1 shift varicella prevention measures
Chickenpox is highly contagious. The patient is the main source of infection, which is contagious from 1 ~ 2 days before eruption to 5 days after eruption. Children who come into contact with herpes zoster patients will also get chicken pox because they have the same cause. The main route of transmission is respiratory droplets or direct contact infection. You can also contact contaminated materials to receive dyes. The disease mainly occurs in winter and spring, mainly in children aged 2 ~ 10. People are generally susceptible, but once they get sick, they can be immune for life.
The main source of infection is patients with chickenpox, which is contagious from 1 ~ 2 days before the eruption to when the rash is dry and scabbed. Chickenpox can also occur in susceptible children who come into contact with herpes zoster patients, but it is rare.
The route of transmission is mainly through droplets and direct contact. It can also be transmitted indirectly through healthy people in a short distance and in a short time.
Susceptible people are generally susceptible. But preschool children have the most diseases. Babies less than 6 months old are less likely to get sick due to maternal antibodies. Chickenpox during pregnancy can infect the fetus. Persistent immunity can be obtained after illness, but herpes zoster can occur.
Epidemic characteristics can occur all year round, especially in winter and spring. The disease is highly contagious, and about 90% of susceptible people get sick after contact with patients, so children's collective institutions such as kindergartens and primary schools are easy to cause epidemics.
Clinically, the incubation period is about 14 ~ 15 days. The onset is acute, mild and moderate fever with rash, which first occurs in the compressed parts of scalp and trunk and shows centripetal distribution. During the eruption period of 1 ~ 6 days, rashes appeared in batches. Does the skin damage appear as tiny red maculopapules? Palas? Rash? The evolution of the disease left no signs of fatigue after illness. Water scar is obviously painful. Scratching infection can leave a slight dent. The weak can have high fever, and about 4% adults can have disseminated chickenpox and chickenpox pneumonia.
It is more common in children aged 1- 10, with an incubation period of 2-3 weeks. The onset is more acute, and there may be precursor symptoms such as fever, headache and general burnout. A rash appeared within 24 hours of onset, and immediately turned into a round tension blister the size of rice grain to pea, with obvious redness and swelling around it, and the center of the blister was in the shape of umbilical fossa. After about 2-3 days, the blister dried up and scabbed, and the scab fell off and healed, leaving no scars. Skin lesions are centripetal, starting from the front face and then appearing in the trunk and limbs. The number varies with the trunk, followed by the face and head, with fewer limbs and fewer palms and soles. Mucosa is often invaded, which is found in the mouth, pharynx, conjunctiva, vulva and anus. Skin lesions often appear in batches, so papules, blisters and scabs often coexist, and the course of disease lasts for 2-3 weeks. If the child's resistance is low, the lesions can spread systematically, forming disseminated chickenpox. The clinical manifestations of chickenpox are: bullous chickenpox, hemorrhagic chickenpox, neonatal chickenpox, adult chickenpox and so on.
It needs to be differentiated from smallpox: smallpox has a serious systemic reaction, that is, it has a high fever of 39-40 degrees at the beginning, followed by a rash, with obvious umbilical depression in the center of the skin lesion and enlarged face, leaving a sunken scar after healing. Pay attention to the difference between impetigo and papular urticaria.
There is no specific treatment for this disease, mainly symptomatic treatment to prevent secondary infection of the skin, keep it clean and avoid itching. When herpes breaks or secondary infection occurs, 1% methyl violet can be applied locally, and calamine lotion can be applied to those who have not broken. Early use of 10mg/kg/ day or 8mg/kg/ day acyclovir for 5 ~ 7 days, or adding interferon, can inhibit virus replication. Daily intramuscular injection of vitamin B 12500 ~ 1000 ug also has certain curative effect. Effective antitoxin can be used when there is secondary infection, and hormone should not be used for chickenpox to avoid spreading the virus.
The prevention of this disease focuses on managing the source of infection and isolating patients until all symptoms break out. For the highly susceptible population with contact history, varicella-zoster immunoglobulin or high titer herpes zoster immune plasma can be injected within 3 days to reduce the risk of illness.
Experts say that vaccination against chickenpox is the best way to prevent chickenpox. At present, varicella vaccine belongs to voluntary self-funded vaccine, and children over 1 year old can get better preventive effect after vaccination. In order to prevent children from being infected with chickenpox after entering kindergarten or school, it is especially recommended that children receive a dose of chickenpox vaccine before entering kindergarten or school, and the vaccination location can be selected from the immunization clinic near their place of residence.
The main preventive measures of the school:
1. Start the epidemic prevention plan as soon as possible, learn the leaders' attention, take effective measures, ensure the funds and expenses, and implement the measures.
2. Strengthen the propaganda of chickenpox prevention, educate and cultivate students' good hygiene habits, wash their hands frequently, and avoid cross-infection of infectious diseases. Schools should incorporate personal hygiene examination into class management. Rural schools, in particular, should not only urge students to take a bath, bask in the quilt and wash clothes frequently, but also guide students to do a good job in family hygiene.
Ventilation is the most scientific and economical way to prevent chickenpox in schools. In winter and spring, school classrooms should always open windows for ventilation, so as to keep the environment clean and ventilated. Scientific ventilation, separation of doors and windows, forming air convection. Teachers and students in the school have the ability to ventilate, and form a good habit of ventilation as soon as they enter the classroom. School leaders should always check. Guide the ventilation work of each team. Because ventilation is too common, it often can't attract the attention of classmates and teachers. Educate students to ventilate at home, guide parents to ventilate, and tell parents the importance of ventilation.
3. The school should report chickenpox patients in time every morning to isolate the source of infection. The sick students must be treated in isolation at home, and they can return to school after crusting and drying (about 2 1 day from the onset).
4. Vaccinate susceptible children with varicella vaccine. After vaccination, antibody was produced in 15 days, and the antibody level reached its peak in 30 days. The antibody positive conversion rate is about 95%, and the immunity is lasting. Vaccination with varicella vaccine is an effective means to prevent and control varicella.
5, disinfection work. In the season prone to chicken pox, it is necessary to disinfect the classroom in advance, especially the classroom prone to epidemic. After the outbreak, we should focus on disinfection. Disinfection should pay attention to scientific disinfection and the safety of staff. Before the classroom is disinfected, seal the classroom before disinfection. Every time you enter the classroom, you should fully ventilate the classroom 30 minutes in advance, and then students can enter the classroom. The classroom after disinfection should be ventilated, and the disinfection teacher should personally guide the inspection.
6. Schools with residential students should especially strengthen sanitation, ventilation and disinfection. Dormitory administrators should regularly develop toilets and urge students to take a bath. On sunny days, students must be arranged in bask in the quilt. Dormitory administrators should arrange and rotate reasonably, and can't take turns. After the students attend class, the dormitory administrator opens the doors and windows of the dormitory one by one for ventilation. When it's time for disinfection, students will enter the dormitory after disinfection, and the dormitory administrator must ventilate for a certain time in advance before students can enter.
7. During the high incidence of chickenpox, students should be educated not to play in the following recreational facilities, such as trampoline. Avoid cross infection.
8, physical education class, strengthen physical exercise, improve physical fitness and disease resistance.
9. At the beginning of school, it is necessary to strengthen the registration of lower grades and check the prevention certificate to avoid that some families rarely vaccinate their children regularly.
Key points of home care
1. Once the chickenpox patients are diagnosed, they should be isolated at home immediately until they all scab. Although the symptoms of chickenpox are mild, it can generally recover smoothly, but it is highly contagious. At present, chickenpox has not been widely implemented in active immunization. Therefore, the prevention of chickenpox mainly depends on isolating patients and avoiding healthy people from contacting chickenpox patients as much as possible.
2. Let the patient have a rest when he has a fever. The diet is nutritious and easy to digest, and drink more boiled water and juice.
3. Tell and manage patients not to scratch the acne rash with their hands, especially pay attention not to scratch the acne rash on their faces, so as to avoid the herpes being scratched and purulent. If the depth of the lesion is damaged, it may leave a scar. To prevent this, children should cut their nails short and keep their hands clean. You can sew a pair of gloves with outward burrs and wear them on the patient's hands. You can apply 1% purple liquid for herpes, and antibiotic ointment for suppuration.
4. The patient's bedding should be aired frequently, and the clothes should be clean and spacious to prevent rashes and itching caused by overheating due to wearing tight clothes and covering thick quilts.
5. Individual chickenpox patients may be complicated with pneumonia and encephalitis. If you find that the patient has persistent high fever, cough and asthma, or vomiting, headache, restlessness or lethargy, you should seek medical advice promptly.
6. Ensure adequate sleep. This is also an important aspect of strengthening physical fitness.
7. Take physical exercise. This is an effective measure to enhance physical fitness. Exercise should start at an early age. After the full moon, children can lie outdoors for a while in summer, and open windows indoors to breathe fresh air in winter, and don't wear too many clothes. Cultivate children to adapt to the cold environment from an early age, and it is not easy to catch a cold when the climate changes. Outdoor activities can not only make the skin synthesize vitamin D, thus promoting the absorption of calcium, but also have a good effect on the development of muscles, bones, breathing, circulatory system and the metabolism of the whole body. Regular exercise can also enhance appetite and let children eat enough nutrition, so that their physique will be enhanced and their resistance will be significantly increased.
8. Provide adequate nutrition. Children are in the stage of continuous growth and development and need more nutrition. However, because the digestive function is not yet fully mature, the recipes are often monotonous and prone to nutritional deficiency. Insufficient nutrition leads to poor resistance. According to the current research, mild (or subclinical) lifelong A and C deficiency is a common cause of recurrent respiratory infections in children. Therefore, eating more fresh colored vegetables and fruits rich in lifelong C (in which B- carotene can be converted into lifelong A in the body) or supplementing some multi-dimensional lifelong preparations (such as Xiaoshikang) can really effectively enhance children's resistance.
Precautions:
1. Some parents mistakenly think that the more chickenpox, the better, so they blindly give their children drugs that can penetrate the surface and cause a rash. Results Chickenpox concentrated in the whole body, which aggravated the condition. Children will feel itchy, fidgety and even scratch with their hands. Lighter people will leave scars. In severe cases, bacteria can enter the blood circulation from the local infection focus, grow and multiply in the blood, and cause sepsis.
2. Children who are using adrenocortical hormone to treat other diseases, children with eczema or other skin diseases, and surgical patients with large wounds should do everything possible to avoid contact with chickenpox patients. Because if these patients have chickenpox, the condition is very serious. In order to prevent children from being infected with chickenpox, parents should be reminded of the following aspects: 1. Don't take your child to public places recently, and pay attention to whether your child has chickenpox pathogens. Second, if your child has been infected with chickenpox, don't hide it for the health of all children. Please inform the teacher in your child's class and listen to the teacher's isolation guidance. 3. The incubation period of chickenpox is 13 to 17 days. Contacts with patients should be observed in isolation for three weeks and return to kindergarten after no symptoms. Understand the health knowledge about chickenpox, don't mistake the precursor symptoms for a cold, find it in time and treat it in time. At present, there are no children suffering from chickenpox in this park. Please rest assured. Attachment: Symptoms of chickenpox: Chickenpox is acute, children often have no prodromal symptoms, and older children often have low fever, headache and general weakness. The visit begins on the same day or the next day. Centripetal distribution (more trunk, less limbs, less head and face). The rash is a red macula or papule, which turns into herpes within 24 hours, red, itchy and easy to rupture, with ulcers around it; After one to three days, the center began to dry up. Within three to six days after onset, heart rashes appeared in batches. Therefore, rash, herpes and scab can often be found at the same time during examination. The whole journey takes about one to three weeks.
Dietotherapy of chickenpox
1, the dietary principle of chickenpox
(1) liquid and semi-liquid diets with good digestibility and rich nutrition should be given. Drink mung bean soup, honeysuckle dew, wheat soup, porridge and noodles.
Slice, dragon beard egg noodles, etc. ? (2) Avoid irritating foods and hair products such as greasy food, ginger and pepper. ? (3) Drink plenty of boiled water and drinks.
2, chickenpox diet prescription
Dispelling wind and clearing heat should choose the following therapeutic prescriptions:
Carrot and coriander soup: 60g carrot and 60g coriander, respectively, washed and chopped, decocted in water and taken with rock sugar, daily 1 dose, taken in three times. For a week, the baby only drinks soup. ?
Honeysuckle sugarcane tea: honeysuckle 10g, sugarcane juice 100ml. Boil honeysuckle with water to 100 ml, and add sugarcane juice instead of tea. You can take it often. Daily 1 dose, 7 ~ 10 days as a course of treatment. ?
The following therapeutic prescriptions should be selected for detoxification and dampness elimination:
Coix seed and red bean porridge: 20g of Coix seed, 30g of red bean and Smilax glabra, 0/00 g of japonica rice, washed and cooked, cooked with rotten beans and mixed with rock sugar. Daily 1 dose, three times. Suitable for people with chicken pox, fever, red urine, mental fatigue and anorexia. ?
Portulaca oleracea horseshoe paste: fresh Portulaca oleracea, horseshoe powder 30g each, crystal sugar 15g, fresh Portulaca oleracea, washed and mashed, juice mixed with horseshoe powder, added with crystal sugar and boiled in boiling water until paste. Every day 1 dose. Suitable for chickenpox, fever, irritability, loose stool.
Preventive measures of chicken pox in class two
First, the establishment of varicella prevention and control work leading group
Second, all staff strictly implement the "five early" requirements and make a rapid response to the chicken pox epidemic.
1, early detection:
Tell children and parents to go to the hospital as soon as possible if they find skin rashes and blisters.
2. Early reports:
If there is a suspected case, it is necessary to isolate the child at the first time and report to the kindergarten doctor and relevant leaders, and inform the parents of the child to take it to the hospital for diagnosis.
3. Early isolation:
First, isolate patients in time and inform parents to take their children to the hospital for examination and treatment immediately; The second is to observe and isolate close contacts and inform parents to take them home for observation or go to the hospital for examination. After the sick children recover, they should go back to the garden to study (it must be after herpes scabs), and they should bring their medical records or the certificate of resumption of school issued by the hospital to the school hospital for treatment.
4. Early treatment:
If a child with chickenpox is found, inform his parents in time and send him to hospital for treatment.
5, early treatment:
Patients should disinfect public facilities such as desks, chairs and drawers in time after leaving the park, open windows for ventilation in the classroom, open curtains and disinfect the indoor air in the kindergarten at night.
Three. Emergency monitoring and reporting
Emergency monitoring
1. Establish a monitoring system for the prevention and control of varicella epidemic, establish a reporting system for absenteeism due to illness in each shift, and establish a system of morning inspection, disinfection and isolation.
2. Pay attention to information collection. Keep in touch with the centers for disease control and prevention in all districts at any time, pay close attention to the dynamic changes and do a good job in prevention and control.
(2) Report on epidemic situation
1, the kindergarten held a meeting to prevent chickenpox, and designated a special person to be responsible for the epidemic report, and the nursing doctor was responsible for the daily epidemic prevention and control report.
2. Strictly implement the reporting procedure of chickenpox epidemic situation in kindergartens, and implement the "daily reporting" system of the epidemic situation. When the chicken pox epidemic occurs, the kindergarten leading group must immediately start the kindergarten emergency plan, and the director should immediately (immediately) report to the superior department and the local health department.
3, prevention and control leading group members should strengthen their daily work at ordinary times, their respective responsibilities, in the event of an epidemic, according to the division of responsibilities to ensure that the work in place quickly.
4. No department or individual may conceal, report late or make a false report, and offenders will be held accountable.
Fourth, the emergency response to epidemic diseases
Once an epidemic infectious disease is found in the kindergarten, an emergency plan will be launched immediately to make an emergency response:
1, start the daily reporting system, implement the 24-hour duty system, and strengthen the epidemic notification.
2. The kindergarten strictly implements the access management system and controls the off-campus personnel to enter the kindergarten.
3. Prepare to enter an emergency state.
4. When the epidemic situation of infectious diseases is found, it is necessary to contact the health disease control department in time, strengthen the follow-up management of patients with infectious diseases, and do a good job in classroom disinfection.
5. Carry out targeted health education, print and distribute publicity materials, issue special publicity issues, improve teachers and students' awareness and ability of self-protection, and take necessary protective measures when going out and entering public places.
Five, all staff must take the prevention and control of chickenpox as an important task, with a highly responsible attitude towards children, strictly implement the prevention and control work, and implement the responsibilities at all levels to prevent problems before they happen. Due to poor work, irresponsible, improper measures, resulting in the spread of the epidemic or other serious health consequences for teachers and students, should be investigated for safety responsibility.
Prevention and control measures for intransitive verbs.
1, adhere to the morning inspection system and smooth the reporting channels. The class teacher should insist on the children's daily morning check-up, ask the children who are in class, and call the children who are sick and leave at home to ask about their illness and main symptoms. Establish a class teacher? School doctor? The director reports to the third-level protection network.
2. Absence registration system. Register the teachers and students who are absent from class every day (filled in by each class in the Register of Absence due to Illness), and indicate the reasons, and feed back the daily registration to the school doctor in time.
3. Do a good job in health education to eliminate panic. Kindergarten pays close attention to the epidemic trend of chickenpox. According to the development of the epidemic situation, they strengthened publicity in time, effectively used campus networks, class meetings, publicity columns, letters to parents and other forms to carry out in-depth publicity on chickenpox prevention and control knowledge and related prevention and control dynamic reports, popularize chickenpox prevention and control knowledge, guide teachers and students to develop good health habits, improve teachers and students' awareness of health and disease prevention and self-care ability, and eliminate panic.
4. Maintain indoor air circulation and environmental sanitation, and eliminate the conditions under which infectious diseases may occur or spread.
5. Establish a fund guarantee system. According to the needs, arrange certain special funds for the implementation of various prevention and control measures, such as the storage of disinfection supplies and equipment.
Seven, emergency treatment of epidemic situation
1. When the kindergarten discovers the epidemic situation of infectious diseases, it immediately reports to the education department and the CDC, and takes decisive measures to strictly isolate the patients and go to the designated hospital for treatment.
2. Teachers and students who have close contact with patients with infectious diseases such as chicken pox are isolated on the spot, and medical observation is carried out for more than 1 week, and classes can be resumed only after doctors in designated hospitals check that there are no symptoms of related infectious diseases.
3. Quickly, strictly and thoroughly disinfect the places and used articles that varicella patients have been to.
4, actively cooperate with the higher authorities to do epidemiological investigation and rehabilitation work.
5. Insist on improving the system of entry and exit of kindergarten nurses' qualifications. Once there is an epidemic of infectious diseases in kindergarten, it is strictly forbidden for people inside and outside the park to enter and leave the kindergarten at will.
Preventive measures of chickenpox in class three
Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease. It takes about 10 to 20 days to get sick after touching the patient's skin or inhaling its infectious foam. Visitors who have never had chickenpox should wear gloves and masks to avoid infection. The patient should be isolated and stay in bed at home until the fever goes down and the scab begins to fall off. When adults are infected with chickenpox, fever and burnout are more serious than children. Blisters can occur in the mouth, pharynx, face, scalp and trunk, and are rare in limbs. The course of disease is as follows: systemic rash-> Blister->; pus->； Scab, scab and fall off within 7- 14 days, which can avoid isolation. Chickenpox infection in women within half a year of pregnancy may lead to fetal malformation, and antihistamine antipruritic and antipyretic drugs can be taken to relieve symptoms.
Prevention of chickenpox Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease with itchy erythema and blisters. This is one of the most common diseases in childhood and can be transmitted to pregnant women. Chickenpox vaccine contains attenuated varicella virus, which is used to encourage vaccinators to produce antibodies and form protection against diseases. Chickenpox vaccine is not suitable for people who have allergic reactions to drugs or other substances, such as itchy rash, asthma, edema of face or tongue, and people who are pregnant or intend to become pregnant within one month. People with low immunity, due to abnormal blood conditions, cancer, or some kind of drug treatment, are seriously infected and have a high fever. People who have been vaccinated with viruses such as measles, mumps or rubella have been vaccinated with varicella vaccine by injecting it into the upper arm or thigh cortex in the past month. Adults generally need two doses, one to two months apart. The following side effects may occur after vaccination with varicella vaccine, but they are generally mild: redness, edema, pain and slight fever at the injection site. A rash similar to chicken pox appears within one month after vaccination, but the symptoms are mild and the allergic reaction is usually mild. Can varicella vaccine prevent varicella? Recent research shows that the success rate of vaccine to prevent chickenpox is 95%; The success rate of preventing serious complications (such as pneumonia) is 100%. Even if a few vaccinators still develop chickenpox, the symptoms are very mild, usually only causing a slight fever and a small number of papules for a few days. Is varicella vaccine lasting and effective? Japanese research shows that the validity period can be as long as 20 years.