwest of 17.5 kilometers. Bordered by the Zhang River in the north and the vast and boundless Great Plain in the south, it was the economic and cultural center of the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the pre-feudal period of Chinese society. Due to the southward movement of the Zhang River, Yecheng of the Cao Wei Dynasty has been washed away, leaving only the foundations of the three platforms of the Golden Tiger (south), the Copper Sparrow (center), and the Ice Well (north) and some building materials, while the others are all gone.
Yecheng is a city with a long history. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Huan of Qi built a city here, so-called "to guard the Xia"; in the Warring States period, Marquis Wen of Wei built his capital here, appointed Simon Bao as Yecheng, and drew the Zhangshui water to irrigate the fields and develop agriculture, which resulted in the "Han Nei called the rule"; in the Han Dynasty, this is the county of Wei; in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao was based in Yecheng, which was destroyed by Cao Cao, who then took over Yecheng, which was then destroyed by Cao Cao. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao was based in Yecheng, which was destroyed by Cao Cao, who used Yecheng as a base to build up the city by holding the feudal lords hostage.
"Three Kingdoms Zhi-Wei Shu-Wu Di Ji": "(Jian'an) thirteen years in the first month, the public returned to Ye, made Xuanwu pool to understudy yi boat division." "In the winter of the fifteenth ...... year, he made the Copper Bird Terrace." "Eighteen years ...... in the fall of July, began to build the Wei social and religious temple ...... in September, made the Golden Tiger Terrace, chiseled a canal to draw Zhangshui into the Baidou to pass the river." "twenty-two years ...... May, made pan Palace." (Panpan Palace, that is, the Palace of Learning, as if the Son of Heaven has Piyong.)
1. City form
"Shui Jingji" Volume 10 "turbid Zhangzhang water note" records, Yecheng is an east-west rectangular city, "east and west seven miles, five miles north and south, decorated with a table to brick, a hundred steps a building. All the palaces, gates and platforms, corners and pheasants, all added to the pavilions. Layer ridge (meng) anti-buildings, flying eaves whisking clouds, drawing to Danqing, color to light vegetation. When it was in full bloom, to go to Yeh sixty or seventy miles, looking at the Camelot Pavilion, as lofty as the immortal residence.
Yu Weichao, Archaeology, 1963, No. 1, "Yecheng Survey Records," Yecheng has seven doors, the south of the three doors from east to west for the Guangyang Gate, Zhongyang Gate, Fengyang Gate; the north of the two doors, from east to west for the Kwangde Gate, the Stable Door; east and west of the door for the building of the Spring Gate, the Jinming Gate. If we calculate by 1 foot 24 centimeters, 1 mile is 432 meters, then Yecheng's south and north walls are each 3024 meters long, and the east and west walls are each 2160 meters long, with an area of 6.53 square kilometers. (Slightly different from the textbook.)
The planning and layout of Yecheng of the Cao Wei Dynasty had a great influence on later generations. Its innovation may have been related to Cao Cao's eloquence and his political qualities of being clear on the law but not bound by it. His knowledge, boldness, spirit, reflected in the building, must be as Wang Shen "Wei Shu" said: "and build the palace, repairing the apparatus, all for the law, are all full of his intention." So it can break through the pattern of capital city construction since the Qin and Han dynasties, creating an unprecedented new pattern for future generations to refer to and follow.
The salient features of Yecheng's planning, which had a great influence on later generations, were:
A trunk road running east to west, leading to the east and west gates, divided the city into two parts, north and south. The northern part was the palace, forbidden garden and nobles' residential area, while the southern part was the government offices and residential area, forming a clear division. The main road leading from the end gate of the palace to the Zhongyang Gate, the southern gate of Yecheng, formed a wide and straight central axis, forming a d-shaped skeleton with the east-west main road. From this skeleton, a network of crisscrossing roads was derived, dividing the city into well-organized neighborhoods. The layout of Yecheng can be regarded as the inheritance and development of the combination of "city" and "Guo" distinctions.
2. Palace
The Palace is located in the northern part of the east, mainly in the Palace of Wenchang, Hall of Government, etc.. East of the palace for the Chi Li, that is, the nobles living area, and later Chi Li became synonymous with the nobility.
3. Garden
West of the Palace for the Copperbird Garden, the Royal Palace. The northern section of its western wall has a tall Golden Tiger Terrace (South), Copper Bird Terrace (Center), Bingjing Terrace (North), are "due to the foundation of the city, towering Chongju, high as a mountain, Jian'an fifteen years Wei Wu raised" ("Shui Jing Jingji" Volume 10 "turbid Zhangzhang water note"). Zuo Si "Wei Du Fu": "three platforms stand in a row and lofty also". The function of the three platforms should be:
Defense - three platforms towering over the city walls, should be inherited from the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in the Central Plains and Guanzhong region of the docking wall estates, out of the frequent wars at that time, the situation of the need for defense of the turmoil; amusement - "want to see" the purpose of the tour; storage - because there are chestnut kilns, salt kilns, hidden ice and graphite.
4. Li and the City
The southern part of the city is divided into a square grid of residential neighborhoods called Li by streets. In addition to Qi Li in the north, seen in the Wei Du Fu, there are Changshou, Jiyang, Yongping, Sizhong and other Li. Yecheng still practiced the same system of "dividing li into cities" as in the Han Dynasty. Zuo Si's "Wei Du Fu" reads: "Contouring the three cities and opening marketplaces, the book of Ping Kui (kui, a road that runs in all directions) and the nine reaches, the class lists the restaurants in order to both Luo and set up the market place in order to carry the belt, to help with the constant bias of the existence of no one, and the distance from the middle of the day to the Bijie, the resistance to the flag pavilions of the company's Xue (YAO, high and steep), and the extravagance of the view of the vastness of the city. ...... "market (huan) - the market wall; market (hui) - the market gate. Market place - market.