First, the life habits of Stichopus japonicus-a tutorial on sea cucumber culture technology
Stichopus japonicus is suitable for living in the sea area with clear water quality, gentle tidal current and rich bait, and can also live in the sea area with heavy wind and waves and turbid water quality. The water temperature is required to survive at -3℃ and 34℃, and the optimum temperature is 12℃- 18℃. When it exceeds 20℃, it will enter the state of summer sleep, and when it is below 5℃, it will stop growing. Salinity should be between 18 and -33 ‰. As for the bottom material, the hard bottom material is suitable for the growth of Stichopus japonicus, especially in areas rich in rocks, reefs, aquatic plants and algae.
(A) the breeding environment
Rock areas with gentle tidal current, fresh water quality, no pollution, no large amount of fresh water injection and a large number of algae growth. Sediment plays an important role in the life of sea cucumber. If the sediment is muddy or turbid, the following transformations can be carried out:
1. Under the condition that the bottom material is not too soft and rotten, the following transformation methods can be adopted:
(1) riprap method: one is strip riprap with unlimited length and 0 width. 5 - 1。 0 meters, strip spacing is 2. 0 - 3。 0 meters; The second method is to throw stones in piles, that is, every 0. 5 - 1。 A pile of rocks with a depth of 0 meters and a height of 0 meters each. About 5 meters; The third is to throw stones all over the sky, that is, throw stones into the shrimp pond at will.
(2) Artificial reefs: generally made of cement. The principle of reef ginseng is porous and multi-layered, which is convenient for sea cucumber to hide and inhabit, with suitable size and weight and easy to carry. There is a free ginseng reef with a pore size of about 10 cm, which is convenient for the habitat and harvest of Stichopus japonicus.
(3) Other materials: branches, branches, stumps, baskets, etc. It can also be thrown, which is not only beneficial to the habitat of sea cucumbers, but also can be used as bait for sea cucumbers after wood corrosion.
(2) In shrimp ponds with thin and soft bottom, suspended bottom suitable for the growth of Stichopus japonicus must be artificially created. There are two ways:
(1) The bottom material is thin and soft, and the throwing material is easy to clog, which is not conducive to the survival of Stichopus japonicus. Therefore, we must use cement columns, stone pillars, bamboo tubes and other materials to make piles, then connect them with iron wires and nylon ropes, and then hang baskets, tires, tiles, branches, bamboo products, artificial fish reefs and other materials on the ropes. The hanging materials should be close to the ground and dense, piece by piece.
(2) Put a layer between the rope and the old net with short piles close to the ground, and put the above materials.
Second, the process of sea cucumber culture-sea cucumber culture technology course
(1) transportation method of ginseng seedlings (ginseng seedlings can be transported by wet method and dry method)
1, wet method: put ginseng seedlings into canvas barrels or other containers, add seawater, and inflate with an air pump; Or put ginseng seedlings in plastic bags, add seawater, fill the bags with oxygen, and tie the bags tightly for transportation.
2. Dry method: put ginseng seedlings into plastic or other boxes, spread Shanghai grass and absorbent cotton on the bottom of the box, spread gauze soaked in seawater, spread ginseng seedlings evenly, cover them with gauze, fold the boxes one by one when loading, and cover them with tarpaulins for transportation.
(two) the source and stocking of ginseng seedlings
1. There are three sources of cultured Stichopus japonicus seedlings: the first is autumn seedlings, that is, seedlings cultivated artificially in that year, with a body length of 2-4 cm and an acre of 0.5- 1 10,000 heads. The survival rate is generally 10-40%, and it can be harvested in 1.5-2.0 years. The second kind is spring seedlings, that is, after artificial overwintering in the previous year, the individual size is about 6 cm, the stocking amount is 4000-8000 heads per mu, and the survival rate is generally above 70%. All seedlings can be harvested before summer sleep in the next year; The third kind is natural seedlings, with specifications of 50-60 heads/kg and yield of 2,000-3,000 heads per mu. If the seedlings are thrown in early spring, the survival rate can reach 90%, and the harvest before winter can reach more than 80%.
2. There are two ways to throw ginseng seedlings: one is direct throwing ginseng seedlings on artificial reefs according to a certain density; The second method is the net bag throwing planting method, especially for ginseng seedlings around 1 cm, its adhesion and fluidity are very poor. If placed directly on artificial reefs, it will cause a lot of deaths. Ginseng seedlings can be packed in 20 mesh bags, each bag 100-200 heads. Small stones are placed in the net bag to prevent floating and moving, and the net bag is placed on the artificial reef with the mouth open, so that ginseng seedlings can slowly climb out of the net bag.
3. Aquaculture water body
The deeper the water, the better. Generally, it is1.0-3.0m, especially during the rainy season in summer and the ice age in winter, so as to keep an appropriate temperature. Change water frequently to maintain the quality of fresh water, and increase the amount of water change with the increase of individuals, and the amount of water change every day is not less than 10%. Conditional party can use an aerator to increase oxygen, and use a water pump for internal circulation, and increase oxygen or internal circulation for 2-3 times, each time for 2-3 hours, mainly at night.
Step 4 feed
When the stocking density is high, the growth of pure natural bait is slow and the cycle is long, so it is necessary to feed some distiller's grains, shrimp skin, kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, benthic diatoms, Sargassum thunbergii, coarse starch, small mixed fish powder and so on. The principle of feeding is rather less than more. The daily feeding amount accounts for 5- 10% of the weight of ginseng, once a day, around dusk, mostly in the suitable temperature period of rapid growth, and it is not fed in summer sleep and below 5℃.
III. Quality Standards for Adult Ginseng and Ginseng Seedlings —— A Course of Sea Cucumber Culture Technology
The quality standard of adult ginseng and ginseng seedlings is an important quality basis for cultivating or purchasing adult ginseng seedlings. Entry criteria: stout individual, small ratio of length to diameter, high spine tip, thick base, 4-6 rows of spines, orderly arrangement, grayish brown, high yield of skin thickness, poor quality of green ginseng and low yield of thin skin. The standard of seedling participation: stout body, high spine, bright color, free movement of head and tail, fast movement, natural stretching, non-stick defecation, fast food intake and fast defecation. Anyone who finds dark and sticky body color, bald and short flesh, slow and weak activity and sticky feces should be treated with drugs.
Four, disease control-sea cucumber culture technology course
1, rotten skin: It is caused by feed pollution, organic pollution, oil pollution, inorganic pollution, heavy metal and excessive fluctuation of PH value, and water desalination (salt toxicity is less than 17%). Treatment: Divers collect Stichopus japonicus in water, put them in 50ppm penicillin and 50 ppm streptomycin respectively, and put them in the pool for about half an hour. Chemical pollution and organic pollution should stop changing water, strengthen internal circulation, and change water after pollution is eliminated; Salt should be added when a large amount of fresh water is injected in rainy season to keep the salinity above 18‰.
2. Copepods: When feeding fresh sea mud or freshly ground Sargassum thunbergii, 5ppm of crystal trichlorfon must be applied 2 hours in advance to kill copepods and Daphnia magna. If there are copepods in the pool water, 2-3 ppm of crystal trichlorfon should be applied and the water should be changed after 5-6 hours.
3, enteritis: the treatment of enteritis is to use 2-3 ppm oxytetracycline, each course of treatment is 3 days.
4. Red tide, Kuroshio and yellow tide: Three tides must be prevented in advance, and the water depth is 1. When it is about 5 meters, sprinkle 40 kg/mu of quicklime, grind it into powder, sprinkle it evenly, and the bottom will turn white, which is harmless to sea cucumber. It can also be sprayed evenly with 2-4 ppm formaldehyde or sodium hypochlorite, which can make the water eutrophication disappear and is harmless to Stichopus japonicus. The combination of the above two is better, but they cannot be mixed.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Course of Sea Cucumber Culture Technology-Harvest and Processing
1. Catch: Take the method of rotating catch and releasing, and catch a large amount of small fish every year, and replenish fry every year according to the storage capacity.
2, processing: Stichopus japonicus can be eaten fresh, that is, simmered in boiling water for 2 hours, cooled and sliced, and eaten with seasoning. Cut a small mouth 3-4 cm in the back of the head, drain the internal organs, cook with fresh water, marinate with saturated salt water, and cook with salt water a few days later, which is called ginseng; If it is dry, add salt, cook thoroughly, use plant ash ash and dry in the sun. The gonads and intestines of sea cucumber are nutritious and can be preserved.
Course of intransitive verb sea cucumber culture technology
1. Because the bottom materials in our county are all silt or soft mud, how to transform the bottom materials, how to make the attached bottom materials not sink or try not to sink, and create the best environment for the growth of sea cucumbers is our first consideration.
2. As our county is located in the Yellow River estuary, how to prevent the sudden change of seawater salinity caused by a large amount of fresh water injection in the early or late flood season (seawater temperature < 20℃, and sea cucumbers are no longer dormant in summer)?
3. How to take effective measures to remove crabs, starfish, anemones, catfish, gobies, etc?
4. Learn more about the living habits of sea cucumbers, explore some suitable polyculture models, improve the spatial utilization rate of mariculture and improve economic benefits.
There are many oil wells in our county, and sea cucumbers are easy to melt in case of oil pollution. What measures should we take to prevent them? Once it is polluted, what measures will we take to minimize the loss?
6. The release time of Stichopus japonicus is very important. Generally, when the water temperature is about 8℃ in spring and autumn, it is more suitable to put Stichopus japonicus. At this time, there are fewer enemy creatures, which should not cause losses.
7. Once the culture is successful, how to solve the sales problem, or how to develop our own deep processing enterprises of sea cucumber and create higher value.
8. How to carry out factory farming, use greenhouse to control the temperature, prolong the growing period, shorten the breeding cycle and reduce the risk.