Text Seminar
I. Overall Grasp
This article was originally a preface to Tao Yuanming's poem "Peach Blossom Garden," written around the second year of Emperor Wu's Yongchu in the Southern Dynasty of Song Dynasty (421), when the author was 57 years old, and had been living in the countryside in seclusion for more than ten years. The Peach Blossom Garden referred to in the text seems to have a practical basis; on the hillside of Taoyuan Mountain, on the banks of the Yuan River in the southwest of present-day Taoyuan County, Hunan Province, there is a cave about one hundred meters long, which some people believe to be the Peach Blossom Garden. But the story recounted in the text is pure fiction.
According to the author's conception, the Peach Blossom Garden is separated from the Peach Blossom Forest by only one hole, which is so narrow that only one person can enter and exit; the entrance of the hole is on the mountain, and the stream below it is the source of the Peach Blossom Forest, which is hundreds of paces long, and which is exactly where the Peach Blossom Forest ends. When you get this background and then read the story, you'll feel like you have a clear head start.
The story is quite legendary, and was once included in the category of novels of the spirit. First of all, the fisherman's journey to Taoyuan is very strange. The fisherman traveled along the stream and "forgot the distance of the road", so why did he not return to the river and keep going? What was it that attracted him? Thousands of peach trees are sandwiched between the banks, and there is not a single miscellaneous tree among them, is this natural or artificial? The hole only allows one person to pass through, and the depth is unfathomable, I don't know what is strange in it, and the fisherman dared to enter it alone, but also a strange person. Secondly, the people in the Peach Garden. If they are immortal, why do they eat, live, and treat people like normal people; if they are hidden, why are they separated from the world by a hole for 10,000 miles? Finally, this "paradise" disappeared in a strange way. Fisherman out of the cave has been "everywhere," why go back to look for nothing to see? In this way, the village seems to be out of this world! As for the later Nanyang Liu Ziji "rules to" and "unsuccessful", this is the author intentionally added an epilogue - there is a real historical figure out to testify that the story is more seemingly also The story becomes more real and unreal, and the color of the legend becomes more intense.
The author's fictionalization of this story is a source of hope. He lived in the environment of war and chaos at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and after middle age, he lived in the countryside for a long time, so he had a deeper understanding of the reality of the countryside, and had a better understanding of the people's aspirations, and so he conceived of the ideal society in his mind - a paradise beyond the world. In this society, there is no oppression, no exploitation, no disturbance; everyone participates in labor to the best of his ability, the old and the children live happily and pleasantly, and people are extremely cordial and friendly with each other. But the author saw very clearly that such an ideal society could not be realized under the prevailing conditions. Therefore, in this article, he not only shows this ideal specimen of society through the eyes of the fisherman, but also denies its existence by the fisherman's searching for it and getting lost - at least not in the real world. In order to find it, one can only float and lift it up high, and this is what is meant by the final words of the "Peach Blossom Garden Poem", "I wish to say that I will walk on the light wind and lift up high in search of my deed". But this is only a wish, who can do it? From this point of view, after Liu Ziji and no one "asked for", seems to express the author's helpless sigh of regret.
Reading this text, both to see the author's beautiful ideal, but also to see his insurmountable ideological contradictions, in order to y understand its content and writing style.
The study of the problem
1. The essence of the author's social ideal
"Peach Blossom Garden" is Tao Yuanming's ideal society. To understand the essence of the author's ideal, we must first read the original poem, because the poem is clearer than the record on certain substantive issues. For example, "the phase life wanton farming, day from the rest" is the original **** farming society, "sunrise and work, day into the rest" this kind of peaceful life; "spring silkworms collect long silk, autumn ripe by the king of the tax! ", said no monarchical rule, no exploitation and oppression of the social system; "Children and children long line song, spot white joy swim at", is the ancient ideal of the commonwealth of society, "the old have an end, the strong have to use, the young have a long" the principle of materialization. The principle of materialization. In a nutshell, these descriptions have shown the characteristics of the primitive **** farming society. Record, it is the first through the fisherman to see to show the social life style, from the village, houses, good land, beautiful pools, etc. has been written to men and women farming, the old and young happy situation; after the village people through the "since the cloud" to reveal the origin of this society, and through the reception of the fisherman to show their spiritual outlook. The poem and the memoir, both of which complement each other, clearly outline this ideal society.
It should be pointed out that the author's social ideal is a criticism of the dark society at that time, and objectively reflects the people's demand to get rid of oppression and exploitation, which is of certain positive significance; however, it has a certain degree of retro tendency, and it can only be a kind of fantasy and impossible to be realized in a class society.
2. On the writing method of setting up doubts in layers
There were many works with the theme of traveling to the immortals during the period of Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties, such as Cao Zhi's Luoshen Fu and Guo Pu's Poems of Traveling to the Immortals, etc., which mostly pretended to travel to the Immortals to express the author's sense of injustice and dissatisfaction with the reality. The book of Peach Blossom Garden is not written by the writer himself, but the fisherman's trip to Peach Blossom Garden is quite similar to the trip to the Immortal (in Tang Wang Wei's "Peach Blossom Garden", there is a poem "Spring is filled with peach blossom water, and I don't know where to find the source of the Immortal! (In Tang Wang Wei's "Peach Blossom Garden Walk", there is a poem "Spring is full of peach blossom water, I don't know where to find the source of immortality.) In order to write Peach Blossom Garden as a paradoxical fairyland, the author adopts the writing method of setting up suspicions layer by layer. Therefore, although the beginning of the story explains the time and place of occurrence, but did not point out the exact age and place names; the main character also only said he was a fisherman, no name, these are no way to find out. Then he wrote about the marvelous scenery of the peach forest, which seems to be all on earth and none on earth, and he did not tell its exact location because the fisherman had "forgotten the distance of the road". Write the peach forest channel is more peculiar, the hole is small and "as if there is light", the road is "very narrow" and "through the people", it is the "heavenly blessed land This is exactly the scene of the "Cave of Heavenly Bliss". When the fisherman entered the Peach Garden, what appeared in front of his eyes was a picture of a living earthly life. However, later the fisherman went out and sought again, the markings that had been made had all disappeared, and the Peach Garden seemed to have become an indistinct world again, with no trace to be found. Lastly, the writer says that the scholar Liu Ziji was "happy to go there", which brings a faint hope to the curious readers, but Liu Ziji was "unsuccessful" and "died of illness". In this way, the realm of Taoyuan, which is hard to determine, really becomes a "mystery of the ages". This way of writing expresses the author's wish to see an ideal society in reality, and also stimulates the reader's interest.
Exercise Instructions
I. Read and memorize the whole text, and narrate the story in your own words, adding your own imagination as appropriate.
The purpose of the exercise is to: (1) enable students to memorize the story in the same classroom, and to be able to recount the author's original meaning; (2) develop students' imagination, and to be able to add a number of details according to the context and to make a creative retelling. Answers to the questions to be flexible, you can first read into the recitation and then retell, you can also read through the text roughly know the general idea of the text, the first retell the story, and finally practice recitation. In order to activate the students' imagination, in the process of reading the text, the teacher can put forward certain questions on the storyline, or ask for a short answer, or quote, so that students let go to think, you can also add a few comments.
Second, what kind of social ideal did the author put in this article? Can this ideal become a reality under the conditions at that time? How should we look at such an ideal today?
[Hints] Before discussing, you should have a general understanding of the author's life and the social conditions at that time, as well as a little general knowledge of the history of social development.
The purpose of the question is to let students combine their knowledge of social development with their knowledge of the author's social ideals and to cultivate dialectical thinking.
This question can be discussed by students in any form, either as a whole class or in groups. The previous "problem study" has been a preliminary description of the content involved in this question, but only for teachers' reference. This question is open, to encourage students to express their views, can justify themselves, do not engage in a unified answer.
Three, the language of this article is simple and rich. Please complete the following exercise according to the meaning of the text.
1. Fill in the omitted words in the brackets.
( ) saw the fisherman, was greatly alarmed, and asked ( ) where he had come from. （The first thing that I did was to ask the fisherman to come back to my house. （The fisherman was so shocked that he asked the fisherman where he came from, and he answered.
2. "Asked what time it is now, I do not know the Han, regardless of Wei Jin" this sentence does not explain the fisherman's answer, try to say how the fisherman answered.
3. What does "so" include in the phrase "to go to the governor and say so"?
Tao Yuanming's language is as clear as a spring, without a trace of impurities, really will be dispensable words and phrases are deleted, this language style is worth exploring. Three subtopics to students note that the author of the omission of the penmanship is different, only let the students answer is not enough, but also to make a little analysis, so that students know the reasoning, so as to improve the ability of students to read the language. The following are explained:
1. This is the omission of sentence components. On the premise of not hindering understanding, omitting specific references can make the line concise and fluent. This kind of omission is common not only in literary texts, but also in modern written and spoken languages, only that it occurs more frequently in literary texts. In the process of analyzing, it is better not to use the concepts of "subject" and "object" or "giver" and "receiver". concepts such as "subject" and "object" or "giver" and "receiver".
The answers are, in order: the village man, the fisherman (which can be replaced by "he"), the fisherman, the village man, the fisherman (which can be replaced by "he").
2. This shows the author's skill in cutting. The village people asked "what is this world", the fisherman when the answer to "this is Jin"; the village people will then ask "after the Qin that Jin," the fisherman again answered: "No, after Qin After Qin, there is still Han and Wei, and only after Wei is Jin." The author does not positively recount this conversation in detail, but condenses it in the sentence "I do not know that there is Han, regardless of Wei and Jin" in a general way. This kind of omission best reflects Tao Yuanming's style of language.
3. Use of referential words to avoid repeating the previous text. "So", a referential word, refers to what was said above. The purpose of the fisherman's meeting with the governor was to tell him that there was a "desperate situation" in Wuling County and to ask him to send someone to find out what it was. Therefore, he must have talked about his discovery of Taoyuan Village, his life in the village, and the marking of his return journey.
Four, the meaning of the punctuated words in the following sentences is different from that in modern Chinese, try to explain.
1. the road traffic, dogs and chickens
2. the rate of his wife, the euphonium came to this desperate situation, not to come out
3. is not aware of the Han, regardless of the Wei and Jin
4. is not enough for outsiders to know
The title of the question is to remind the students to pay attention to the differences between the meanings of the words of the ancient and modern times, the readings of the Chinese language text must be in accordance with the context of the meaning of the words, and do not look at the text to get the meaning of the words. The answers are as follows:
1. Traffic, here, refers to the crisscrossing of roads in all directions. In modern Chinese, "traffic" is a general term for transportation and postal services.
2. Wife, here refers to the wife and children. In modern Chinese, "子" is a word ending and has no meaning.
3. Whatever, don't say, (more) don't have to say. In modern Chinese, "无论" is a conditional conjunction.
4. insufficient, unworthy. This meaning is still retained in modern Chinese idioms, such as "insufficient" (not worth mentioning), "insufficiently surprising" (not worth wondering), and so on.
Teaching Suggestions
This lesson is intended to be taught in one and a half hours of reading.
Because of the strong storytelling and easy-to-understand language of the article, the students will certainly find it interesting to learn, and it will not be difficult for them to understand the meaning of the text. Under these conditions, teachers can create a unique teaching method based on their own experience. Here are a few suggestions for reference:
One of the recitation of the teaching
This article ****309 words, with a medium-speed reading once about 2.5 minutes. Assuming that the students have read two or three times in the pre-course study, and then read seven or eight times in class, will be able to basic recitation. Coupled with the teacher and individual student demonstration of reading and checking recitation, the time spent on recitation in class will not exceed 35 minutes. This is the basic guarantee of learning this text, from a long-term perspective, especially should be so, can not be ignored.
Reading and speaking can be interspersed. Roughly can be divided into three stages: (1) in clearing the language barrier on the basis of reading smoothly, mainly accurate pronunciation, pause clearly, do not read broken sentences, and through repeated recitation to familiarize themselves with the story; (2) a little bit of analysis of the plot, activate the image of the students' thinking, can be specific to imagine the process of the development of the story, can be creatively retold, and memorize all the important phrases in the article, can be a little bit of read out! "(3) analyze the ideological content of the text, and recite the whole text skillfully. The above is on the general level of teaching classes, in the higher level of teaching classes, there is no harm in memorizing it first, and then instructing students to carry out inquiry-based learning.
Second, on the cultivation of imagination
Tao Yuanming's article seems light but thick, seems emaciated but fat, it is worth tasting. One way to savor it is to use imagination to explore certain details in the story. For example:
1. Was the fisherman's "sudden encounter with the peach blossom forest" unintentional?
Poets in the past had different interpretations of this. Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei once wrote: "Fishing boat by the water love mountain spring, both sides of the peach blossom sandwiched between the ancient Jin." ("Peach Blossom Row") According to this saying, the fisherman did not come out to fish on this day, but came to the peach blossom forest without realizing it in order to enjoy the mountain scenery and water color. The poet Xie Fangde of the Southern Song Dynasty had a different view, he wrote: "Don't send the flying flowers with the flowing water, for fear that a fisherman will come to ask for help." (Qingquanan Peach Blossom) This is to say, the fisherman "along the stream line" happens to be in the stream of the downstream, the peach forest both "colorful", naturally many flowers fall on the water, with the current downstream, the fisherman is in the sight of these petals, against the current to reach the Peach Blossom Forest. These two statements are reasonable, do not have to identify its right and wrong, but it does not hurt to cause students to imagine.
2. Why did the fisherman dare to enter the cave?
The fisherman saw the wide area of the peach forest ("hundreds of paces along the bank"), and the pure color of peach trees ("no mixed trees"), rare on earth, there has been a "search for immortality". When he reached the end of the peach forest, he found "a small opening in the mountain, as if there was light", which he thought was a sign that "there is a heaven beyond the sky", and he decided to go after the source of the light, full of hope that he would be able to reach the realm of the immortals from there.
3. Why did the villagers sigh when they heard what the fisherman said?
The people of Taoyuan Village came here to "avoid the chaos of the Qin Dynasty", and it was nearly 600 years ago in the middle of the Jin Dynasty. The text does not mention the specifics of what the fisherman said, but from the reaction of the villagers, we can infer that he was talking about the disasters suffered by people in the outside world during the wars and catastrophes that occurred during the change of dynasties.
To cultivate students' imagination and ask probing questions should not be too much, not to mention trivial, to give students room to play their own imagination, the way is to ask students to creatively retell the story.
Related Information
I. Reference Translation
During the Taiyuan period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a man in Wuling County who made his living by fishing. (One day) he rowed his boat along a stream, forgetting the distance of the journey. Suddenly he came across a forest of peach blossoms growing on both sides of the stream, hundreds of paces long, with no other trees in between, and flowers and grass all over the place, fresh and beautiful, with falling flowers. He was very much amazed, and went on, trying to reach the end of the forest.
At the end of the peach forest, which is the very place where the stream originates, there appeared a mountain, on which there was a small cave, in which there seemed to be a little light. The fisherman then got out of his boat and went in through the opening. At first, the hole was so narrow that only one person could pass through. After a few dozen steps, it suddenly opened up. (What appeared before his eyes was) a flat and wide land, rows of neat houses, fertile fields, beautiful ponds and marshes, mulberry trees, bamboo forests and the like. The field paths were crisscrossed and connected in all directions, and the sound of chickens and dogs could be heard everywhere (among the villages). People came and went in the fields, plowing and working, and men and women dressed exactly like those outside the Peach Garden. The old people and the children were all peaceful and happy.
(The people there) saw the fisherman and were so surprised that they asked him where he had come from. When the fisherman answered in detail, (some) invited him to their house, made wine, and killed chickens and cooked (for him). When the people of the village heard of the arrival of such a man, (they) all came to inquire about him. They said that their ancestors had fled the wars of the Qin Dynasty, and had brought their wives and children and neighbors to this place, where they were cut off from the rest of the world, and had not gone out again, and had thus cut off all intercourse with the outside world. （When they asked what dynasty it was, they did not know that there had been a Han dynasty, let alone the Wei and Jin dynasties. The fisherman told them in detail what he had heard. （They all sighed in admiration. The rest of them each invited the fisherman to their own homes again and brought out wine and food (to entertain him). After staying for a few days, the fisherman took his leave of the village. (As he was saying goodbye) the village people instructed him, "(This place of ours) is not worth telling people outside!"
After (the fisherman) had come out, he found his boat and rowed back the way he had come, marking everywhere. When he arrived at the county town, he went to see the Tai Shou and reported the experience. The governor immediately sent his men to follow him, looking for the marks he had made earlier, and to his surprise, he lost his way and could no longer find the road (to Taoyuan).
Liu Ziji, a native of Nanyang, was a hermit of high aspirations, and when he heard of this incident, he planned to go there with high hopes, but failed to realize it. Soon after, he died of illness. No one has explored (the Peach Blossom Garden) since then.
II. Author's Introduction
Tao Yuanming (about 365-427) was a great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. A Qian, word Yuanliang, private posthumous Jingjie, Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) people. He was born in the family of a broken bureaucrat and landlord. He served as a priest in Jiangzhou, a military counselor in Zhenjun, and a magistrate in Pengze. Because of dissatisfaction with the dark reality of the landlords holding power at that time, he resigned from his post and went into hiding in less than three months, and made the "Returning to Ruoxi", which was a self-explanatory statement. From then on, he "ploughed and cultivated himself" until he died at the age of sixty-three in poverty and illness. He was a great poet and writer, and most of his poems depicted natural scenery and his life in the countryside. Some of his best works implied his hatred for the corrupt ruling group and his unwillingness to be part of it, but some of them also promoted negative thoughts such as "the impermanence of life" and "being happy with the sky and the life". But there are also poems that promote negative thoughts such as "life is impermanent" and "happy with life". The poems of another kind of theme, such as "Wing Jing Ke", express his political aspirations, and are often characterized by grief and generosity. Tao Yuanming's prose is best known for his book "The Record of the Peach Blossom Garden". Tao Yuanming's poems and writings are both plain and bright, and his language is simple, natural, and extremely refined. There is the Tao Yuanming Collection.
Three: The Poem of the Peach Blossom Garden
The Ying Clan disrupted the heavenly discipline, and the wise men avoided their world (1). The Yellow Eyes (2) of the Shangshan Mountain, and the Iren also passed away (3). The past traces were dipped and annihilated (4), and the paths (5) were turned over and wasted. I was ordered to engage in farming (6), and I rested in the daytime (7). Mulberry and bamboo hang in the shade, and beans and grain are readily available. Silkworms were harvested in spring, and the king's tax was taken away in the fall (8). Chickens and dogs barked at each other as they traveled along the deserted roads. The sacrificial altar and beans are still the ancient method (9), and there is no new system of clothing. The children and children sing songs, and the gray people enjoy their visits (10). The grass was in full bloom and knew the season and the wood was in decline and knew the wind was harsh. Although there is no calendar (11), the four seasons have become years. I am happy and happy, and I do not need to be wise. The strange trace of the hidden five hundred, one day open to the world of God (12). Chun thin both different sources (13), and then return to the hidden (14). If I ask the traveler (15), how can I measure the dust and clamor outside (16)? I wish to say (17) that I will follow the light wind, and I will search for my deed (18).
[Commentary] (1) The meaning of the whole sentence is that the Qin dynasty was tyrannical and unethical, resulting in war and chaos, and the sages fled from the world. Ying refers to the Qin dynasty. Tianji, refers to reasonable social order. (2) Huang, Xia Huang Gong. Qi, Qi Li Ji. They were two of the "Four Hao of Shangshan" who were high priests at the end of Qin and the beginning of Han. (3) The meaning of the whole sentence is that the people in the Peach Garden also left the world at this time. Iren, refers to the people in the Peach Garden. Cloud is an auxiliary word with no meaning. (4) The meaning of the whole sentence is that the road where the people in the Peach Garden first entered the mountain is gradually disappearing. Traces, footprints, instead of "road". (5) The path, the way to come, and "past traces" refers to the same, but from a different perspective. (6) The meaning of the whole sentence is that people in Taoyuan encourage each other to devote themselves to farming. Wreak havoc, try their best. (7) Rest, rest. (8) The meaning of these two sentences is that if you raise silkworms in the spring, all the silk will be returned to you; in the fall, when the crops are ripe, you don't have to pay any rent or tax. (9) The meaning of the whole sentence is that according to the ancient Chinese saying, the silkworms will be given all the silk in the spring. (9) The meaning of the whole sentence is that sacrifices are performed according to the ancient system. Chopping boards and beans, the ceremonial vessels used in ancient sacrifices. (10) You call, play. (11) Ji Li Zhi, the record of the year. (12) The meaning of these two sentences is that the strange traces of the people in Taoyuan had been hidden for five hundred years from the end of Qin to Jin, but were discovered by fishermen on this day. Five hundred years, approximate number. Open, open. Divine realm, fairyland. (13) The meaning of this sentence is that the simple customs in the Peach Garden are different in origin from the thin worldly customs. (14) The meaning of this sentence is that soon after the fisherman left, it disappeared again, referring to the words in the book, "I was lost and could not find my way again. (15) A "traveler" is a person who travels in a square, referring to a secular person. (16) The meaning of this sentence is that secular people are unable to know things beyond the earthly world. Dust and clamor, referring to the earthly world. (17) Speech, auxiliary word, meaningless. (18) 契, fit, refers to people with similar interests.
Fourth, the description of Peach Blossom Garden by the brothers Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao, Ming literati
①The river looks at Bryan Luo Mountain as if it were cut into, decadent arches and craggy greenery, and it is suspected that it will be pressed into it. From then on, all the mountains in the area are fluttering and vivid, reflecting the river, and the water is indistinctly green to the bottom. To the Baima River, the mountain is more clip, the water is more bundle, the cloud runs the stone anger, a river are flying foam, is the day of the wave of light. South of the mountain is to avoid the Qin place. On the Peach Blossom Stream 100 paces, from the intermediate road out of the back of the ridge, Xuanwu Palace at the top. ...... tend to come out, see the road adjacent to the ancient pine, laying down a different pattern, in order to but line. And a few folds, the peach blossom view, from the left armpit into the road, bamboo road isolated. ...... view around, all the layers of peaks, light metallurgy into the painting. In front of the view for the road, car dust and horse feet, slightly no break. Cut off the road and south, into the Peach Blossom Cave, no all, but the stone cliffs hundred steps, pale cold and ancient, if someone is, and not to be. ......
(Excerpted from Yuan Hongdao "tour of peach blossom garden")
②Tomorrow through the Taoyuan County, to the bottom of the green mountain. The peaks are tired, extremely thin. To the White Horse Xuedao, there are strange stones, boarding the boat are seated. Mooringshui Creek, with the people into the Peach Blossom Garden, to the Peach Blossom Cave. Peach can be more than a thousand trees, such as brocade tent, flower stamens through the ground more than an inch, flowing spring bubbling. Trace the river and up, and repeatedly climbed higher, stone for the spring engagement, are like a spiritual wall. ......
(From Yuan Zhongdao's "Revisiting Peach Blossom Garden"
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