Wu Zhi 1909 was born in a feudal family in Tianjin in July. /kloc-I studied writing at home until I was 0/4 years old. He didn't enter school until he was 14 (1923) years old, and studied in Yangzhou Meihan Middle School run by the Anglican Church. 1925 The May 30th tragedy set off the climax of Yangzhou students' patriotic movement. However, the headmaster of Hanzhong unreasonably prevented the students from taking part in the patriotic movement, and Wu walked out of the school with the anger of his classmates. In the same year, he was admitted to Nanjing Jinling University, and in the second year, he entered the Department of Zoology. When I was about to graduate from college, because of the decline of my family, I had to do some auxiliary work in the school's bacteriology classroom (now called the bacteriology teaching and research section) to earn some remuneration to maintain my studies. 193 1 year 1 year graduated from university with a bachelor of science degree. Because of his excellent academic performance, he stayed in school as a biology assistant in the Department of Zoology for two years.
From 1933 to 1959, Wu has been engaged in scientific research on human parasitology and medical entomology. In 1930s and 1940s, investigations were made on Kala-azar and its vectors, sandfly, malaria and its vector, Anopheles sinensis, in Nanjing, Huaiyin, Gaoyou, Suzhou, Jiading, Nanning, Guangxi, Kunming, Guizhou, mangshi (now Luxi), Mengding and Chongqing, Sichuan. 65438-0935 went to Singapore to attend the training of international malaria research class, and 65438-0945 went to Calcutta Institute of Tropical Diseases in India to study parasitology and medical entomology. This laid the foundation for his lifelong struggle for the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases. In the more than ten years before the founding of the People's Republic of China, he held the ideal of "saving the country by science" and always adhered to the front line of prevention and control work. Until the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he still stayed in Jiading Sunan Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control as the director. Shortly after the liberation of Nanjing, the central health laboratory was taken over by the Second Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and he was ordered to return to work in the hospital. 1950 hospital was taken over by the logistics and health department of the third field army, and a hospital board was established. Wu Dang was elected as the deputy director. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/950, the central Ministry of Health took over the hospital, and the parasitology research part stayed in Nanjing. In June of the same year 1 1 East China Branch of the Central Institute of Health Sciences was formally established, with Hong Shilu as the president and Wu as the vice president.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the people's government attached great importance to parasitic diseases that seriously endangered people's health and carried out unprecedented prevention and research work. Wu devoted himself to the fight against kala-azar with great enthusiasm. 1in the autumn of 955, he was ordered to attend a regional pathology conference in Tashkent, Soviet Union with the medical delegation from China, and was elected as the representative of Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress in the same year. 1956 gloriously joined the China * * * production party. He was one of the first senior intellectuals to join the * * * production party after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Wu is a veteran engaged in the research of sandfly, a vector of kala-azar, a famous parasitologist, medical entomologist and first-class professor in China. On the basis of a lot of investigation and study, he summed up a set of fly-killing methods that can be popularized in most endemic areas of Kala-azar in China, and made great contributions to the basic elimination of Kala-azar in China. In addition, his research work also involves malaria and its mosquito vectors, schistosomiasis, filariasis and so on. Wu wrote a lot. In 1956, he co-authored the Science of Kala-azar with Wang Zhaojun. Shortly before his death, he edited China Medical Encyclopedia Parasitology and Parasitology, and published 52 papers successively. Wu organized a training course for senior teachers of parasitic diseases and a short-term refresher course for professional prevention and control personnel, which trained many senior and middle-level professionals in parasitic disease teaching, prevention and control research for China.
Entrust an important task to sb.
1959 Wu Tiaojing was appointed as the director of scientific research department of China Academy of Medical Sciences, 1978 was appointed as the vice president of the institute by the State Council. In his later years, he went all out to lead the organization and management of scientific research, focused on summing up experience, and achieved certain results. During this period, he is still very concerned about the development of parasitology in China, and concurrently serves as the deputy head of the Preventive Medicine Professional Group of the State Science and Technology Commission, the chairman of the Malaria Special Research Committee of the Medical Science Committee of the Ministry of Health, the deputy directors of the Schistosomiasis Research Committee and the Northern Endemic Disease Research Committee, the director of the Chinese Medical Association, the director of the Chinese Zoological Society, the director of the Chinese Insect Society, the director of chinese society for microbiology, and the director of the Beijing Science Society. 65438-0982 was employed as a member of the Advisory Committee of the Special Program for Tropical Diseases Research of the United Nations World Health Organization.
Wu Yisheng struggled for the medical cause of the motherland and left precious spiritual wealth and material wealth for future generations.
It has been proved that sandfly is the main vector of kala-azar in China. Kala-azar is one of the five parasitic diseases that endanger people's health in China. Popular in the vast rural areas in the north of the Yangtze River 16 provinces, cities and autonomous regions. According to the survey of 195 1 year, it was estimated that there were 530,000 patients in China at that time.
The process of exploration
Wu has been committed to the prevention and treatment of kala-azar since the early 1930s. At that time, he and his colleagues went deep into the rural areas of Huaiyin County, Jiangsu Province, where the kala-azar epidemic was the most serious, and made a systematic investigation on the incidence, epidemic distribution and transmission types in this area, and artificially infected the sandfly and model animal, which spread kala-azar in the laboratory, in order to find out the epidemic links of kala-azar in China. At that time, he didn't have a fixed home, regardless of the danger of his children being infected, he took his children to an epidemic area to investigate, and wherever there were patients, he settled there. He often goes to patients' homes to collect blood-sucking China sandflies for dissection. From 1936 to 194 1 year, naturally infected Leishmania promastigotes were found in the stomach of Ampelopsis. They inoculated this flagella into the abdominal cavity of hamster (hamster) and successfully made an animal model of kala-azar They also sucked the blood of Kala-azar patients and infected hamsters with China sandfly in the laboratory. On the sixth day, they dissected the sandfly and found Leishmania promastigotes in its stomach. They also used naturally infected sandflies to bite normal hamsters, and they were also infected successfully. These experiments prove that sandflies can spread kala-azar. They also used China sandfly, Jiangsu sandfly and Mongolian sandfly to bite diseased mice and then normal hamsters for artificial transmission test. As a result, only China sandfly can transmit Leishmania from diseased mice to normal hamsters. After careful investigation, they found that in areas where kala-azar is prevalent, there must be China sandfly, and it must be the local dominant species. The natural infection rate and artificial infection rate of sandfly in China are very high. They also found that China sandfly has the habit of living at home, can breed indoors, and is closely related to people. For these reasons, they determined that sandfly was the main vector of kala-azar in northern Jiangsu.
Explore the road under the Anti-Japanese War
During the Anti-Japanese War, Wu moved to East China, South China and Southwest China. He continued to collect sandflies from Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Hainan Island, and found some new varieties of sandflies. He described these new species one by one and named them for publication. Although there are many kinds of sandflies he found in the south, they are all recumbent hairs, and they are wild sandflies that do not suck human blood. In some areas in the south, he also found China sandflies, but they are not local dominant species, only rare species, and certainly cannot cause the spread of leishmaniasis. This proves that the geographical distribution of kala-azar in China is prevalent in the north. During this period, he wandered around, often staying in one place for only a few months before moving, and his research work could only be carried out intermittently, and his family could not be reunited. When he worked in Yunnan, he was often bombed by Japanese planes. Once, he was injured in a car accident while retreating, and his right foot was disabled. Wu's eldest daughter suffered from encephalitis when she was 4 years old. He is on a business trip and can't take care of her family. Her daughter died without timely treatment. These unfortunate blows have not shaken his determination to serve the people in the epidemic area at all. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, although he settled in Nanjing, he still went to work in the epidemic area for 10 months every year, and traveled from 10 to dozens of miles every day, visiting patients, collecting sand fly specimens, studying the shape, classification, life history and ecology of sand flies, and accumulating rich scientific research materials, which laid a solid foundation for the prevention and treatment of kala-azar later.
Take root in grass-roots scientific research
At that time, intellectuals yearned for studying in the west and staying in research institutes or institutions of higher learning in big cities after returning home. At this time, Wu ran around the countryside all day, working hard at the grassroots level, and learned a lot from practice that books could not learn. While serving the people in the epidemic area, he pocketed his own money. After the founding of New China, the Institute of Parasitology of China Academy of Medical Sciences, led by Wu, cooperated with relevant domestic prevention and control institutions to conduct extensive investigation and study on the distribution and ecological habits of sandflies in Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hebei, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi and other provinces, and found that about 85% of leishmaniasis endemic areas in China have sandflies, and most areas in China have sandflies. Take effective measures to basically eliminate Kala-azar. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Kala-azar was listed as one of the diseases planned to be basically eliminated within a time limit in China's agricultural development outline (draft). Wu's wish for many years may come true. How excited he is! 195 1 year, the Central Ministry of Health held a national conference on health and epidemic prevention, and entrusted the prevention and control of parasitic diseases, including the elimination of kala-azar, to the East China Branch of the Central Institute of Health, which he led at that time. He clearly saw the bright future of his career and was full of confidence to win.
Elimination of sandfly in China
Coincidentally, at this national conference on health and epidemic prevention, he met Wang Zhaojun, a scholar who had just returned from overseas. When they learned from each other that they were all fighting for one goal-eliminating Kala-azar, they all felt extremely excited. Since then, he and Wang Zhaojun have become close friends. The strength of the battle to eliminate kala-azar is: a group of senior researchers from East China Branch of Central Health Research Institute headed by Wu, a group of grassroots cadres with experience in preventing and treating kala-azar in Shandong Province headed by Wang Zhaojun, and then the Ministry of Health dispatches two graduates from national medical colleges and entrusts East China Branch to train qualified senior parasitology teachers within one to one and a half years. He mobilized these forces to fight Kala-azar. Start with 195 1 and start in Shandong first. Wu and Wang Zhaojun led two professional teams to fight side by side and cooperate closely. Under careful planning, on the one hand, they trained professionals, on the other hand, they went deep into epidemic areas to carry out detailed investigation and study, combined laboratory with field work, and compared basic research with clinic. Wu personally participated in laboratory work and field work. During the field investigation, it was found that the adult sandfly became dim and appeared only before dawn and after dusk every day. So they get up early every day, go back and forth for more than ten miles, drill the cowshed, go to the toilet, search the rafters and corners to catch sandflies, and after they come back, they are still busy raising sandflies, dissecting and classifying them. In Shandong Province, China, the breeding season of Ampelopsis is from May to September, which is in the hot summer. After four years of continuous observation, they finally found out the ecological habits of Ampelopsis and the epidemic law of Kala-azar in this area. They also conducted large-scale field experiments on various methods of using pesticides in six provinces in East China and North China, and obtained a lot of information and data. Through analysis, they found that the active season of China sandfly is shorter than other sandflies, only 3-4.5 months per year, only one density peak, and only one generation is bred each year. Chinese sandfly has the habit of living at home, and its main habitat is houses and barns (caves in northwest China). The range of activity of Ampelopsis japonica was determined by the method of releasing dyed Ampelopsis japonica, which was 55.74% in the radius of 65438 05 meters and 76.57% in the radius of 30 meters. They collected 6535 gastric blood samples from different places for serum sedimentation test. The results show that the blood-sucking range of Ampelopsis sinensis is wide, but it mainly sucks human blood and livestock blood. Therefore, if we concentrate on killing only one generation of China sandfly adults in a short adult season, we can get good results. They also collected a large number of soil samples from all over the world for larval inspection. The results showed that the natural reproduction range of sandfly larvae was extremely extensive and scattered. The whitefly raised in the laboratory can prove that its life history is very long, and it takes an average of 59 days from egg to adult development. It takes 8 days for larvae to hatch at the earliest and 25 days at the slowest. Therefore, the larval stage of sandfly is not suitable as the object of destroying sandfly. In a large number of experiments, they compared the application of 0. 12g HCH isomer or 1.5g pesticide 223 to the indoor walls and roofs of the whole village at the beginning of the season (mid-to-late May), or spraying the indoor walls and roofs of patients' homes once. As a result, the sandfly was completely eliminated in the village or the sick family that year. After spraying in the whole village, the sandfly no longer appears within 5-8 years, and the effect of killing sandfly is extremely remarkable. The scheme is proved to be effective by long-term system evaluation on site. In some areas, after eradication and general treatment, the Chinese sandfly almost disappeared, and the incidence of kala-azar decreased from 94.3 per 10,000 to 2.4 per 10,000. Since then, no new cases have appeared.
Eradicate kala-azar
The scheme has been popularized and applied in the endemic areas of Kala-azar in China, and the spread of Kala-azar in most endemic areas of China has been controlled within a few years. 1959, the number of kala-azar patients in China dropped from 530,000 to about100,000, and kala-azar was basically eliminated in many areas. We won the first round of the fight against parasitic diseases that seriously endanger the health of China people. This achievement won the National Science Conference Award of 1978. This achievement has also been highly praised internationally. Wu finally finished what he wanted to do in the past, but he couldn't. He felt extremely gratified from the heart. After 1977, entrusted by the Ministry of Health, scientific seminars on kala-azar prevention and control were held many times to further guide the national work of eliminating kala-azar. In order to help professionals in the field of kala-azar prevention and control master relevant knowledge, he and Wang Zhaojun jointly published the monograph "Kala-azar Research", 5 1956 words. Its contents include: etiology, clinic, preventive medicine, morphology and ecology of vector sandfly, and related technical data of sandfly research, with emphasis on the prevention and control of leishmaniasis in China. This book is rich in content and practical, and has become a good teaching material for training kala-azar prevention and researchers.
Other parasitic diseases
Study on malaria and its parasitic diseases such as mosquito-borne and schistosomiasis?
From 65438 to 0933, Wu made an annual ecological observation of Anopheles sinensis. Through the comparison of natural infection rate and artificial infection rate, it is proved that Anopheles sinensis is the main vector of malaria in Nanjing. He chose an area in the suburb of Nanjing to spray "Paris Green" to kill mosquito larvae. 65438-0938 Investigate malaria and its vector mosquitoes in Guangxi. 1939 to 1942, malaria, black urine fever (one of the serious complications of malignant malaria) and Anopheles were investigated in remote minority areas such as Yunnan-Myanmar Highway and mangshi, and relatively complete data were obtained, which proved that Anopheles minimus was the main vector of malaria in southern China. This discovery laid a foundation for malaria control in high malaria areas in southern China. In addition, he reported an egg-shaped malaria for the first time in 194 1. 65438-0944 A new species of Anopheles was discovered in Guizhou. He made a detailed morphological description and named it "Anopheles Guiyang". After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Wu investigated schistosomiasis japonica in Gaoyou Lake area in northern Jiangsu, Suzhou and Jiading in southern Jiangsu, and conducted cercaria killing experiments. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, because China People's Liberation Army troops practiced swimming in rivers in southern Jiangsu, there was an incident of collective infection with schistosomiasis. Wu was instructed by Sanye Logistics Health Department to personally lead the staff of East China Branch of Central Institute of Health to carry out schistosomiasis prevention and control work and put forward practical prevention and control suggestions. In addition, he has done some research work in the prevention and treatment of filariasis, general intestinal parasitic infection and pesticides to kill flies and lice.
Organization and management
Wu is not only a famous medical expert, but also a leading cadre who is rich in organizational skills and good at doing mass work. June 1950, June 165438+ 10 to August 1959 presided over the work of East China Branch of Central Health Research Institute and Institute of Parasitology of China Medical Academy. He is very clear about the work direction and tasks of hospitals and research institutes, and puts forward the idea of "basing on tasks and combining disciplines", that is, taking the prevention and treatment of five parasitic diseases as the main task, setting up institutions according to "diseases" and not giving up disciplines. In order to unify everyone's understanding, he has done a lot of in-depth and meticulous ideological work, uniting people from Beijing, Nanjing and Hainan Island with experts coming back from abroad, taking schistosomiasis, malaria, filariasis, hookworm disease and Kala-azar as the main research directions, and set up five main research laboratories, namely, diagnosis, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine and basic research, giving full play to their expertise, insisting that each person works in the epidemic area for three quarters every year, and keeping scientific research and him in the country. 1956, the CPC central Committee issued a great call of "marching into science", and Premier Zhou Enlai personally organized and formulated the long-term planning outlines of 1956 to 1967 for scientific and technological development. As one of the representatives of medical scientists, Wu participated in this historic 12 science and technology project. 1963, participated in the formulation of the national medicine development plan from 1963 to 1972, and served as the secretary of the conference. 1September, 959, Wu was transferred to China Academy of Medical Sciences to take charge of scientific research management, and set up a scientific research department as its director. In order to meet the needs of work, he obeys the organizational arrangements. Since then, I have devoted myself to leading and organizing medical scientific research. He organized experts and professors from all departments of the hospital to formulate long-term scientific research plans, management regulations and rules and regulations, arrange the implementation of specific implementation plans at various stages, and organize scientific research summaries and academic exchanges. He often goes deep into departments and subordinate units to understand the implementation of the plan, regularly checks the original records of experiments, puts forward suggestions for revision, and helps researchers solve difficult problems in their work at any time. Because of his meticulous work, he knows the scientific research work of the hospital like the back of his hand. 1973 In May, a delegation from China led by Huang Shuze, Vice Minister of Health, attended the 26th World Health Assembly of the United Nations World Health Organization for the first time. Wu, as a member of the China delegation, attended the meeting as a consultant. In March, 1978, Wu attended the National Science Conference as a representative of China Academy of Medical Sciences. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he visited the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan and Italy, and participated in various academic conferences and management inspections of scientific research institutions. After more than 20 years of work practice, he has become an organization and management cadre with a well-planned and firm command.
Research in later years
1978, he served as the vice president of China Academy of Medical Sciences. He worked day and night for the scientific research work of the whole hospital with full enthusiasm and energy. During his serious illness in bed, he also conceived the development prospect of the Academy of Medical Sciences all day and suggested his thoughts to the leaders. If you read a poem he wrote at the beginning of 1982, you can understand why he has such a high enthusiasm: it is not uncommon to be over 70 now, and there is childlike innocence. The body seems to fly north and south, and the horse is fascinated. Dare to devote oneself to the four modernizations, and be willing to offer small poems to heroes. Don't laugh at the old man, why bother? He is the pioneer of the party's mission. He devoted his life to the development of parasitology in China.