Why did Napoleon read Sun Tzu's Art of War?
It is said that when Napoleon saw the Art of War in the last few years of his imprisonment in St. Helena, he cried and said, "If I had seen it earlier, how could I have ended up like this?" The only thing that can match the cosmic wisdom of Sun Tzu's Art of War is probably the Book of Changes.
Sun Tzu's Art of War moistens and guides modern China people with its classic wisdom. Sun Tzu's Art of War came into being at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in China and was written in the Warring States Period. As for the author, it is generally believed that it was written by Sun Wu and collated by later generations. 5 12 BC, Wu. An important art book-Sun Tzu's Art of War? Thirteen articles came out, but they didn't get the attention of the world. It may be due to the backwardness of the media at that time, and the book is full of intrigue and intrigue, which has been criticized by the world and its value has not been fully tapped. It was not until the Warring States period that this book began to spread widely. The main reason is that the military theories of "winning by surprise" and "winning by deception" in Sun Tzu's Art of War adapted to the needs of military, political and diplomatic struggles at that time.
The official organization of the Han Dynasty organized manpower to sort out the Art of War on a large scale for three times, which played a very important role in the positioning, finalization and dissemination of the Art of War. Cao Cao's criticism of Sun Tzu's The Art of War should include all but thirteen of the eighty-two articles in Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Sun Tzu's art of war is widely circulated.
Sun Tzu's Art of War was once a compulsory textbook for the training of senior managers in West Point Military Academy and Harvard Business School. The books that have influenced the lives of Kōnosuke Matsushita, Honda, Akio Morita, Inoue Masayoshi and others, the magic weapon for the success of GM CEO roger smith and Softbank President Masayoshi Son, and the necessary practical manuals for the business community have inspired the wisdom of life's contingency and innovation. The core of Sun Tzu's art of war is to challenge rules, and the only rule is that there is no rule. All these "The Art of War" have been done, which can give people wisdom and enlightenment in different times.
Why did Napoleon think he was Italian?
Napoleon was not born and raised in France, but he loved France as much as the pure French. This is not only manifested in his great contribution to the survival and development of France, but also in his failure to fight against the feudal forces in Europe. After being exiled to an isolated island in the South Atlantic thousands of kilometers away, he still remembered France and made a solemn will before his death, hoping to transport his body back to France for burial.
This will was dictated from April of 182 1 to June of 13. It was written by Count bertram, who followed him in wartime and accompanied him in exile in Jamestown, the capital of St. Helena in the South Atlantic. He is very serious, and his will was finalized after several revisions. He wrote in his will: "I died young because of the murder of the British oligarch and his hired executioner, and the French people will avenge me sooner or later." He decided to divide the assets of more than 200 million francs into two parts, one for the officers and men who had fought under his command, and the other for the people of French provinces who had been invaded by foreign countries. He made it clear: "I hope to bury my body on the banks of the Seine, among the French people I love so much."
Napoléon Bonaparte was exiled to St. Helena in June. He was born on August 5, 769 in Corsica, Mediterranean. This small island has long been ruled by Genoa city-state in northwest Italy, and its residents are mostly Italian. Napoleon's father, Charles Bonaparte, is a noble descendant of Tuscany in central Italy. One year before Napoleon was born, Genoa found it difficult to cope with the islanders' struggle for independence, so it sold the island to France. Therefore, Napoleon was born a French citizen. When he was old, his father sent him to France for education, but there were still many language and emotional barriers between him and his French classmates. At this time, on the eve of the French Revolution, he liked reading, accepted the enlightenment thought of opposing feudal autocracy and advocating freedom and equality, became a staunch supporter of the revolution, and gradually integrated into French society.
17 years old, graduated from military school and became a French officer. 1789 After the Great Revolution, he led troops from other southern provinces to the capital Paris to suppress the rebellion launched by royalists several times, and became famous at one fell swoop, feeling that he had "changed from Corsican to French". Since then, in order to defend the achievements of the Great Revolution, he has fought many times in European feudal autocratic countries that formed anti-French alliances, with brilliant results. In less than 20 years, he was promoted from an artillery second lieutenant to a general, and the country was in power. Finally, in 1804, he was elected as the emperor of the French Empire and became a "pure French". At this time, his ambition gradually turned into violent ambition, bent on becoming the overlord of the whole of Europe. 18 14 years, he failed to go to Russia, was forced to announce his retirement, and was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. In less than a year, he returned to power, but within a hundred days, he was defeated by the anti-French Coalition forces of Britain, Prussia, Russia and other countries. He abdicated again and was exiled to St. Helena, far from the European continent. St Helena is a British overseas colony, and Napoleon who came to the island was supervised by the British governor on the island. The tiger fell flat and was bullied by dogs. Napoleon, the powerful French emperor, became a prisoner at this time, with difficult life and mental torture. In less than three years, his health deteriorated sharply. 18 17 At the end of the year, his stomach trouble recurred and he wanted to change his residence, but the British authorities on the island refused. The British doctor prescribed the medicine, but out of distrust, he didn't take it at all. 182 1 began, and the condition got worse, with vomiting, fever and unbearable pain. Realizing that he might die soon, he began to write a will. On the night of May 4th, just after the will was written, the wind roared outside the window. He groaned in pain indoors and muttered from time to time: "French nation-army-charge-"At 5: 49 pm the next day, he stopped breathing because of stomach cancer after being confined for nearly six years, less than three months at that time.
10 14 at night, under the supervision of Prince Loiville, British soldiers dug up the grave and carried the huge coffin into the tent set up in advance. The coffin consists of five layers: mahogany, lead, rosewood, mahogany and cast tin. The layers were carefully opened, and finally a mass of white satin was revealed, in which Napoleon's body lay. He was wearing a green military uniform with a red border, with the red ribbon of the Legion of Honor crossed on his chest. The French horn was placed next to his thigh and his head was resting on a high cloth mat, as if he had just fallen asleep. All the people present were shocked, and the French were in tears.
After identification, a little perfume was sprinkled on the body, and the coffin was quickly restored and placed in a huge oak coffin sleeve brought from France. The whole coffin weighed 1200 kg, and was carried on a hearse covered with black gauze by 43 gunners. The hearse was pulled by four horses covered with black gauze, and accompanied by the rumble of salute, it slowly sailed to Jamestown Pier and was placed on the French frigate moored there. At dawn the next day, the British Governor-General and the French Prince came to the frigate and had a brief conversation, even if the handover ceremony of the remains was officially completed. In this way, Napoleon, who had been in exile for 25 years, even set foot on French territory.
101October 18 At 8 o'clock, the frigate wearing black flannel broke down and returned. After more than 40 days' voyage, the frigate arrived at Cherbourg outside the Seine Bay in northwest France. From there, transfer to a motorboat, go upstream against the Seine River, and arrive in Paris on February 14. The next day, the already prepared state funeral ceremony was held ceremoniously. Gorgeous and solemn hearse, 3 meters long and 10 meters high, was dragged by four groups of 16 horses, starting from the Arc de Triomphe, passing the Champs Elysé es, crossing the Place de la Concorde and heading for St. Jerome's Church. Although it was the middle of winter and it was freezing, the streets and roofs were crowded with people watching the ceremony. Louis Philippe and politicians from all walks of life greeted him in front of the chapel. As soon as the hearse arrived, the king ordered Napoleon's sword to be placed on the coffin to welcome his soul back. The body was planned to be buried in Invalides, which was specially built for French soldiers. However, the Invalides was not completed at that time, so it had to be temporarily buried in a small church. From 65438+February 16 to 24, the chapel is open all day for people to see the remains of their respected general.
Twenty years later, in April of 186 1, the Invalides was completed, and a tomb was built for Napoleon under the magnificent dome. There is a set of coffins made of quartz sand on the base built of green granite under the great circle. At this point, Napoleon's last wish was finally fully realized, and he was buried forever on the banks of the Seine he longed for and among the French people he loved.
Napoleon was born in Corsica, but he never expressed his desire to return to his hometown. It is not that he doesn't love his hometown, but that he has long since got rid of the fetters of narrow homesickness and regarded France as his hometown and motherland. This is just as he said in his will: "My motto: Everything is for the French people." ~