The purpose, nature, task, characteristics and principles of kindergarten education

I don't know what the goal of early childhood education is. The overall goals of kindergartens include educational goals and management goals, which organically constitute a "management by objectives" system. Educational goal, that is, training goal. In kindergartens, it is not the material conditions such as parks and facilities that play a leading role, but what kind of people children should be trained into. A clear educational goal embodies the direction of running a kindergarten, dominates all educational activities of the kindergarten and restricts all management activities. Therefore, establishing and implementing scientific educational goals is the primary task of management. First, the basis for establishing kindergarten education goals is 1. According to the objective requirements of social development, first of all, preschool education has social attributes. Education is a unique social activity of human beings. Its function is to spread knowledge, experience, skills, mode of thinking, spiritual civilization, excellent quality and national traditions accumulated in human history to the next generation in a planned, organized and purposeful way, and to cultivate people who serve the society. This unique human social activity affects thousands of families in Qian Qian, which is related to the growth of future generations and the prosperity of the country and the nation. Secondly, education should be restricted by the social nature. Different societies, different classes or social groups always set the direction of cultivating a new generation according to their own interests and needs. Socialist preschool education should lay a solid foundation for children to enter primary schools, to bring up a new generation and to train builders and successors of the socialist cause. Third, the educational task must meet the needs of social development. At different stages of development, a country has different quality requirements for the new generation. In the early 1950s in China, kindergartens were required to complete two major tasks: educating young children and serving production and construction (including liberating women's labor force). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, China entered a new stage of the "four modernizations" construction, and the climax of the new technological revolution sweeping the world came at the same time. Therefore, "more talents, faster talents and better talents" has become the urgent demand of social development, which makes the traditional education view and talent quality view which only pay attention to knowledge transmission face severe challenges of the times. Comrade Deng Xiaoping put forward the policy of "three orientations of education", which injected new connotation and vitality into the educational reform and training objectives. Therefore, the state clearly stipulates that a new generation of people with "four haves", "three haves" and "two haves" should be cultivated. With the deepening of preschool education reform, since the 1980s, people have emphasized that in the process of enriching children's knowledge and experience, we should pay attention to developing intelligence and talent, cultivating good personality, and developing social quality and adaptability. Today, at the turn of the century, it is required to further deepen education reform, comprehensively promote quality education, apply modern educational technology, open up innovative education, and emphasize new directions such as cultivating innovative spirit and practical ability. These constantly developing new requirements are put forward to meet the needs of social development. 2. According to the laws and needs of children's physical and mental development, it is the central task of early childhood education to comprehensively promote the harmonious development of children's quality. Development includes both physical and psychological aspects. The former refers to the normal development of the body and the enhancement of physical fitness; The latter refers to the acquisition of knowledge and skills, the enrichment of life experience, the development of intellectual ability, the cultivation of ideological quality, and the development of emotions, interests, hobbies, ambitions and personalities. Because children's "body" and "mind" are an organic and unified whole system, we must ensure their synchronous, coordinated and harmonious development, that is, "all-round development of body, intelligence, morality and beauty" Children's physical and mental development is regular, both continuous and staged. The essence of development is to continuously develop its individual potential, that is, the process of continuous development from "existing development area" to "recent development area". If the requirements for children's education are too high, too difficult or too low and too easy, it will violate the law of children's physical and mental development and fail to develop their potential. Therefore, the formulation of educational goals must be based on the objective laws and requirements of children's physical and mental development. 3. According to the enlightenment nature of early childhood education, early childhood education is enlightenment education. This is because children's understanding of the objective world is still in a hazy stage, and they cannot accept systematic and classified scientific knowledge. Therefore, the task of early childhood education is to lay a good foundation for entering primary schools and cultivating a new generation. The enlightening characteristics are as follows: First, children should understand knowledge of nature and social knowledge which are common, representative, concrete and easy to understand in their surrounding living environment, initially cultivate children's concepts of number, time and space, and develop their language expression and aesthetic ability. For example, let children know specific things in the objective world, and know the external characteristics of objects such as shape, structure, color, smell, size, length and thickness, their quantitative relationship, time-space relationship and so on. Know the name, purpose, and relationship with people. Learn to sort, compare and classify similarities and differences, and understand the relationship between things or natural phenomena, causality, etc., without children mastering abstract theories. Second, although the requirements for children's cognition are rough and simple, they must be scientific, materialistic and dialectical. Thirdly, the way of preschool education should be vivid, concrete, intuitive and lively, which requires a reasonable combination of various forms, means and methods, and comprehensive application to create a three-dimensional and open educational environment. Fourthly, it is emphasized that the primary goal of preschool education is not to impart knowledge, but to develop children's quality, develop their intelligence and creativity, cultivate their good personality and improve their ability to adapt to the social environment. In short, grasping the enlightening nature of early childhood education lies in strictly distinguishing it from primary education, preventing the tendency of primary school or adult, and making the educational goal truly based on the law of early childhood education. Only by grasping the foundation of the above three aspects can we establish scientific educational goals. Secondly, the expected educational goal of the kindergarten education target structure system is realized through the target structure and its integration, division and integration. Structure is the guarantee of function. The goal structure of kindergarten education in China is under the macro guidance of the national general goal of preschool education, including the classification goals of various educational fields and teaching materials, the development goals of children's physical and mental quality, the goals of learning period, the goals of unit theme education and the goals of specific educational activities. This is a criss-crossing and organically combined target system formed through the thinking process of "synthesis-analysis-synthesis". 1. Overall goal of early childhood education 1996 Article 3 of the Regulations on Kindergarten Work issued by the State Education Commission clearly stipulates: "The task of kindergartens is to implement the principle of combining conservation with education, educate children in all aspects of body, intelligence, morality and beauty, and promote the harmonious development of children's body and mind." Article 5 also stipulates the main goals of kindergarten care and education: "to promote the coordinated development of children's normal physical development and functions, strengthen their physique, and cultivate good living habits, hygiene habits and interest in participating in sports activities. Develop children's intelligence, cultivate children's basic ability of using senses correctly and using language to communicate, enhance children's understanding of the environment, cultivate children's beneficial interest and desire for knowledge, and cultivate children's preliminary practical ability. Germinate children's feelings of loving hometown, motherland, collective, labor and science, and cultivate children's good moral behaviors and habits such as honesty, self-confidence, studious, friendly, brave, caring for public property, overcoming difficulties, being polite and observing discipline, as well as lively and cheerful personality. Cultivate children's initial taste and ability to feel and express beauty. " It should be noted that what is stipulated here is the "main goal" and four main lines are put forward, but it does not mean that the development of young children is limited to these contents. For example, the development of children's communicative ability and self-discipline in getting along with others, the development of creative thinking and innovative spirit, the germination of environmental awareness, and the cultivation of adaptability to the environment all belong to the development of children's quality and are also required by modern society. This spirit has been explained by the Department of Basic Education of the State Education Commission in the Guiding Opinions on Kindergarten Work and the Regulations on Kindergarten Management. 2. Classification Objectives To implement educational activities in the field of education, we must first determine the educational content. The classification of educational content is determined by the different characteristics of each educational field. At present, there are two ways to divide the field of education in China: one is to divide it into five major fields, namely health education, science education, social education, language education, art education, etc. Second, it is divided into seven fields, including health education, mathematics education, science education, social education, language education, music education, art education and so on. The two classifications have their own reasons, so we might as well test them in practice first, and there is no need to make a one-size-fits-all approach. In the main fields of education, there are different content categories. For example, the health field is divided into health care, sports activities and mental health; Mathematics field is divided into the concept of number, addition and subtraction within 10, quantity perception and geometry, understanding of space-time relationship and perception set (object classification); The scientific field is divided into life science, environmental protection science, scientific and technological products and scientific phenomena; Social field is divided into social consciousness, social environment and interpersonal relationship. Social behavior. Social culture; The music field is divided into singing, rhythm, music appreciation and instrumental music performance; The field of fine arts is divided into painting, handcraft and appreciation of works. According to the above fields and categories, the classification objectives of teaching content and requirements are determined respectively. Traditionally, it is called "outline". 3. The development goal of children's physical and mental quality According to the prescribed educational content and requirements, what aspects will children's physical and mental quality be developed and what practical level will be achieved by implementing all-round development education? This ultimate goal (or standard) is the pursuit of children's development goals. Because the educational content can only be transformed into the actual level of children's physical and mental quality through educational practice, it can be regarded as the real educational quality. The development field of children's physical and mental quality should include physical development and physique. Knowledge and experience, action and skills, intelligence and talent, personality and social quality. In these five aspects, the norms of children's development are stipulated. Only by reaching the expected result or state can we achieve the goal of children's quality development. 4. The goal of school period is a gradual process, because educational activities and children's development are continuous and phased. The spiral operation process is also the process of children's quality progressing from "existing development zone" to "recent development zone". Therefore, we should set different learning goals. The term goals include the school year goals and term goals of classes of all ages, that is, comprehensively stipulate the teaching content, teaching requirements, main educational activities and the expected purpose of children's development in each semester. The form can be articles or tables, or they can be used in combination. 5. Unit Theme Education Goal The unit theme education goal is to determine the arrangement and combination of each theme according to the scientific knowledge orientation, the development law of things and children's thinking logic, and gradually build it. Combine a series of unit theme education activities organically, and set theme education goals one by one accordingly. Because the content of education is closely related to the theme, the goal of theme education is obviously comprehensive and organic, rather than the division and juxtaposition required by various fields. That is, the knowledge, experience, skills, methods and intelligence that children can acquire. Talent, personality and social quality are all reflected in the theme education goal. The goal should be centralized, concise, clear and accurate, targeted, relevant, comprehensive and organic. The theme goal should also include: teaching children some basic learning methods, such as guiding children to experience learning, operation learning, inquiry learning and discovery learning. That is, change children's passive learning into active and creative learning, and make it truly become the main body of learning. 6. The goal of educational activities The educational task and training goal of children should be realized through specific educational activities. Each theme education can include a number of specific educational activities (determined by the teacher's planning), which can be comprehensive or targeted at a certain educational field. No matter how they are combined, the specific activity goals should carry out the goals of school period and theme education, closely aim at the actual level and new needs of children's physical and mental development, and grasp the development of their potential in the "nearest development zone". The goal of educational activities should be more targeted, childlike, interesting, active and operable than the goal of thematic education. The above six goals organically constitute the structural system of educational goals. The overall goal of early childhood education dominates other goals, and other goals are implemented at different levels vertically or horizontally around the overall goal, giving full play to the role of "satellite". Three. The essence of kindergarten education goal requires that the content of the above education goal is the basic norm of preschool education quality, the guide of every kindergarten teacher's educational practice, and the direction and requirement that kindergarten management must follow. Therefore, a deep understanding of the goal spirit is the key to the planned and step-by-step implementation of education. There are four basic requirements for kindergarten education goals. 1. Kindergartens are required to implement the Party's educational policy without exception. Article 27 of the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China issued by the Central Committee and the State Council 1993 points out: "The fundamental purpose of education reform and development is to improve the quality of the people, produce more talents and produce good talents." Educational institutions of all levels and types are required to "conscientiously implement the policy that education must serve socialist modernization and must be combined with productive labor, so as to cultivate builders and successors with all-round development in morality, intelligence and physique". The tasks and policies stipulated in the document must be followed by all kinds of educational institutions (including kindergartens) at all levels throughout the country. Article 2 of the Working Rules for Children's Gardens stipulates: "Kindergarten is an institution that provides care and education for preschool children over three years old, is an organic part of basic education, and is the basic stage of school education system." It shows that preschool education is a subsystem of China's education system, the foundation of basic education and the first process of cultivating talents. Therefore, preschool education must implement the party's educational policy without exception. The above-mentioned educational goals of kindergartens are actually based on the educational direction and purpose of the educational policy, which is the embodiment of the educational policy in kindergartens. 2. Kindergartens are required to implement quality education in an all-round way, and society requires to cultivate people's all-round development. The all-round development of individual quality is the cell and cornerstone of improving national quality; Training all kinds of professionals must be based on quality development. Therefore, the fundamental task of basic education is to implement quality education in an all-round way and cultivate all-round socialist builders and successors. The goal of kindergarten education is to promote the all-round and harmonious development of children's quality. "All-round" refers to the all-round development of body, intelligence, morality and beauty, which are indispensable; "Harmony" refers to the inseparable nature of body, intelligence, morality and beauty. It shows that the "four educations" are an organic combination of mutual connection, mutual restriction, mutual promotion and mutual integration in the educational process of implementing the goals of early childhood education. From the perspective of children's psychological development, such as emphasizing the cultivation of knowledge, emotion, will, behavior and personality ability, it is also an organic combination of various elements; Only by integrating quality training into the process of comprehensive education of body, intelligence, morality and beauty can children achieve rich and harmonious development. In a word, "all-round and harmonious development" is the core requirement of kindergarten education goal, which is both the starting point and the destination. 3. The unified educational goal of "facing all children" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is the working goal of implementing educational activities in kindergartens; For young children, it is the development goal of the growth process. "Facing all children" is the foothold of implementing educational goals, and it is also a fine tradition of early childhood education in China. Some teachers put it in opposition to the emphasis on "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", which is one-sided. In fact, these are two aspects of the same problem: the requirement of "facing the whole" emphasizes that every child can develop; "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" emphasizes paying attention to individual characteristics so that each individual can develop at different levels. Because every child is an independent individual, his physical and mental development is bound to be different due to the difference of innate matrix, original foundation and development speed, showing the characteristics of individual development; Every child in the collective is constantly developing, and sex and personality are always in the unity of opposites. Therefore, teachers are required to "face all children", "teach students in accordance with their aptitude" and pay attention to the "personality development" of each child when implementing educational activities. Only by facing all can we ensure the development of every child; Only by teaching students in accordance with their aptitude can children's personality development be promoted. Only by unifying the two can we cultivate diversified talents and adapt to the different needs of society. 4. Emphasize that the development of children lies in the combination of protection and education, which is an educational thought and principle of kindergarten. This is determined by the unity of children's physical and mental development, and it is also the requirement of children's education law. In practice, there should be "guarantee" in "teaching" and "teaching" in "guarantee", and the two should be combined synchronously and organically, infiltrating into children's daily life and all educational activities, and unified in their all-round development. The combination of security and education is a summary of the historical experience of preschool education in China Liberated Area. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, it was carried forward and written into "two laws and one regulation" in 1989. The Regulations on Kindergarten Management clearly stipulates: "Kindergartens should implement the principle of combining protection with education." The educational goals and objectives stipulated in the Regulations on Kindergarten Work are specifically expounded by taking educational security as a unity. Therefore, the educational idea of combining protection with education must permeate the implementation of educational goals and run through all management processes.