The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was a war of Japanese aggression against China and Korea at the end of 19. It started with 1894 (20th year of Guangxu reign in Qing dynasty and 27th year of Meiji reign in Japan) and ended with the signing of treaty of shimonoseki on 7th April, 895. [1-2] According to the calendar of China, 1894, the time of the war was the Sino-Japanese War. The war ended with the defeat of China and the annihilation of beiyang fleet. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing government in China signed the unequal treaty-treaty of shimonoseki. It has brought unprecedented national crisis to the Chinese nation and greatly deepened the semi-colonial degree of China society. Japan developed itself by using China's huge reparations, and soon squeezed into the ranks of imperialist powers.
The Korean issue is a breakthrough for Japan to launch a war of aggression. 1890, the economic crisis broke out in Japan, and the demand for war became more urgent. In the same year, Yamagata Aritomo, then Japanese Prime Minister, put forward the so-called "sovereignty line" and "interest line" theory in the "policy address" of the first Imperial Parliament, regarding Japan as a sovereignty line, China and the Korean Peninsula as Japan's "interest line" and made a claim to Japan. [12] The fuse of the war has finally come. 1894, the Dongxue Party uprising broke out in North Korea, and the Korean government forces were successively defeated and forced to ask for help from the Qing Dynasty. When Japan thought it was time to wage war, it said to the Qing court, "Why didn't your government replace Han Kun as soon as possible? ..... my government will have no other intention "[13], which induced the Qing Dynasty to send troops to Korea. The Qing Dynasty didn't understand that this was a Japanese conspiracy, so it sent Ye Zhichao, governor of Zhili and Nie Shicheng, company commander of Taiyuan Town, to lead 2,500 elite Huai troops to land in Asan, North Korea, and set up camp here to suppress the uprising. At the same time, Japan will be notified according to the 1885 Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty. On June 1 1, the North Korean government and the insurgents reached a statewide peace conference, and the Qing army did not fight and the uprising subsided. At that time, Nie Shicheng suggested to Li Hongzhang, a powerful figure in the Qing Dynasty, to withdraw troops quickly, thus isolating the Japanese troops stationed in the DPRK and withdrawing troops automatically under the pressure of international public opinion. [14] But Li Hongzhang hesitated and finally gave the Japanese a chance.
The base camp of Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.
Japan was ecstatic when it learned that the Qing court sent troops to North Korea. At that time, Ito Bowen's cabinet was facing motion of no confidence's impeachment in Parliament. After receiving this news, it was like grasping at straws and launching a war with all one's strength. The Japanese government immediately set up a "base camp" attended by the Chief of General Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff, the Minister of War and the Minister of Naval Operations, as the highest leading organ to direct the war of aggression. 1from June 8, 894, on the one hand, Japan sent an advance team of 400 people to land in Incheon, North Korea on the pretext of protecting its embassy and overseas Chinese; On the other hand, Japanese Foreign Minister Luo Ozongguang instructed Keisuke, the ambassador to the DPRK, to "take temporary measures as appropriate" [15], and authorized Keisuke to stir up trouble and find an excuse to launch a war of aggression.
After the statewide peace talks were reached, the North Korean government asked the Qing Dynasty and Japan to withdraw their troops, but the Qing Dynasty asked the Japanese army to withdraw first. Big Bird Keisuke also verbally told Yuan Shikai, the envoy of the Qing court to the DPRK, to ask him to withdraw his troops. However, the Japanese reinforcements continued to increase until they exceeded 10000. Sure enough, Big Bird Keisuke began to provoke constantly. At one moment, he denied that North Korea was a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, and at the other, he proposed that China and Japan "assist" North Korea to jointly "reform" its internal affairs. Both the Qing Dynasty and North Korea severely refuted and rejected these unreasonable demands of Japan. However, the Japanese side achieved its goal-on the one hand, it kept its own troops in North Korea in the name of "assisting North Korea to reform its internal affairs", on the other hand, it delayed the Qing army's presence in North Korea, creating conditions for the outbreak of war. At the same time, Japan finally found an excuse to provoke the Sino-Japanese War.
1894 During July, Japan's plot to wage war became more and more obvious. China's domestic public opinion and the generals of the Qing army stationed in the DPRK demanded that the Qing court send more troops to prepare for the war. Hawks (imperial party) headed by Emperor Guangxu Zai Tian and Minister Weng Tonghe (the teacher of Emperor Guangxu) also formed in the imperial court. However, Empress Dowager Cixi did not want her 60th birthday to be disturbed by the war. In order to keep her own clique of Huai Army and Li Hongzhang, these people formed the main peace faction (post-party) in the Qing court. Li Hongzhang was well aware of Japan's wolf ambition, but he did not prepare for it seriously. Instead, he blindly hoped that the United States, Britain, Russia and other European and American powers would mediate. Because of the above-mentioned national interests, the United States, Britain and Russia only "condemned" Japan and the mediation failed.
1In the early morning of July 23rd, 894, the Japanese army raided Seoul Palace, took korean king Li Xi (the emperor of Korea) hostage, dissolved the pro-China North Korean government, and helped the king's biological father, Xing Xuan Yuan Jun, to ascend to the throne of Regent.
The Japanese ship sank the Goldman Sachs
Japan broke off relations between the pro-Japanese government of North Korea and the Qing Dynasty, and "entrusted" the Japanese army to expel the Qing troops stationed in the DPRK. After Japan took control of the Korean government, on July 25, 1994 (June 23 of the Chinese and Japanese lunar calendar), Japan attacked the Beiyang Navy "Jiyuan" and "Guangyi" warships off the coast of Toyota, North Korea, and a naval battle broke out in Toyota. In the naval battle, the "Wave Speed" ship of the First Guerrilla of the Japanese Joint Fleet flagrantly sank the British merchant ship "Goldman Sachs", which was borrowed by the Qing army. At this point, Japan finally detonated the Sino-Japanese War.
1894, 1 August (the first day of July in the twentieth year of Guangxu), China and Japan officially declared war. In the declaration of war, the Qing Dynasty pointed out that Korea has always been a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty sent troops at the request of the Korean government. On the contrary, Japan's "failure to abide by treaties and public laws, arbitrariness, mystifying, self-justification, and obvious justice" made the Qing Dynasty uncomfortable. So, "with Li Hongzhang's strict attitude, we sent various armies, suppressed them quickly, assembled an army, and set out one after another." [16] In the imperial edict of declaration of war, Japanese Meiji Emperor Mu Ren made a tit-for-tat statement, claiming that "North Korea was the first independent country encouraged by the empire to communicate with other countries" and that the reason for its war was that "the empire then suggested that North Korea reform its government ... Although North Korea agreed, the Qing Dynasty tried every means to obstruct it ... and even sent soldiers to South Korea to attack our ships in Han Hai, which was really arrogant. "It is said that its purpose is to' save North Korea from disaster forever',' safeguard the overall situation of peace in East Asia' and' publicize the glory of the empire at home and abroad '[ 17]. These unreasonable excuses and sophistry of Japan fully reflect the injustice of this war.
First stage
1894 July 25th to September 17
The troops going to China bid farewell to their relatives at the station.
At this stage, the wars were fought on the Korean Peninsula and the northern part of the Yellow Sea outside China. The land war was mainly the battle of Pyongyang, and the naval battle was mainly the naval battle of the Yellow Sea. 1in late July, 894, the Chinese and Japanese armies went to war in Korea. After Toyota was ambushed by the Japanese army, the Qing army was ambushed by the Japanese army at the Huancheng post on land (see the Battle of Huancheng for details). Because the North Korean government was controlled by Japan, Ye Zhichao, Nie Shicheng and other Qing troops stationed in Yashan were forced to bypass Seoul and retreat to Pyongyang, a major town in northern Korea and the capital of Ping 'an Road. The Yi Army, headed by Ma Yukun, consists of five battalions (about 265,438+000 people) and is divided into different systems. Together with the Huai Army's Son Army, Fengzi Allied Forces and Son Allied Forces in Fengtian, they formed the 29th Battalion of the four major armies. In August, Yi Jun entered the DPRK ahead of schedule and met Ye Zhichao and Nie Shicheng who returned from Yashan in Pyongyang. The imperial court appointed Ye Zhichao as the president of all troops stationed in Pyongyang.
The battle of Pyongyang was the first large-scale battle between the two armies. At that time, the Qing army was stationed in thirty-five battalions in Pyongyang, with fifteen thousand people. There are more than 16,000 Japanese troops attacking Pyongyang, and the two sides are evenly matched. Pyongyang's terrain is also very dangerous, easy to defend but difficult to attack. Moreover, the Qing army was supported by the Korean people. At that time, although the North Korean government was forcibly dragged to the Japanese camp, the observation of the peaceful way of North Korea made Min actively assist the Qing army in fighting, and even Li Yunying, the pseudo-imperial monarch who was pushed to power by Japan, secretly passed it on to the Qing army.
Japanese troops entered Korea &; ampere
Send a message. [18] Unfortunately, the Qing army did not make full use of these advantages. Ye Zhichao, the commander-in-chief, made a mistake in command, ran away from the battle, and the Qing army failed, which affected the whole campaign.
The Japanese army besieged Pyongyang on the fourth road, and its forces were scattered. Because of Li Hongzhang's operational policy of "guarding the bureau first and coming last" and the timid and groggy Qing generals Ye Zhichao, Zuo and others' attack on the Japanese army, the Japanese army successfully completed the siege of Pyongyang. On September 1894 and 15, the campaign was launched on three battlefields at the same time: one was the south bank battlefield of Datong River (inside the bridge). The second is the battlefield outside Xuanwu Gate. The third is the southwest battlefield of the city. On the battlefield on the south bank of the Datong River, at three o'clock in the morning, under the command of Major General Yoshimasa Shima, the ninth Huncheng Brigade of the Japanese army first attacked the Qing army on the south bank of the Datong River. The Qing army divided its forces to resist and hit the Japanese 9 th Brigade hard. The commanders of the Japanese middle and right teams, Takeda Xiushan and Nishima Yukiyoshi, tried their best to supervise the war and captured the forts on the left and right wings. However, it was immediately attacked by the Qing artillery and suffered heavy losses again. The Japanese army suffered heavy casualties in this battle. According to the figures published in the Japanese war history in Meiji 278, "about 140 people died below the school gate and about 290 people were injured." Four captains and two second lieutenants were killed. Major General Yoshimasa Shimashima, the brigade commander of the 9th Huncheng Brigade, Nishima Intermediary, the captain of the 2nd1Joint Team, and Shaozuo Nagata, the 3rd captain of the 5th Artillery Corps, were all injured.
Xuanwu Gate is the main attack direction of the Japanese army, so it concentrated its superior forces, including the 10th Brigade (also known as Shuoning Detachment) and the 18th United Wing (also known as Yuanshan Detachment). Gaozhou Town Company Commander Zuo boarded Xuanwu Gate for command. In the fierce battle, Zuo was killed by gunfire, and his three battalion officers were killed one after another. At 2 pm, Xuanwu Gate was captured by the Japanese army. When the Japanese army advanced into the city, the Qing army struggled to resist and had to retreat to Xuanwu Gate.
In the southwest battlefield of the city, Nozu Taoist Temple personally led the team of the Fifth Division of Japan. At 7 o'clock in the morning, the infantry charged from the southwest of Pyongyang with artillery fire, and the Qing cavalry counterattacked. At noon, Nojin Taoist temple saw that it was difficult to succeed, and ordered to suspend the attack and return to the station. At this point, Ye Zhichao, chairman (commander-in-chief) of Juntong, was afraid of death. At four o'clock in the afternoon, he put up a white flag and ordered the whole army to retreat. Japan laid an ambush when the Qing army retreated. On that rainy night, the retreating Qing army was ambushed, nearly 2000 people were killed and more than 500 people were captured. The battle of Pyongyang ended in a crushing defeat of the Qing army. In the next six days, the Qing army ran 500 miles, fled all the way to the Yalu River, and crossed the Yalu River to return home 2 1. The Japanese army triumphed all the way and occupied the whole territory of Korea.
Photos and schematic diagrams of the Yellow Sea naval battle site (4 photos)
The Yellow Sea naval battle took place on September 1894 17, the third day after the fall of Pyongyang. The Japanese joint fleet finally provoked a fierce naval battle in the Yellow Sea near Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River. This is the second naval battle after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and it is also a major decisive battle for the Chinese and Japanese navies. The battle took place near Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province) at the mouth of the Yalu River. On the morning of September 15, more than 4,000 reinforcements were escorted to North Korea. After returning home, he was stopped by the Japanese army in Dadonggou, and the fighting broke out. The Japanese navy put the 12 combat warship off the coast of Datong River, including all its essence, which can be said to be almost a rush. After the Afternoon War, beiyang fleet hit Japanese ships Bican, Chicheng and Xijing Maru hard, but beiyang fleet's Central Guard and Chaoyong II were also hit hard.
The Yellow Sea naval battle process:
Dingyuan, the Flagship of Beiyang Navy
On the morning of September 1894, beiyang fleet's main 10 warship and eight auxiliary ships, led by Ding, arrived in Dalian Bay.
In the early morning 1, 4,000 people from ten battalions of the Ming army took five troop carriers and headed for Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River.
At noon, the fleet arrived in Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province), and all the troops landed the next morning.
At 8: 00 am on September 17, the troop ship was unloaded.
At 9 o'clock, the dragon flag hung on the flagship of Beiyang Navy Dingyuan and began to return.
10: 23, the First Guerrilla of Japan's Joint Fleet took the lead in discovering Beiyang Navy. Then hang up the signal that "more than three enemy ships are found in the northeast"
Flag.
10: 30, the sentry on the mast of Zhenyuan Ship of Beiyang Navy saw several clusters of black smoke on the southwest sea and found the Japanese fleet. Ding immediately ordered the ships to fire and shoot with live ammunition, ready for battle.
12: 05, the first guerrilla of the Japanese joint fleet was the first, and our team was behind, in a single vertical array, close to Beiyang Navy.
12: 20, Beiyang navy was changed from double longitudinal array to.
Jiyuan cruiser
In the horizontal array, the flagship is located in the center, other ships are deployed on the left and right in turn, and the fleet is in a wedge echelon. At the same time, Ding also issued an order: "All teams must act in unison; Always face the enemy with the bow; These ships are within the possible scope and move with the flagship. "
12: 50, the two fleets are 5300 meters apart, and the flagship Dingyuan ship of Beiyang Navy fires first. The first guerrilla of the joint fleet turned left 5000 meters away from Beiyang Navy and headed for the right wing of Beiyang Navy. The joint fleet sailed to the right wing of Beiyang Navy, risking the fleet being exposed to Beiyang Navy. Ten seconds later, Zhenyuan Ship also fired shells, and then, beiyang fleet's ships also fired shells and bombarded them together. Three minutes later, Japan's flagship Matsushima ship also began to fight back.
12: 53, the flagship of the joint fleet, Matsushima, began to fight back. The main mast of Dingyuan was shot, and the signal rigging was destroyed by gunfire (it is said that the flying bridge collapsed when the warship was old and fired), and Ding, who was supervising the war on the flying bridge, was seriously injured.
The other six are gunboat Zhennan, Zhong Zhen and torpedo boat Long Fu, with one left, two right and three right.
Shortly after the battle began, beiyang fleet's flagship "Dingyuan" ship was launched 12 years, and it was not repaired for 7 years. The turret of the main gun caught fire, Ding was burned and the national flag was destroyed (it is said that it was hit by Japanese naval guns). Ding refused to lift himself into the inner cabin and insisted on sitting on the deck to bid. But he can only boost the morale of a boatload of people. The 4th Ship of the First Guerrilla took advantage of its speed to attack the right-wing "Chaoyong" and "Yangwei" of beiyang fleet, and the 2nd Ship was hit and caught fire one after another, thus quitting the battle. The Japanese ship Yoshino was also hit by beiyang fleet and caught fire, but it was quickly put out. /kloc-around 0/3: 30, the Chaoyong sank and was thrown into the water. The Left One torpedo boat approached the rescue and threw a long rope to help it, but Huang did not die calmly, and most of the officers and men on board died heroically.
When the Japanese First Guerrilla attacked the right wing of beiyang fleet, our team also attacked the main force of beiyang fleet. Japanese warships Birui, Chicheng, Fusang and Xijing Maru were intercepted by beiyang fleet.
Dingyuan, Laiyuan and Jingyuan hit Japanese ships Bi Rui and Chicheng hard. The captain of Chicheng Sakamoto Bataro was killed. "Xijing Maru" was also hit hard.
At around 14: 00 and 15: 00, the Japanese fleet went around the rear of beiyang fleet and formed a double attack with the first guerrilla. Beiyang fleet between Scylla and Charybdis, the formation is more chaotic.
deng shichang
Chaos. In the scuffle, the former Zhiyuan ship that beiyang fleet had been robbing and killing was bombarded by Yoshino and Takahashi, with many injuries and tilted hull. Ito Sukeyuki ordered the First Guerrilla to rescue Chicheng and Bi Rui. "Yoshino" rushed to the front and was encountering the "Zhiyuan" ship on fire. When Deng Shichang saw that Yoshino was being bullied by his ship, he said angrily, "Japanese ships only rely on Yoshino. If it is a ship, then our army can collect things." Determined to collide with it and die together. Deng Shichang resolutely crashed into the starboard side of the Japanese capital ship Yoshino at full speed. When the Japanese officers and men saw it, they were shocked and concentrated their fire on Zhiyuan. The torpedo tube on the right side of Zhiyuan was hit, causing a big explosion. At 3: 30, it tilted to starboard and sank in the Yellow Sea at east longitude 123 degrees 34 minutes and north latitude 39 degrees 32 minutes. Except for seven people who were rescued, all the officers and men of the ship died heroically. This statement is the closest to the truth at present. Zhiyuan ship rushed to Yoshino, probably for torpedo attack. There is also a saying that the Zhiyuan ship was sunk by Japanese artillery fire, and the Beiyang Navy had already thrown the torpedo into the sea before the war. )
"Jingyuan" continued to fight against "Yoshino" and was besieged by ships Yoshino, Su Lang, Qiu jinzhou area and Qiu Si of Gao Qiu. A cluster of bullets caught fire in the middle, and the whole ship bravely resisted. The officers and men of the Jingyuan ship "fired at the enemy, stirred the water to put out the fire, and there was still order." After one enemy and four long-distance ships, they refused to fight for a long time. In the fierce battle, Lin Yongsheng, the captain of the pipeline, was unfortunately hit by a shell, his brain ruptured and he died. Chen Rong, the first mate of the pipe chief, and Chen Jingying, the second mate, also died of gunfire. Finally, under the siege of Su Lang, Yoshino, Qiujinzhou and Gao Qiu Hill, the long-distance ship suffered heavy losses. Soon, "the bow of the port ship sank into the water", and in the sea area of east longitude 123 degrees 40 minutes and 7 seconds and north latitude 39 degrees 5 1 minute, the bow turned east, and the port side capsized and sank. More than 200 officers and men of the whole ship were killed except 16 who were rescued.
After Zhiyuan sank, Fang Boqian and Kingyung Woo, led by Ji Yuan and Guang Jia, escaped from the chicken (Fang Boqian and others have different opinions on whether to escape from the chicken). "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" quit the battle because of too many bullets, and took refuge near Dalu Island to repair the damaged machine urgently.
Dingyuan and Zhenyuan fought bloody battles, were shot many times and caught fire several times.
At 3: 30 pm, Zhenyuan 30.5 cm cannon hit the Japanese flagship "Matsushima" twice in a row. After the No.4 turret on the back deck of Matsushima was shot, the flame caused an explosion and a big explosion occurred. Matsushima's ship's shaft tilted 5 degrees, emitting white smoke and blazing fire.
Soon, Jingyuan and Laiyuan completed emergency repairs and re-entered the battle. Japanese warships Chicheng, Birui and Xijing Maru were injured, and the situation of the flagship Matsushima was not optimistic. "Yoshino" and "Fusang" were also injured. Seeing beiyang fleet regrouping, Ito Sukeyuki ordered to retreat around 17: 40.
The Flagship of Japan's Joint Fleet-Matsushima
battlefield
Beiyang fleet short pursuit, also closed back to Lushun. The naval battle in the Yellow Sea, which lasted more than five hours, ended here.
The Yellow Sea naval battle lasted more than five hours, and its scale and time are rare in the Far East theater in the history of modern world naval battles.
The result of naval battle: beiyang fleet lost five warships, namely Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia (Guang Jia ran aground after fleeing the battlefield and self-destructed a few days later), killing and injuring more than a thousand officers and men; Japanese fleets Matsushima, Yoshino, Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru suffered heavy losses, with more than 600 casualties. Beiyang navy suffered heavy losses in this battle, but it was not completely defeated. However, in order to preserve his strength, Li Hongzhang ordered beiyang fleet to hide in Weihai Port and not to patrol the sea to meet the enemy. Japan seized the sea power of the Yellow Sea.
The naval battle in the Yellow Sea further exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the establishment of Beiyang Navy, the fleet far surpassed the Japanese Navy in firepower and overall tonnage. The Japanese navy has made plans to expand its navy. In order to raise funds, the emperor even allocated funds from the harem funds to the navy, while the Qing court did not add one ship and one gun for ten years. The warships of the Qing navy are outdated and backward. Although the training level of the navy is not low, the ordnance is increasingly backward. The Japanese navy stepped up training to maintain warships. While building its own ships, it bought new ships from the Royal Navy to learn from its experience. Before the start of the naval battle, the warships of Beiyang Navy were old, the boilers were damaged, and the naval guns used armor-piercing projectiles, which had slow firing rate and insufficient power. The Japanese navy is well-trained, equipped with a large number of new warships, using large-caliber guns, equipped with rapid-fire guns, and developed new artillery shells, which also surpass the Beiyang navy in overall tonnage and have great advantages in naval battles.
stage Ⅱ
From1894 September 17 to165438+1October 22nd. During this period, several battles were fought in Liaodong Peninsula, including the battle of defending Yalu River and the battle of Shanxi Province.
The defending battle of Yalu River began on 10/24 October, which was the first defensive battle of the Qing army against the Japanese army. At that time, there were about 28,000 Qing troops deployed on the north bank of Yalu River. The Qing Dynasty appointed Song Qing as the commander-in-chief to control the army. The Japanese attack force is the first army under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo, including the Third Division of Lieutenant General Kyotaro and the Fifth Division of Lieutenant General Nojin Dojo, with a total of 30,000 people. The two sides are equal in strength. However, although Song Qing was in the name of controlling the army, all the troops of the Qing army refused to accept the dispatch, Pyongyang was newly defeated, and morale was low. Many generals had no determination to resist the enemy. On the other hand, Japan is high in morale and ambitious. The Japanese side issued a campaign entitled "Heroes in Eighteen Provinces" drafted by the spy Kotaro Fang, and launched a political offensive against the Manchu Dynasty, threatening to go straight to Beijing and let the Qing emperor "tie his face and beg for mercy". The war situation after that can be imagined.
Japanese troops successfully swam across the river in front of Anping River mouth in the upper reaches of Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area. That night, the Japanese army set up a pontoon bridge on the Yalu River near Hushan, but the Qing army did not.
The Japanese army landed at Huayuankou.
Pay attention. At 6 o'clock in the morning on the 25th, the Japanese army crossed the pontoon bridge and launched an attack on the position of the Qing army in Hushan. Ma Xujin and Nie Shicheng, commanders of the Qing army, led resistance, but suffered heavy casualties and were forced to withdraw from their positions. The Japanese army then occupied Hushan. Other ministries of the Qing army heard that Hushan fell and fled without fighting. On 26th, the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and Andong County (now Dandong) without firing a shot. In less than three days, the Yalu River defense line guarded by nearly 30 thousand troops of the Qing army collapsed across the board.
The Golden Journey War also began on October 24th, 65438/kloc-0, and fell to Lushunkou on October 22nd, 165438/kloc-0, which was the key battle of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. On the same day that the first Japanese army attacked the Qing army's Yalu River defense line, the second army led by General ōyama Iwao, with 25,000 men, began to land at Huayuankou on the road behind Lushun under the cover of Japanese ships. Because Li Hongzhang was bent on protecting Lushun Port, the Qing army did not fortify here. The landing activities of the Japanese army lasted for 12 days, but the Qing army stood by and only local farmers spontaneously fought against the Japanese army, temporarily delaying the Japanese army's actions. 165438+1On October 6th, the Japanese army defeated Lian Shun and Xu Bangdao of the Qing army and occupied Jinzhou (now Jinzhou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province).
Lushun massacre
On the 7th, the Japanese army attacked Dalian Bay in three ways. The commander of Dalian, Zhao Huaiye, fled at the wind, and the Japanese army won Dalian Bay without fighting. After ten days' rest in Dalian Bay, the Japanese army began to advance to Lushun. At that time, there were seven commanders of the Qing army in Lushun area, and Taoist Gong Zhaogan was the former general manager of the enemy camp, known as "Zang Shuai". * * * had jurisdiction over 33 battalions, with about 13000 people. 18, the Japanese striker advanced into Tuchengzi, and Xu Bangdao Gong Weijun stubbornly resisted. The next day, Gong ignored the whole army and fled to Yantai by torpedo boat. 19, Huang Shilin, Zhao Huaiye and Wei Rucheng also fled. On February1day, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Lushunkou, and the next day, Lushun, known as the "first fortress in East Asia", fell into the hands of the Japanese army. After the Japanese army captured Lushun, it created the Lushun massacre, and within four days, China residents were slaughtered continuously. The highest number of victims is estimated to be over 20,000.
With the retreat of the Qing army, within the Qing court, the pacifists prevailed and surrendered wantonly. After the fall of Lushunkou, the Japanese navy gained an important base in Bohai Bay. From then on, the Beiyang portal was opened, and beiyang fleet was hidden in Ahava Port, and the war situation took a turn for the worse.
The third stage
The Battle of Weihaiwei is a defensive battle to defend the Beiyang naval base area, and it is also the last battle of beiyang fleet. At that time, there were 26 Beiyang Navy ships in Ahava Port. 189565438+1October 20th, under the command of General ōyama Iwao, the Second Japanese Army, including Lieutenant General Mita's Second Division and Lieutenant General Heimuweizhen's Sixth Division, with 25,000 men, began to land on Rongcheng Longxu Island under the cover of Japanese ships, and all of them landed on the 23rd. On 30th, the Japanese army concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. There are only six battalions of the Qing army in Nanbangbao, with 3,000 people. Zhou Jiaen, the camp official, resisted tenaciously to defend the Motianling position and was finally annihilated. The Japanese army also suffered heavy casualties, and its left-wing commander Major General Kang Chengdaxi was killed by the shells of the Qing army. This is the only Japanese general killed in the war. Due to the disparity in strength, Nanbangbao was finally captured by the Japanese army. On February 3, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis. Weihai was completely occupied by the Japanese army, and Ding's command became an island. The commander of the Japanese joint fleet, Ito Sukehiro, wrote to Ding to persuade him.
Wax Statues of Historical Figures in Liu Gongdao China War Museum, Weihai
Jiankang turned down Ding. The flagship Dingyuan Zhong Lei ran aground in the early morning of the 5th, and it is still used as a "water battery". At 438+00 on June 5, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition and Liu committed suicide. On June 1 1, Ding refused to commit suicide under the threat of foreign officers transferred from Weihai business office and major generals such as Niu Chang. Yang Yonglin, the governor of Zhenyuan, finally committed suicide under the pressure of foreign officials and Niu Chang, who presided over the surrender. In June, 5438+02, the surrender was drafted by Hao Wei, a foreign member of the United States, and in the name of Ding, Guangzhou Automobile Pipe was sent to the Japanese flagship. 14, Niu Chang and Ito Sukehiro signed the Weihai Surrender Treaty, which stipulated that all ships in Ahava Port, Liu Gongdao Fort and all ordnance materials on the island should be handed over to the Japanese army. 17, Japanese troops landed in Liu Gongdao, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out.
The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan and Haicheng. Qing transferred Liu Kunyi, governor of the two rivers, as an imperial envoy, supervised the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition, granted full command of the internal and external military affairs of Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dacheng and Song Qing, governors of Hunan Province, as emissaries in order to save the decline. From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army launched four campaigns to recapture Haicheng, but they were all repelled by the Japanese because of poor command. On February 28, the Japanese army pursued victory and launched an attack from Haicheng. On March 4, Niuzhuang was captured, Yingkou was taken without fighting on the 7 th, and Tianzhuangtai was captured on the 9 th. In just over ten days, more than 60,000 troops from more than 0/00 battalions of Qing Army/KLOC fled from the whole east bank of Liaohe River.
Sign a treaty
After the Western Pacific and Li Hongzhang, the main and post-party figures who held the power of the imperial court, did not intend to continue the war from the beginning. After the battles of Pyongyang and the Yellow Sea failed one after another,1At the end of September, 894, Empress Dowager Cixi reinstated Prince Gong Yixin, who was deposed by her in 1884, and presided over the yamen of the Prime Minister. Yixin originally advocated giving in to foreign countries. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, Yixin personally came forward and asked Britain to unite with the United States and Russia to mediate the Sino-Japanese war. Because the United States, Germany and Russia have their own plans, the mediation proposal put forward by Britain on June 6 10 has not achieved any results.
165438+1At the beginning of October, the Japanese army invaded Liaodong and burned the war into China. The Qing government was very afraid that its "land of Longxing" would be destroyed by soldiers, so it was transferred to the American ambassador to China Tian Bei to mediate. At this time, the American government thought it was time to blackmail the Qing government and expressed its willingness to mediate. Anxious for peace, Li Hongzhang, with the consent of Prince Gong, sent a German, that is, De Cui Lin, who was then the Tianjin Taxation Department, as his representative to Japan to discuss the conditions of peace. However, Japan refused to negotiate with him and asked the Qing government to send "plenipotentiaries with formal qualifications" through Americans.
At that time, Lushun had fallen, and Empress Dowager Cixi was afraid of the Japanese invasion of Beijing and Tianjin. Regardless of the opposition of Emperor Guangxu and others, she first instructed Yixin to entrust Tian Bei to secretly travel to Japan. Later,1895,65438+10, 14, assistant minister Zhang and governor Shao Youlian of Hunan were formally appointed as plenipotentiaries, and US Secretary of State Costa was hired as a consultant to go to Japan for peace. The Japanese were storming Ahava at that time. Because of its military victory, it has a great appetite for aggression and is extremely arrogant. It felt that the time had not come for the Qing government to surrender unconditionally, so it insulted the two peace representatives of the Qing government under the pretext of "lack of power" and deported them back to China.
Although Japan has won again and again on the battlefield, its national strength is limited after all, and the huge consumption brought by the war has further increased the burden on ordinary Japanese people. /kloc-since the end of 0/894, peasant riots and social unrest have broken out in many places in Japan. Therefore, Japanese Prime Minister Ito Bowen asked the Qing government for peace talks on February 2. However, the Japanese side appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary and proposed to the Qing government that it was necessary to "negotiate peace" on the condition of land division and compensation, otherwise there was no need to send representatives to Japan. At this time, the Qing government was very afraid that the war would continue. In order to stop the war, it is determined to do whatever it takes. So1March, 895, Li Hongzhang was quickly reassigned as a first-class plenipotentiary according to Japan's will, and went to Shimonoseki, Japan (now Shimonoseki) to negotiate with Japanese Prime Minister Ito Bowen and Foreign Minister Luo Zongguang with former US Secretary of State Costa as a consultant. On March 20th, the two sides met in Chunfanlou and officially opened the peace talks.
At that time, although the Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated, there was a war in Liaodong.
Treaty of shimonoseki signing site.
The war is fierce. Li Hongzhang demanded a truce before the peace talks, and Japan put forward four harsh conditions, such as occupying Tianjin and other places, which forced Li Hongzhang to withdraw his demand for a truce. After the meeting on 24th, Li Hongzhang was suddenly stabbed by Japanese ronin on his way back to the embassy. Japan is worried that a third country will automatically announce its commitment to a truce under the pretext of interference. On 30th, the two sides signed a truce treaty, the truce period was 2 1 day, and the truce scope was limited to Fengtian, Zhili and Shandong. At this time, the Japanese army had arrived in Penghu, captured and captured it, posing a threat to Taiwan Province Province. In addition, the area was stopped and the Japanese military pressure was maintained here.
As the winner, the representative of Japan continued to threaten and blackmail. Costa, an American consultant, strongly encouraged Li Hongzhang to accept the conditions quickly in order to profit from them. /kloc-in April, 2000, the Japanese side put forward very harsh conditions for peace talks, and Li Hongzhang pleaded for lowering the conditions. 10 in April, Ito Bowen put forward the final amendment of Japan, with very harsh conditions, and said to Li Hongzhang, "nave saw me abridged this time, only saying yes andno." Li Hongzhang asked, "Don't talk?" Ito Bowen replied: "It's just a debate, but it can't be reduced." Li Hongzhang begged to reduce extortion, but they were all rejected. [19]14 In April, the Qing government ordered Li Hongzhang to sign a contract according to the decree. /kloc-in April of 0/7, Li Hongzhang signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan on behalf of the Qing government.