Occupational lead poisoning has clinical symptoms of nervous system, digestive system and blood system.
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The main manifestations are neurasthenia, polyneuropathy and encephalopathy.
Neurasthenia is one of the early and common symptoms of lead poisoning, which is manifested as dizziness, headache, general weakness, memory loss, sleep disorder, dreaminess and so on. Among them, dizziness and general fatigue are the most obvious, but they are generally mild and belong to functional symptoms. There are many patients with early lead poisoning, and the above symptoms are not obvious.
Polyneuropathy can be divided into sensory type, sports type and mixed type. The sensory type is characterized by numbness of limbs and sensory disturbance of gloves and socks in limbs; The manifestations of exercise are: muscle weakness. First, the decrease of grip strength appears earlier and is more common, and then develops into muscle weakness, mostly extensor weakness; Muscle paralysis, also known as lead paralysis, is more common in finger wrist ptosis and extensor carpi radialis, also known as wrist ptosis; The peroneal muscle, extensor digitorum communis and extensor digitorum segments show foot drop, also known as foot drop.
Encephalopathy is the most serious lead poisoning; It is characterized by headache, nausea, vomiting, high fever, irritability, convulsion, lethargy, mental disorder, coma and other symptoms, similar to epilepsy, meningitis, brain edema, psychosis or local brain injury. Due to the improvement of domestic working conditions, it rarely happens.
2. Digestive system
Symptoms range from common digestive tract symptoms to abdominal cramps. Symptoms of digestive tract include metallic taste in the mouth, loss of appetite, abdominal distension and discomfort in the upper abdomen, dull pain and constipation in the abdomen, dry stool with abacus beads, and intractable constipation as a precursor before the onset of lead colic. Abdominal colic is a sudden attack, which mostly occurs around the umbilicus. It is characterized by persistent pain, which is aggravated during the attack, and each attack lasts for several minutes to several hours. Because of the severe pain, I often bend my knees, toss and turn, and press my hands on my abdomen to relieve the pain. At the same time, pale, cold sweat, vomiting. At the time of examination, the abdomen was flat and soft, with mild tenderness, no fixed tenderness point, decreased bowel sounds, often accompanied by temporary blood pressure increase and fundus artery spasm.
3. Blood system
The main reason is that lead interferes with the synthesis process of hemoglobin, causing the changes of its metabolites, such as the decrease of blood δ-Ala activity, the increase of urine δ-Ala, the increase of urine CP, and the increase of blood FEP and ZPP. Eventually lead to anemia, mostly low pigment normal erythrocytic anemia.
4. Other systems
The damage of lead to kidney is more common in acute, subacute lead poisoning or severe chronic cases, with amino acid proteinuria, red blood cells, white blood cells, casts and decreased renal function, suggesting toxic nephropathy with hypertension. Female workers are sensitive to lead, especially during pregnancy and lactation, which can lead to infertility, abortion, premature delivery, stillbirth and infant lead poisoning. Male workers can cause the decrease of sperm quantity, activity and morphological changes. In addition, it can also cause hypothyroidism.